Unit Step Function

Unit step function is defined as

{
u ( t )= 0 ,∧t<0
1 ,∧t ≥ 0

The delayed or displaced unit step function u ( t−a ) represents the

function u ( t ) which is displaced by a distance a to the right

{
u ( t−a ) = 0 ,∧t <a
1 ,∧t ≥ a

Laplace Transform of Unit Step Function

1. Laplace Transform of unit step function u ( t )

{
u ( t )= 0 ,∧t<0
1 ,∧t ≥ 0
∞
L { u(t) } =∫ e−st u ( t ) dt
0

But u ( t )=1 for t ≥ 0

∞ ∞ n

Therefore L { u(t) } =∫ e ( 1 ) dt=∫ e dt =lim ∫ e

−st −st −st
dt
0 0 n →∞ 0

( ) ( )
−sn − st
e e
L { u(t) } =lim −¿ lim ¿
n →∞ −s t → 0 −s

L { u(t ) } =
−1
s
lim
(e ) s (e )
n →∞
1 1
+ lim
sn
1
t→0
st

s (e ) s (e )
−1 1 +1 1
L { u(t) } = ∞ 0

L { u(t) } = ( ) ()
−1 1 +1 1
s ∞ s 1
−1 +1
L { u(t ) } = ( 0) ( 1)
s s
1
L { u(t) } =
s

2. Laplace Transform of displaced unit step function u ( t−a )

 {
u ( t−a ) = 0 ,∧t <a
1 ,∧t ≥ a
∞
L { u(t−a) } =∫ e
−st
u ( t−a ) dt
0

But u ( t−a ) =0 for t <a and u ( t−a ) =1 for t ≥ a

a ∞

Therefore L { u(t−a) } =∫ e −st

( 0 ) dt+∫ e−st (1 ) dt
0 a

n
L { u(t−a) } =0+ lim ∫ e
−st
dt
n→∞ a

L { u(t −a) } =lim ( ) ( )

n →∞
e−sn
−s
−¿ lim
e−st
t →a −s
¿

L { u(t−a) } =
−1
s
lim
( e1 )+ 1s lim ( e1 )
n→ ∞
sn
t→a
st

s (e ) s (e )
−1 1 +1 1
L { u(t −a) } = ∞ as

s (∞) s (e )
−1 1 +1 1
L { u(t−a) } = as

−1 +1 −as
L { u(t −a) } = ( 0) ( e )
s s
e−as
L { u(t−a) } =
s
3. The function f (t)u (t−a ) is defined as
f (t )u (t−a )=
{f (t),∧t
0 ,∧t <a
≥a

Then Laplace Transformed of L {f (t )u ( t−a ) }=e− as L { f (t +a)}

4. The function f (t −a)u ( t −a ) is defined as

f (t−a)u ( t−a )=
{f (t−a)
0 ,∧t< a
,∧t ≥ a

Then Laplace Transform of L {f (t−a)u ( t−a ) }=e−as L { f (t )}

or
L { f ( t−a)u ( t−a ) }=e−as F( s)

Question 1 Find the Laplace Transform of

( π2 )−u( t− 32π )
f ( t )=sin t u t−

Solution 1 Taking Laplace Transform of given expression:

{ 2 2}
( π
)−u ( t− )
L { f ( t ) }=L sin tu t−
3π

As Laplace Transform is linear, therefore, apply it on R.H.S of

above expression:

{ 2 } { 2 )}……………………..(1)
( π
) −L u ( t−
L { f ( t ) }=L sin tu t −
3π

We know that
L { g (t) u ( t −a ) } =e−as L { g(t +a)}…………………………..(2)

Consider { 2 )}
( π
L sin tu t−

π
Here g ( t ) =sin t and a= 2
L { g (t ) }= L {sin t }

{ 2 } { 2 )}
( π
)
L { g (t +a ) }=L g t+ =L sin ( t+
π

{ π2 } { π2 }
L g ( t+ ) =L sin ( t+ )

{ ( )} {
L g t+
π
2
=L sin t cos
π
2
+sin() () }
π
2
cos t

{ ( )} {
L g t+
π
2
=L sint ( 0 ) + ( 1 ) cos t }
 { ( )}
L g t+
π
2
=L { cos t }

{ ( )}
L g t+
π
2
= 2
s
s +1
……………………………………(3)

Put (3) in (2)

L { g (t) u ( t −a ) } =e L { g(t +a)}…………………………..(2)
−as

{ ( )} { }
−sπ
π π
L g(t )u t− =e 2
L g (t+ )
2 2
−sπ

{ ( )}
L g(t )u t−
π
2
se 2
= 2 …………………………..(4)
s +1

e−as
We know that L { u(t−a) } =
s

Consider {(
L u t−
3π
2 )}
3π
Here a= 2
−as
e
Now L { u(t−a) } =
s
−3 πs

{(
L u t−
3π
2
=
e 2
s )} …………………………….(5)

Put (4) and (5) in (1)

{ ( )} { (
L { f ( t ) }=L sin tu t −
π
2
−L u t−
3π
2 )}……………………..(1)
−sπ −3 πs
2 2
se e
L { f ( t ) }= −
2
s +1 s
Question 2 Find the Laplace Transform of
f ( t )=sin 2 t u ( t−π )

Solution 2 Taking Laplace Transform of given expression:

L { f ( t ) }=L { sin 2t u (t−π ) } ……………………..(1)

We know that
L { g (t) u ( t −a ) } =e L { g(t +a)}…………………………..(2)
−as

Here g ( t ) =sin 2t and a=π

L { g (t +a ) }=L { g (t + π ) }=L { sin 2 ( t+ π ) }
L { g (t + π ) }=L { sin 2 ( t + π ) }
L { g (t + π ) }=L { sin ( 2 t +2 π ) }
L { g (t + π ) }=L { sin 2 t cos ( 2 π )+ sin ( 2 π ) cos 2 t }
L { g (t + π ) }=L { sin 2 t ( 1 ) + ( 0 ) cos 2 t }
L { g (t + π ) }=L { sin 2 t }
2
L { g (t + π ) }= ………………………………(3)
s +22
2

Put (3) in (2)

L { g (t) u ( t −a ) } =e L { g(t +a)}…………………………..(2)
−as

L { sin 2t u ( t−π ) } =e−πs L { g( t+ π ) }

2 e−π s
L { sin 2t u ( t−π ) } =
s 2+22

Question 3 Find the Laplace Transform of

f ( t )=( 1+2 t−3 t 2+ 4 t 3 ) u ( t−2 )

Solution 3 Taking Laplace Transform on both sides:

L { f ( t ) }=L {( 1+2 t −3 t 2 + 4 t 3 ) u ( t−2 ) }
L { f ( t ) }=L {u ( t −2 ) +2t u (t −2 )−3 t u ( t−2 )+ 4 t u ( t−2 ) }
2 3

As Laplace Transform is linear, therefore, applying on R.H.S of

above expression:
L { f ( t ) }=L { u ( t−2 ) } + L {2 t u ( t−2 ) } −L {3 t 2 u ( t−2 ) }+ L { 4 t 3 u ( t −2 ) }

Taking 2, 3 and 4 outside from R.H.S of above expression

L { f ( t ) }=L { u ( t −2 ) } +2 L { t u ( t −2 ) } −3 L {t u ( t−2 ) }+ 4 L {t u ( t −2 ) }…(1)
2 3

Consider L { u(t−2)}
e−as
We know that L { u(t−a) } =
s

Here a=2
e−as
L { u(t−a) } =
s
−2 s
e
L { u(t −2) }= ………………………….(2a)
s

Now consider L { t u ( t −2 ) }
We know that
L { g (t) u ( t −a ) } =e L { g(t +a)}…………………………..(2)
−as

Here g ( t ) =t and a=2

L { g (t +2 ) }= L {t +2 }=L { t }+ L { 2 }
L { g (t +2 ) }= L {t } + L {2 }
1 2
L { g (t +2 ) }= + ………………(3)
s s
2

Put (3) in (2)

L { g (t) u ( t −a ) } =e L { g(t +a)}…………………………..(2)
−as

L { tu ( t−2 ) } =e−2 s
{ }…………….(4)
1 2
+
s2 s

Now consider L {t 2 u ( t−2 ) }

We know that
L { g (t) u ( t −a ) } =e L { g(t +a)}…………………………..(2)
−as

Here g ( t ) =t
2
and a=2
L { g (t +2 ) }= L¿

L { g (t +2 ) }= L { t 2 } +4 L {t } +4 L { 1 }
2 4 4
L { g (t +2 ) }= + 2 + ………………(5)
s s s
3

Put (5) in (2)

L { g (t) u ( t −a ) } =e−as L { g(t +a)}…………………………..(2)

L {t 2 u ( t−2 ) }=e−2 s
{ 2 4 1
+ 2+
s s s
3 }…………….(6)
Now consider L {t 3 u ( t −2 ) }
We know that
L { g (t) u ( t −a ) } =e−as L { g(t +a)}…………………………..(2)

Here g ( t ) =t 3 and a=2

L { g (t +2 ) }= L¿

L { g (t +2 ) }= L { t 3 } +6 L { t 2 } +12 L { t } +8 L { 1 }
3! 2! 1! 8
L { g (t +2 ) }= +6 3 +12 2 +
s 4
s s s
6 12 12 8
L { g (t +2 ) }= + 3 + 2 + …………….(7)
s s s s
4

Put (7) in (2)

L { g (t) u ( t −a ) } =e−as L { g(t +a)}…………………………..(2)

L {t 3 u ( t−2 ) }=e−2 s
{ 6 12 12 8
+ 3+ 2+
s s s s
4 }…………….(8)
Put (8), (6) (4) and (2a) in (1)
L { f ( t ) }=L { u ( t−2 ) } +2 L { t u ( t−2 ) } −3 L {t u ( t−2 ) }+ 4 L {t u ( t −2 ) }…(1)
2 3
 { } { } { }
−2 s
e 1 2 −2 s 2 4 4 −2 s 6 12 12 8
L { f ( t ) }=
−2 s
+2 e 2
+ −3 e 3
+ 2 + +4e 4
+ 3+ 2+
s s s s s s s s s s

L { f ( t ) }=e−2 s
{ 1 2 4 6 12 12 24 48 48 32
+ + − − − + + + +
s s2 s s3 s 2 s s 4 s3 s2 s }
L { f ( t ) }=e−2 s
{ 1 4 12 32 2 12 48 6 48 24
+ − + + − + − + +
s s s s s2 s 2 s2 s 3 s3 s 4 }
L { f ( t ) }=e−2 s
{ 25 38 42 24
+ + +
s s 2 s3 s 4 }
L { f ( t ) }=e−2 s
{ 25 38 42 24
+ + +
s s 2 s3 s 4 }
Question 1 Find the Laplace Transform of

{
π
0 ,∧0< t<
f ( t )= 2
π
cos t ,∧t >
2

Solution 1 Expressing the function f (t ) in terms of unit step

function as

{
f ( t )=0 u ( t−0 )−u t− ( π2 )}+cos t u(t− π2 )
f ( t )=cos t u t− ( π2 )………..(1)
Taking Laplace Transform on both sides:

{ ( )}
L { f ( t ) }=L cos t u t−
π
2

We Know that
L { f (t)u ( t−a ) }=e L { f (t +a) }
− as

π
Here a= 2

Applying the formula in above expression

 { ( )} { }……………………………(1)
−πs
π π
L f (t) u t− =e 2
L f (t+ )
2 2

Here f ( t )=cos t

π
Replacing t by t+ 2 in above expression

( π2 )=cos( t+ π2 )
f t+

But cos (t+ 2 )=cos ( t ) cos ( 2 )−sin ( t ) sin ( 2 )

π π π

cos (t+ ) =cos ( t )( 0 )−sin ( t ) ( 1 )

π
2

f ( t+ )=cos ( t+ )=−sin t
π π
2 2

Put in (1)

{ ( )} { }……………………………(1)
−πs
π π
L f (t) u t− =e 2
L f (t+ )
2 2

{ ( )} L {−sin t }
−πs
π
L f (t) u t− =e 2
2

{ 2 }
L f (t) u ( t− ) =−e L {sin t }
− πs
π 2

{ ( )}
− πs
π 1
L f (t) u t− =−e 2
2 s +12

−πs

{ ( )}
L f (t) u t−
π
2
−e 2
= 2
s +1

Question 2 Find the Laplace Transform of

{
2 ,∧0< t<1
f ( t )= t 2 π
, 1<t<
2 2
Solution 2 Expressing the function f (t ) in terms of unit step
function as

{ ( )}
2
t π
f ( t )=2 { u ( t−0 ) −u ( t−1 ) }+ u ( t −1 ) −u t−
2 2

f ( t )=2 { u ( t−0 ) −u ( t−1 ) }+

1 2
2 {
t u ( t−1 )−t 2 u t−
π
2 ( )}
Taking Laplace Transform on both sides:
1
{
L { f ( t ) }=2 L {u ( t−0 )−u ( t−1 ) } + L t 2 u ( t−1 )−t 2 u t−
2
π
2 ( )}
As Laplace Transform is linear, therefore, apply it on R.H.S of
above expression:
1 1
L { f ( t ) }=2 L {u ( t−0 ) }−2 L {u ( t−1 ) } + L {t 2 u ( t−1 ) }− L t 2 u t−
2 2
π
2
.(1) { ( )}
We know that L {f n ( t ) u ( t−a ) }=e L { f n (t+a) }
−as

Now consider L {f 1 ( t ) }=L {(1)u ( t −0 ) }

Here a=0 and f 1 ( t )=1, f 1 ( t +a ) =1, f 1 ( t +0 )=1

Applying the formula in above expression

L {f 1 ( t ) u ( t −0 ) }=e L { f 1 (t +0) }
−0 s

L {f 1 ( t ) u ( t−0 ) }=e 0 L { 1 }
1
L {f 1 ( t ) u ( t −0 ) }=e 0
s
1
L {f 1 ( t ) u ( t−0 ) }=
s
……………………………………….(2)
L {f 2 ( t ) }=L {(1)u ( t−1 ) }

Here a=1 and f 2 ( t )=1, f 2 ( t +1 )=1

Applying the formula in above expression

L {f 2 ( t ) u ( t −1 ) }=e−s L { f 2 (t+ 1)}
L {f 2 ( t ) u ( t−1 ) }=e L {1 }
−s

e−s
L {f 2 ( t ) u ( t−0 ) }= ……………………………………….(3)
s

Now consider L {f 3 ( t ) u(t −a)}=L {t 2 u ( t−1 ) }

Here a=1 and f 3 ( t )=t
2
, 2 2
f 3 ( t +1 )=(t +1) =t + 2t +1

Applying the formula in above expression

L {f 3 ( t ) u ( t −a ) }=e−as L { f 3 (t +a) }

L {f 3 ( t ) u ( t −1 ) }=e L {f 3 (t +1) }
−s

L {f 3 ( t ) u ( t −1 ) }=e L {t +2 t+1 }
−s 2

As Laplace Transform is linear, therefore, apply it on R.H.S of

above expression:
L {f 3 ( t ) u ( t−1 ) }=e−s L {t 2 } +2 e−s L {t } +e−s L {1 }

L {f 3 ( t ) u ( t −1 ) }=e−s
{ 2 2 1
+ 2+
s s s
3 }……………………….(4)
} { ( )} π
Now consider L {f 4 ( t ) u(t−a) =L t 2 u t−
2

Here a= 2 and
π
f 4 ( t ) =t 2, f 4 t + ( ) π
2
π 2
=( t+ ) =t 2+ π t+
2
π2
4

Applying the formula in above expression

L {f 4 ( t ) u ( t−a ) }=e L { f 4 (t +a) }
−as

{ ( )} { }
− πs
π π
L f 4 ( t ) u t− =e 2
L f 4 (t + )
2 2

{ ( )} { }
− πs
π 2 π2
L f 4 ( t ) u t− =e 2
L t +π t +
2 4

{ }……………………….(5)
− πs
2 π 1 π2
L {f 4 ( t ) u ( t−1 ) }=e 2
+ +
s3 s 2 s 4

Putting (2) to (5) in (1)

 1
{
L { f ( t ) }=2 L {u ( t−0 )−u ( t−1 ) } + L t 2 u ( t−1 )−t 2 u t−
2
π
2 ( )}
−πs

{ } { }
−s −s 2 2
2 2e e 2 2 1 e 2 π π
L { f ( t ) }= − + + + − + +
s s 2 s3 s 2 s 2 s3 s 2 4 s
−πs

{ } { }
−s
2 e 2 2 1 e 2
2 π π2
L { f ( t ) }= + + − − + +
s 2 s3 s2 s 2 s3 s2 4 s

Question 3 Find the Laplace Transform of

{
f ( t )= sin 2 t ,∧2 π <t< 4 π
0 ,∧otherwise

Solution 3 Expressing the function f (t ) in terms of unit step

function as
f ( t )=sin 2 t {u ( t−2 π )−u ( t−4 π ) }
f ( t )= { sin2 t u ( t−2 π )−sin 2 t u ( t−4 π ) }

Taking Laplace Transform on both sides:

L { f ( t ) }=L { sin 2t u (t−2 π )−sin 2 t u ( t−4 π ) }
L { f ( t ) }=L { sin 2t u (t −2 π ) }−L { sin 2 t u ( t −4 π ) }

We know that L { f (t)u ( t−a ) }=e− as L { f (t +a) }

Applying the formula

L { f ( t ) }=e L { sin2(t+2 π ) } −e L { sin 2(t+ 4 π) }
−2 π s −4 π s

L { f ( t ) }=e−2 π s L { sin(2 t+ 4 π ) } −e−4 π s L { sin(2 t+8 π ) }

L { f ( t ) }=e−2 π s L { sin(2 t) }−e− 4 π s L { sin(2t) }

L { f ( t ) }= { e } L { sin(2 t)}
−2 π s −4 π s
−e

L { f ( t ) }= { e−2 π s −e−4 π s }
( s 2+ 4 )
2

Question 4 Find the Laplace Transform of

 {
f ( t )= k ,∧1<t< 4
−k ,∧4 <t< 6

Solution 4 Expressing the function f (t ) in terms of unit step

function as
f ( t )=k { u ( t−1 ) −u ( t−4 ) }−k {u ( t−4 ) −u (t−6 ) }
f ( t )= { ku ( t−1 )−ku ( t −4 ) } −{ ku ( t−4 ) −ku ( t −6 ) }
f ( t )= { ku ( t−1 )−ku ( t −4 ) −ku ( t−4 ) +ku ( t−6 ) }
f ( t )= { ku ( t −1 )−2 ku ( t −4 ) +ku ( t −6 ) }

Taking Laplace Transform on both sides:

L { f ( t ) }=k L { u ( t −1 ) }−2 k L { u (t−4 ) }+ k L {u ( t −6 ) }
e−as
We know that L { u(t−a) } =
s
−s −4 s −6 s
ke 2 ke ke
L { f ( t ) }= − +
s s s
ke−s {
L { f ( t ) }= 1−2 e +e }
−3 s −5 s
s

Question 5 Find the Laplace Transform of

{
cos t , 0<t <π
f ( t )= cos 2 t , π <t< 2 π
cos 3t , t>2 π

Solution 5 Expressing the function f (t ) in terms of unit step

function as
f ( t )=cos t { u ( t−0 ) −u (t−π ) } + cos 2t { u ( t−π )−u ( t−2 π ) } +cos 3t ¿
f ( t )= { cos t u ( t −0 ) −cos t u ( t−π ) } + { cos 2 t u ( t −π )−cos 2t u ( t −2 π ) } +¿
f ( t )= { cos t u ( t ) }+ { ( cos 2 t −cos t ) u ( t−π ) } + { ( cos 3 t−cos 2t ) u ( t−2 π ) }

Taking Laplace Transform on both sides:

L { f ( t ) }=L { cos t u ( t ) } + L { ( cos 2t−cos t ) u ( t−π ) } + L { ( cos 3 t −cos 2 t ) u ( t −2 π ) }

We know that L { f (t)u ( t−a ) }=e− as L { f (t +a) }

Applying the formula

L { f ( t ) }=e 0 L {cos t } +e− π s L¿
L { f ( t ) }=L { cos t }+ e−π s L ¿
L { f ( t ) }=L { cos t }+ e−π s L ¿

L { f ( t ) }=
( ) {
2
s
s +1
s
+ e−π s 2 + 2
s
s +4 s +1 }s
+ e−2 π s 2 − 2
s
s +9 s +4 { }
Inverse Laplace Transform of Unit Step Function
The Laplace Transform of L {f (t−a)u ( t−a ) }=e−as L { f (t )}
or
L { f (t −a)u ( t −a ) }=e−as F(s)

The Inverse Laplace Transform is

{ f (t−a)u ( t−a ) } =L−1 {e−as F (s )}
Or
L
−1
{e−as F (s)}=f (t−a)u ( t−a )

Steps to Find f (t−a) u ( t−a )

1. Find f (t)=L { F (s ) }
−1

2. Find f (t−a)

3. Multiply f (t−a) by u(t−a)

Since First Shift Property is L {e−at f (t) }=F ( s+ a)………(1)

Let L { f (t)}=F (s ) therefore, f (t )=L−1 { F (s ) }………………(2)

Inverse Laplace Transform of (1) is

e−at f (t )=L−1 { s+a }
−1
e−at L−1 { F(s) } =L { s+ a } from (2) i.e f (t)=L { F (s ) }
−1

−at −1 −1
e L { F(s) } =L { s+ a }

or
L { s +a } =e L { F ( s) }
−1 −at −1

{ }
−2 s
e
Example 1 Find
−1
L 2
s

Solution 1 The Inverse Laplace Transform of

{ f (t−a)u ( t −a ) } =L−1 {e−as F (s )}
Or
L−1 {e−as F (s) }=f (t−a)u ( t −a )………………(1)

Here a=2, e
−as −2 s
=e ………………(2),
1
F (s)= ………………(3) and u ( t−a ) =u ( t −2 )………...(4)
s2
1
Taking Inverse Laplace Transform of F (s)=
s2

−1
L { F( s) } =L
−1
{}
1
s
2

n!
But L { t }= s n+1
n

Inverse Transform of above expression is

n
t =L
−1
{ }
n!
s n+1
Or

{ }
n −1
t 1
=L
n! s n+1

Applying this formula in the expression

f ( t )=L
−1
{}
1
s
2

1
t
f ( t )= =t
1!
f ( t )=t

Replacing t by t−2 in above expression

f ( t−2 ) =t−2 ………………(5)
Putting (2) to (5) in (1)
L−1 {e−as F (s) }=f (t−a)u ( t−a )………………(1)

{
L−1 e−2 s
1
s2 }
=(t−2) u ( t−2 )

{ }
− πs
e
Example 2 Find
−1
L 2
s +1

Solution 2 The Inverse Laplace Transform of

{ f (t−a)u ( t −a ) } =L−1 {e−as F (s )}
Or
L−1 {e−as F (s) }=f (t−a)u ( t −a )………………(1)

Here a=π , e−as =e−πs………………(2),

1
F (s)= 2 ………………(3) and u ( t−a ) =u ( t −π )………...(4)
s +1
1
Taking Inverse Laplace Transform of F (s)= 2
s +1
L−1 { F( s) } =L
−1
{ } 2
1
s +1
=sin t

f ( t )=sin t

Replacing t by t−π in above expression

f ( t−π ) =sin(t−π )
f ( t−π ) =−sin t ………………(5)
Putting (2) to (5) in (1)
L
−1
{e−as F (s)}=f (t−a)u ( t−a )………………(1)

{ }
− πs
e
L−1 2
=−sint u (t−π )
s +1

Example 3 Find L
−1
{ e−2 s +e−3 s
s }
{ } { } { }
−2 s −3 s −2 s −3 s
e +e e e
Solution 3 L−1
s
=L−1
s
+ L−1
s

e−as
Since L { u(t−a) } =
s

{ }
−as
−1 e
( )
u t−a =L
s

Applying the formula

{ e−2 s +e−3 s
} { } { }
−2 s −3 s
−1 −1 e −1 e
L =L +L
s s s

{ }
−2 s −3 s
−1 e +e
L =u(t−2)+u(t−3)
s

{ }
−s
−1 se
Example 4 Find L
( s +1 )2
Solution 4 The Inverse Laplace Transform of
{ f (t−a)u ( t −a ) } =L−1 {e−as F (s )}
Or
L−1 {e−as F (s) }=f (t−a)u ( t −a )………………(1)

Here a=1, e−as =e−s………………(2),

s
F (s)= ………………(3) and u ( t−a ) =u ( t−1 )………...(4)
( s+1 )2
s
Taking Inverse Laplace Transform of F (s)=
( s+1 )2

L { F( s) } =L
−1
{ } {
−1 s
( s+1 )2
=L
−1 s +1−1

( s +1 )2 }
f (t)=L
−1
{ s +1
}−
1
( s+1 ) ( s +1 )2
2

f (t)=L−1
{1
−
} 1
s+1 ( s +1 )2

f ( t )=L
−1
{ } { }
1
s+1
−L
−1 1
( s+ 1 )2

Applying the formula L { s +a } =e L { F ( s) }

−1 −at −1
on R.H.S
−t
f ( t )=e L
−1
{1s }−e L { s1 }
−t −1
2

n!
But L { t }= s n+1
n

Inverse Transform of above expression is

t n=L−1
{ }
s
n!
n+1

Or
tn
{ }
−1
1
=L
n! s n+1

Applying this formula in the expression

f ( t )=e−t L−1 {}
1
s
1
−e−t L−1 2
s {}
0 1
t t
f ( t )=e−t −e−t
0! 1!
−t −t
f ( t )=e −t e

Replacing t by t−1 in above expression

f ( t−1 ) =e−(t −1 )−( t−1 ) e−(t−1)
f ( t−1 ) ={ 1−( t−1 ) } e
−(t −1)

f ( t−1 ) ={ 1−t+ 1 } e
−(t−1)

f ( t−1 ) ={ 2−t } e
−(t−1)
………………(5)
Putting (2) to (5) in (1)
L−1 {e−as F (s) }=f (t−a)u ( t−a )………………(1)

L
−1
{
e
−s s
( s +1 ) 2}= {2−t } e
−(t −1)
u ( t −1 )

{ }
− πs
(s−3)e
Example 5 Find
−1
L 2
s +6 s +10

Solution 5 The Inverse Laplace Transform of

{ f (t−a)u ( t −a ) } =L−1 {e−as F (s )}
Or
L−1 {e−as F (s) }=f (t−a)u ( t −a )………………(1)

Here a=π , e−as =e−πs………………(2),

( s−3)
F (s)= 2 ………………(3) and u ( t−π )=u ( t−π )………..(4)
s +6 s+10
( s−3)
Taking Inverse Laplace Transform of F (s)= 2
s +6 s+10

−1
L { F( s) } =L
−1
{ 2
(s−3)
s +6 s+10
=L
−1
} {
2
(s−3)
s +6 s+9+ 1 }
f ( t )=L
−1
{ } {
s−3
( s+3 ) } {
2
=L
−1 s +3−3−3

( s +3 ) 2
=L
−1 s+ 3−6

( s+3 )2 }
f (t)=L−1
{ }
s +3
−
6
( s+3 ) ( s +3 )2
2

f ( t )=L
−1
{ } { }
1
s+3
−L
−1 6
( s +3 )2

Applying the formula L−1 { s +a } =e−at L−1 { F ( s) } on R.H.S

f ( t )=e
−3 t
L
−1
{1s }−e L { s6 }
−3 t −1
2

f ( t )=e−3 t L−1 {1s }−6 e L { s1 }

−3 t −1
2

n!
But L { t }= s n+1
n

Inverse Transform of above expression is

n
t =L
−1
{ }
n!
s n+1

Or

{ }
n −1
t 1
=L n+1
n! s

Applying this formula in the expression

f ( t )=e
−3 t
L
−1
{1s }−6 e−3 t
L
−1
{}1
s2
0 1
−3 t t −3 t t
( )
f t =e −6 e
0! 1!
f ( t )=e−3 t −6 t e−3 t

Replacing t by t−π in above expression

−3(t− π ) −3 (t−π )
f ( t−π ) =e −6 ( t−π ) e
f ( t−π ) ={ 1−6 ( t−π ) } e
−3(t −π )

f ( t−π ) ={ 1−6 t+ 6 π } e
−3 (t −π )

f ( t−π ) ={ 1+ 6 π −6 t } e
−3 (t −π )
………………(5)
Putting (2) to (5) in (1)
L−1 {e−as F (s) }=f (t−a)u ( t −a )………………(1)

L
−1
{
e
−πs s−3
2
s + 6 s +10 }
= {1+ 6 π −6 t } e
−3 (t −π )
u ( t−π )

Example 6 Find the Inverse Laplace Transform { e−3 s

s ( s +9 )
2 2 }
Solution 6 The Inverse Laplace Transform of
{ f (t−a)u ( t −a ) } =L−1 {e−as F (s )}
Or
L−1 {e−as F (s) }=f (t−a)u ( t −a )………………(1)

Here a=3, e−as =e−3 s………………(2),

1
F (s)= ………………(3) and u ( t−a ) =u ( t−3 )………(4)
s ( s2 +9 )
2

1
Taking Inverse Laplace Transform of F (s)=
s ( s2 +9 )
2

L { F( s) } =L
−1 −1

{ 2
1
2 }
1 −1 1
= L
s ( s +9 ) 9
2 {
− 2
1
s s +9 9
= L }
1 −1 1
s
2 {}
1 −1 1
− L
9 2
s +9 { }
1 1
{}1
¿ L−1 2 − L−1 2
9 s 27
3
s +9 { }
t sin 3 t
f ( t )= −
9 27

Replacing t by t−3 in above expression

t−3 sin 3 (t−3)
f ( t−3 )= − ………………(5)
9 27

Putting (2) to (5) in (1)

L−1 {e−as F (s) }=f (t−a)u ( t −a )………………(1)
 { }{ }
−3 s
−1 e t−3 sin 3(t−3)
L = − u (t −3 )
s ( s + 9)
2 2
9 27

{ }
−πs
e s
Example 7 Find the Inverse Laplace Transform 2
s −4 s+5

Solution 7 The Inverse Laplace Transform of

{ f (t−a)u ( t −a ) } =L−1 {e−as F (s )}
Or
L−1 {e−as F (s) }=f (t−a)u ( t −a )………………(1)

Here a=π , −as

e
−πs
=e ………………(2),
s
F (s)= 2 ………………(3) and u ( t−a ) =u ( t−π )………(4)
s −4 s+5
s
Taking Inverse Laplace Transform of F (s)= 2
s −4 s+5

L−1 { F( s) } =L
−1
{ 2
s
s −4 s+5
=L−1 2
} {s
s −4 s+ 4+1
=L−1
s
2
(s−2) +1
= L−1
} {
s−2+2
(s−2)2 +1 } { }
¿ L−1
{ }s−2
2
(s−2) +1
+2 L−1
1
(s−2)2 +1 { }
Applying the formula L−1 { s +a } =e−at L−1 { F ( s) } on R.H.S
f ( t )=e L
2t −1
{ }s
2
s +1
2 t −1
+2 e L 2
1
s +1 { }
2t 2t
f ( t )=e cos t +2 e sin t

Replacing t by t−π in above expression

f ( t−π ) =e2 (t−π ) cos( t−π )+2 e 2(t−π ) sin(t−π )

sin t ……………(5)
2 ( t−π ) 2(t− π)
f ( t−π ) =−e cos t−2 e

Putting (2) to (5) in (1)

L−1 {e−as F (s) }=f (t−a)u ( t−a )………………(1)
 { }
−πs
e s
=−{ e sin t } u ( t−π )
−1 2 ( t −π ) 2(t− π)
L 2
cos t+2 e
s −4 s +5

{ }
−πs
e s
L−1 2
=−e 2 (t− π ) { cos t +2 sin t } u ( t−π )
s −4 s +5