Grammar

 Grammar is divided into two forms.

Traditional
Descriptive
(Prescriptive)
Grammar
Grammar

 Prescriptive Grammar: is the actual grammar, old

grammar and rules that we have to follow.
basics have been acquired from Latin and Greek language.

 Descriptive Grammar: is the new grammar that is used

nowadays, new rules and fashion language that is
developed by time.

 The function of language: is to communicate and convey

the meaning, hence we can understand that Descriptive
grammar is more important than Prescriptive grammar.
 Chomsky’s Theory: The theory suggests that some rules of
grammar are born with us naturally which means the baby is
born with some rules in his mind and it is enough for him to
listen to it.

 Communicative function grammar: We use language for a

certain function.
 Function of greeting.
 Function of farewell.
 Function of inviting.

 Parts of speech:

• words that name or refer to a person, place, thing,

Nouns idea, quality, or action.
• words that are used instead of nouns or noun
Pronouns phrases.
• words that express an action, state of being, or a
Verbs relation between two things in a sentence.
Adjectives • words that describe or modifie a noun or pronoun.

Adverbs • words that modifie or describe a verb, adjective,

another adverb, or a sentence.
• words that tell you where or when something is in
Prepositions relation to something else.
• words or tools used to connect nouns and
Conjunctions adjectives together.
• Words used to express feelings with different
Interjections actions.
 1. Transformational grammar: We divide language
into blocks, or parts which are called (Phrases), there
are 5 phrases.

I. Noun phrase: a word or group of words containing a

noun and functioning in a sentence as subject, object, or
prepositional object.
The head of the noun phrase is the noun.
 Teacher. / Noun only.
 A teacher. / Article + Noun.
 A good teacher. / Article + Adjective + Noun.
 A good teacher who lives here. / “who lives here”
describes the noun.
 Whatever we say before a verb, we call it a noun phrase.

II. Verb phrase: a verb with another word or words

indicating tense, mood, or person.
The head of the verb phrase is the verb.
 Come. / Verb only.
 Would have come. / Auxiliaries + Verb.
 Would have been coming. / Auxiliaries + Verb.
 I ate some food. / I = noun ‫ ــــ‬ate some food = verb
phrase ‫ ــــ‬some = determiner ‫ ــــ‬food = noun.

 There are some auxiliaries that can help the phrase.

III. Preposition phrase: it means we have a preposition +
noun phrase.
The head of the prepositional phrase is the preposition.
 In the street.
 With my friends.
 Beyond your imagination.

IV. Adjective phrase: We have an adjective by itself.

 She is beautiful. / beautiful is alone here.

V. Adverb phrase:
 He runs quickly. / quickly is adverb phrase.

 In modern grammar we do not deal with parts of speech,

nor do we deal with sentences. We deal with phrases,
how to build a phrase.

2. Syntax: How to arrange words to make a sentence,

in other words “How to build a sentence.”

Verb types:
 Copula verb: A verb with no meaning (V. to be) but used
for a specific grammatical function.
1. Noun + V. to be + Noun.
*(He is a teacher)
 2. Noun + V. to be + Adjective.
*(She is beautiful)

Adverb describes:
3. Noun + V. to be + Adverb.
Time
*(She is outside) Place
Manner
*(It is 6 o’clock)
*(The case that describes manner doesn’t come with
V. to be.)

 Linking verb: it ties, links or connects the subject with

what comes after the verb, in other words “it connects
what comes before the verb to what comes after it.”
1. Noun + L.V + Noun.
*(He becomes a doctor.)
2. Noun + L.V + Adjective.
*(He seems intelligent.)
 Intransitive verb: A verb without an object. It can be
followed by an adverb or a prepositional phrase after it
but not an object. ‫ ده تقدر‬Object ‫من اآلخر ال‬
.‫تقول انه المفعول به‬

1. I fly in the sky. –– “In the Sky” is a prepositional

phrase.
2. I run slowly. –– “Slowly” is an adverb of manner.
  Transitive verb: A verb which is followed by an object.

1. Followed by an object: I saw a woman –– I eat food.

2. Followed by 2 objects: I bought my daughter a car –– I sold
him a ticket.
3. Object + Complement: I made her crazy –– I imagined you
running away –– I thought you seated.
 The function in sentences:
Eeach word stands alone has a Form but in a sentence it has a
Function.

Form Function
Means: Means:
The nature, the type or the kind of When you put the word in a
the word. sentence it has a certain function.

=ex.) “Muhammad“ is a Proper =ex.) Muhammad comes late.

noun.  Here the Proper noun
“Muhammad” has the function
of a subject.

Subject

Object Subject
complement complement

Functions

Direct &
Indirect Object
Object
 Subject Function: When you put something before the verb, we call
it Function of Subject.
=ex.) [ She is beautiful ]

 Subj. complement Function: When you put something after the

copula verb and the linking verb, we call it Subject complement
Function.
=ex.) [ She is beautiful ]

 Object Function: When you put something after the transitive verb,
we call it Object Function.
=ex.) [ I eat Sushi ]

 Direct & indirect object Function: When you put something after
the di-transitive verb, we call it Direct & Indirect object Function.
=ex.) [ I gave him money ]

 Object complement: a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective that follows

a direct object to rename it or state what it has become. In other
words, it is something that describes the object and gives us more
information about it.
=ex.) [ We made him a fool ]
=ex.) [ I saw the thief arrested ]
=ex.) [ I saw him running ] “running” has the form of present
participle but in the sentence it has the function of an object
complement.