Name:Tebogo

Sur
name:
Mbewe
St
udentNo:14367335
Assi
gnment
:02
DueDat
e:28May2023
Tabl
eofCont
ent
s
I
ntr
oduct
ion.
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.2
Thebi
ogr
aphy.
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.2
Thephenomenol
ogi
cal
study.
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3
Thegr
oundedt
heor
yst
udy.
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4
Theet
hnogr
aphi
cst
udy.
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.4
Thecasest
udy…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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5
Concl
usi
on.
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5
Li
stofSour
ces.
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5
Qual
it
ati
ver
esear
chdesi
gns

1.I
ntr
oduct
ion
Qualitati
ver esearchdesign, whyi tisthechosenmet hodofr esearchi nt hepubl i
csect or
?
Thisr esearchdesi gnischosenasi tentail
sbot hi deasofr esearchsi mul taneously,that
i
st hrought hismet hodonei sabl etolookatandunder standbot hquant i
tati
veand
qualitati
vedat aatani nstancet hatbr i
ngsbot ht hedat af rom ev eryspher etocomeup
withasi nglepieceoft hepuzzl e.Accor dingt o(VanderMer we1996: 284; Schurink
1998: 253)ther esearcherneedst oanswerquest i
onssuchas: WhatdoIwantt ofindout?
HowdoIwantt odoi t?Whatorwhowi llbest udied?Thi smakest heendqual i
tati
ve
resultpossibleasi tholdsapr ocessofsy nt
hesi sasi tgoesf rom largeamountofdat a
ofthesmal lbutconcent r
at eddat aneeded.Themai nreasonf orcar ryingoutqual itati
ve
resear chistohav eexquisiteunder st
andingofpar t
icul
art opicsoft hepar ti
culartopicof
discussionorr atherthefirsthandexper ience.Ther efore, t
hist ypeofr esearch
consider sdatat hati
squal ityr
at herthant hequant i
tyoft hedat a, t
her eforesmal lbut
focusedsampl ebase.I not herwor ds,qual i
tati
ver esear chanswer sthequest ionshow
andwhyoft hephenomenononf ocus.
Thepur poseoft hisresearchi nt hepubl icsect oristoest abli
sht heef f
ectivenessofthe
supervi
sor strai
ningandhowi trel at
est otheaspectofempl oyeeretention.Thr oughthe
uti
li
zati
onofet hnographicandgr oundedt heor yresearchmet hodsofdat acollecti
ont he
mainaim oft hepaperi stopr ov et hehy pothesi sthatdiscussest her el
ationship
betweensuper vi
sortrai
ningandempl oyeer etenti
on.Ther esearchwi lli
nvolvet he
coll
ecti
onofdat aandt hroughQual i
tati
veDat aAnal ysi
s(QDA)onewi l
lbeabl etocollect
thequalitydatathatwi l
lbef urthersy nthesizedi ntot hedatat hatcanbeusedt ocome
upwi t
ht heappr opri
ateconcl usions.Accor dingt oCr eswell(1998:47-68)t herearefiv
e
mostcommonl yusedqual itati
vedesi gns,namel y,abiography ,aphenomenol ogical
study,agr oundedtheor ystudy ,anet hnogr aphicst udyandacasest udy .

1.
1Thebi
ogr
aphy
Biogr aphicalresearchi saqual i
tativ
er esear chappr oachalignedt othesoci al
i
nt erpretiveparadigm ofr esearch.Thebi ogr aphicalresearchisconcer nedwi t
ht he
reconst ructi
onofl if
ehi st
or i
esandt heconst it
uti
onofmeani ngbasedonbi ographi
cal
nar r
at i
vesanddocument s.Cr eswell (
1998: 47)def i
nesabi ographical studyas" t
he
studyofani ndividualandherorhi sexper iencesast oldtother esearcherorf oundin
document sandar chi
v almat eri
al".Thest ar t
ingpointf ort
hisappr oachi st
he
under standingofani ndiv
idual biographyint ermsofi t
ssoci alconsti
tut i
on.The
biographi calapproachwasi nf l
uencedbyt hesy mbolicint
eractioni
sm, the
phenomenol
ogi
calsoci
ologyofknowledge(Al
fr
edSchütz,
Pet
erL.Ber
ger
,andThomas
Luckmann)
,andet
hnomet hodol
ogy(Harol
dGarfi
nkel
).
Inthecontextofquali
tati
veresear
ches,t
hebiographi
cal researchist
obeseenasa
case-r
econstruct
iveapproach.Thedeci
siont
or econstructcasesisinitsel
fanappr
oach
tothefiel
dratherthanaspecifi
cresear
chmet hod.Biographicalr
esearchdoesnotuse
asinglemethodf ordataanaly
sis.

1.
2Thephenomenol
ogi
calst
udy
AccordingtoCr eswell(
1998: 52)researcher
susephenomenol ogi
caldesigni n
qualit
ati
ver esear
chinordert osear ch"fort
heessent i
al,var
iantstr
ucture(oressence)or
thecentralunderly
ingmeani ngoft heexperience"and"emphasi se"theintenti
onal i
tyof
consciousnesswher eexper i
encescont ainboththeoutwar dappearanceandi nwar d
consciousnessbasedonmemor y,i
mageandmeani ng.
"Phenomenol ogical r
esear ch
designrequirestheresearchertobr acketwhateveraprioriassumptiontheyhav eabout
theexperienceorphenomenon.I nsi mplert
erms, r
esearchersusephenomenol ogical
researchdesignstounder standaphenomenon' suniversalnaturebyexploringt hev i
ews
ofthosewhohav eexperiencedi t
.
Therefore,t
hisappr
oachispopularl
yusedt ost
udyli
vedexperience,gai
nadeeper
understandi
ngofhowhumanbei ngsthink,
andexpandar esearcher
’sknowledgeabout
aphenomenon.Forexampl e,aresearchercoul
dexplor
eaphenomenonl ikeanti
social
behaviorinthepubl
icsect
orworkplace,women’sexperi
enceswi thapart
icul
ardisease,
andmanymor e.
Bel
owar
ethef
ourmai
nchar
act
eri
sti
csofphenomenol
ogi
cal
resear
chdesi
gn.
°Phenomenologi
calr
esear
chdesignisdescr
ipt
ive.Ther
esear
cherai
mst
odescr
ibeas
accurat
elyaspossi
blet
hestr
uctureofaphenomenon.
°Qual
it
ativ
ephenomenol
ogical
resear
chdesignai
mstouncov erwhatapar
ti
cul
ar
exper
iencemeanstoagroupofpeopleandhowtheyexper
iencedit
.
°Thi
sapproachr
equir
esresearcher
stosetasi
dethei
rprej
udi
cesandapr
ior
i
assumpt
ionsandfocusmainlyontheimmediat
eexperi
ence.
°
Itr
equir
estheresear
chert
ofir
stdescr
ibet
hel
ivedexper
iencesobject
ivel
yandt
hen
r
efl
ectonthedescri
pti
onwit
hrefer
encetot
heexist
ingt
heoriesaboutt
hephenomenon.
Themainuseofphenomenol
ogical
studydesi
gnisclar
if
yingt
herelat
ionshi
psbet
ween
l
ivedexper
iencesandt
het
heori
esusedtoexplai
nthoseexper
iences.
1.
3Thegr
oundedt
heor
yst
udy
Groundedt heoryall
owsr esear chertodailygener ateabr oadt heoryappr oxi mat el
ytheir
quali
tati
vecent r
alphenomenon“ grounded”wi thi
nt hefacts.Asasy stemat i
cmet hod,it
appealsdailyahugev ari
etyofeducat ionalresearchers.Thi ssegmentdef inesgr ounded
conceptresearch,identif
ieswhi letoapplyit,assessest hekeyt rai
tsofit, exami nes
numer ousethicalproblemsont hisshapeofi nquiry,andadv ancest hest epsi n
accompl i
shingandcompar i
ngt hisdesign.Accordingt oCr eswel l(
1998: 55- 56)"the
i
ntentofagr oundedt heor ystudyi st
ogener ateordi scoverat heory,anabst ract
analy
ticalschemaofaphenomenon, t
hatr el
atest oapar ti
cul arsit
uation" .
1.
4Theet
hnogr
aphi
cst
udy
Theterm ethnogr aphyact ual
lymeans“ wr i
ti
ngappr oximat el
ygroupsofhumans. ”t
he
useoft hi
squalitativedesign,theresearchercandi scoveragr oupofhumans; examine
them i
nt hei
rhousesorwor kplaces;wordhowt heybehav e,assume,andt al
k;and
devel
opagener al port
raitofthegroup.Thissectiondef i
neset hnographicresearch,
i
denti
fi
eswhi lstresear cherusei t
,assessesthekeychar acter
isti
csofit,opi
nionskey
moralissues,andadv ancesthest epsinundertakingandcompar i
ngthisdesign.
Theet hnographi cstudyi sconsi deredtobemul t
if
actor i
al,whichmeanst hati thouses
bothqual i
tativeandquant it
ativemet hodsofdat acollecti
ont ocomeupwi tha
compr ehensiv econclusion( Reid&Russel l,
2017).Ethnogr aphicstudyisf i
ledbase
meani ngthati tinvol
v esgettingt othef i
eldandstudypeopl eont hei
rplaceofwor kin
thi
sr esearch.Thatmeanst hatet hnographicstudyissomewhatper sonal becauset he
researcherhasper sonal contactwi ththepeoplewhot heyar estudying,ast hisislike
getti
ngt hedat ast r
aightf r
om t hesource.Cr eswel
l (
1998: 58)definesethnogr aphi c
studyas" adescr i
pti
onandi nterpretat
ionofacul tur
al orsocialgrouporsy stem" .Just
toaddont ot hismet hod, t
her esearchal soprovi
dest heabi l
itytolookatpr ev i
ous
research,throughget t i
ngthedat athatpreviousethnographer swhower eabl et ocollect
i
nt hesamef ield(Press,2018) .
TheQual it
ati
veResear chDesignthatwil
lbemostl i
kelytobeusedi sethnogr aphy,
mai nl
ybecauseobser vati
onisthemai ndatacoll
ecti
onandasment ionedithel psin
comi ngupwi ththemostappr opri
ateoraccurat
edata( Ravi
tch&Car l,
2019) .The
researchcanbegr oundedt heoryofphenomenology,butthechoicemostl i
kel ytobe
madei sethnography ,
duetot hemainreasons;fi
rsti
tisbecauseitresonateswi t
hthe
researchmet hod,seconditisbecausethi
smet hodlooksatt hecul
turalparamet erthat
affectsthechosenwor kpl
aceofst udy.
Forinst
ance,anorgani
sationalcul
turemightbeempl
oyeesarecondit
ionedt
obe
i
ndependenttheref
oreaffecti
ngtheirrel
ati
onshi
pwi
ththei
rsuper
visor
s, t
her
efor
eaf
fect
product
ioninthepubli
cinsti
tuti
on.
1.
5Thecasest
udy
Casest udyr esear chispopularamongstsoci alsci
ent i
sts,especi al
l
yt hosei
nt er
estedi
n
quali
tati
ver esear ch(Baskarada,2014).Simons( 2009)def inedcasest udyr
esearchas
‘
anin-dept hexpl orati
onfrom multi
pleperspect i
vesoft hecompl exi
tyanduni quenessof
aparticul
arpr oject ,
poli
cy,i
nstit
uti
on,program orsy stem ina“ realli
fe”context’
(p.21)
.
Casest udyr esear chisoft
encr i
ti
cisedforit
sl owpot enti
alf orenabli
nggener ali
sati
on
because, usually,onlyali
mi t
ednumberofcasesar eincluded.

2.Concl
usi
on
Qualit
at i
veresearchcanbeespeci all
yusef ulduringtheearlystagesofast udywhent he
researchermaybeunsur eofexact l
ywhatwi llbest udi
edorwhatt ofocuson, whi
le
quantitati
veresearchishelpfultoconfirm hy
pot hesisthatquali
tati
veresearcher
shav e
helpedt oident
ify
.Togetherthesedifferentway stogatherdat aandexplainassociat
ions
andphenomenabui l
daf oundationonwhi cht obuildthestructureofpubli
csector
evidence-basedpublicinst
ituti
onserv i
cedelivery.
2.
1Li
stofsour
ces
Creswell
,JW.1998.Qual
i
tat
ivei
nqui
ryandr
esear
chdesi
gn:
choosi
ngamongf
ive
tr
adit
ions.London:
Sage
Creswel
l
,JW.1994.Resear
chdesi
gn:
qual
i
tat
iveandquant
it
ati
veappr
oaches.London:
Sage
VanderMer we,H.1996.Ther
esear
chpr ocess:
probl
em st
atementandresearchdesi
gn,
i
nEf f
ecti
veresear
chinthehumansciences,edi
tedbyJGGarber
s.Pret
oria:Van
Schai
k:108-
126
Ber
g,BL.1998.Qual
i
tat
iver
esear
chmet
hodsf
ort
hesoci
alsci
ences.3r
dedi
ti
on.
Denscombe,
M.1998.Thegoodr
esear
chgui
def
orsmal
l
-scal
esoci
alr
esear
chpr
oject
s.
Bucki
ngham:OpenUni
ver
sit
y
Ber
ger
,Pet
er ;
Luckmann,
Thomas(1966)
.TheSoci
alConst
ruct
ionofReal
i
ty:
ATr
eat
ise
i
ntheSoci
ologyofKnowl
edge.Gar
denCi
ty,
NY:AnchorBooks.