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IGC 2 نيبوش انكلش بترو اسيل PDF
IGC 2 نيبوش انكلش بترو اسيل PDF
IGC 2 نيبوش انكلش بترو اسيل PDF
NEBOSH (IGC)
WELFARE CONDITION
1- drinking water
2- washing facilities
3- sanitary conveniences مرافق صحية
4- accommodation for clothes
5- rest and eating facilities
6- seating
7- suitable physical condition (Heat –noise-...)
8- Seating
9- Ventilation
10- Heating
11- Lighting
12- Cleanliness
13- Workspace
• People who deal directly with public may face aggressive or violent behaviour
• Substances have Significant effect on the health and safety of the worker and
those affected by their work
• Alcohol
• Legal/illegal drugs
• Solvents
• Effect on fellow workers who will have additional duties to compensate those
who suffer material damage
• Equal opportunities for person who have had drug related problem
Hazards to pedestrians
Slips, trips and falls
Slips and trips on the same level are the most common cause of major injuries at
work
They can also be the initial causes for a range of other accident/incident types
• Old age
• Lack of attention / distractions
• Being under the influence of Alcohol & drugs
• Carrying heavy / large loads
• Sensory impairment e.g. Poor eyesight
• Poor physical condition / ill health / consciousness problems
• Not using the handrails
• Not keeping 3 points of contact while using ladders
• Walking backwards e.g. banksman
• Broken steps / different heights
• Fatigue & exhaustion of the workers
• Unsuitable foot wear
• Providing good lighting. Highlighting changes in level with hazard warning strips
• Introducing procedures for reporting defects and for dealing with spillage that
might limit the slip resistance.
• Fitting high grip grit sheets on the edge of steps and stairs.
• Provision of handrails.
• Provision of landings.
Working at height
• Collapse of ....
• Overturn of ....
• Steel erecting.
• Bricklaying.
• Scaffold erection.
• Fragile roofs
• Inadequate barriers
• Unprotected trenches
• VERTICAL DISTANCE
• ROOFS
• Fragile roofs
• Sloping roofs
• UNPROTECTED EDGES
• Bad weather
• Falling objectives
• Fall down of persons from the edge of sloping roofs can cause serious injury.
• The chances of an accident are increased when working on roofs that are wet
or extreme weather conditions such as high winds. The other significant
influencing issue is the footwear used by the worker, smooth flat soled
footwear may seem suitable in dry conditions, but may not provide sufficient
grip to deal with surface water in wet conditions. A build up of dry particles or
grit حصيon a roof can present a surface that leads to a high risk of slipping as
the particles become free to move and form a mobile layer between the roof
and the worker's foot.
Sloping Roofs
· From eaves;
- All employees
· Safety harnesses must be worn and clipped onto a suitable anchor point.
· Where safety track rail system is in place, safety harnesses must be clipped and
secure
· All internal edges must have nets installed if not practical to erect hand-rails
· If open edges are un-netted or un-railed then personal arrest equipment must be
worn at all times and used appropriately
Falling materials
Hazards
• Fall of people
• Fall of objects
• Collapse
• Overturn
- Should be suitable for the job & certified Inspected before each shift & after any
accident, incident or adverse weather conditions
Before use
In the wake of severe weather conditions or other events such as a collapse or a fire
• They are used in works that are separated from each other and need to change
the place of the scaffold
Hazards
• Fall of people
• Fall of objects
• Collapse
• Overturn
• Size, weight and length of the scaffold and make sure it is suitable for work and
the height of the building used
• Center of gravity to ensure a good balance so as not to happen tilt or overturn
scaffold
• Ensure that there are brake pads and work efficiently to control movement and
non-slip
• The consistency of the scaffold poles and the absence of any cracks or
differences so as not to break during the use
• The quality of the stairs used and their suitability for the number of workers
• Make sure of the materials manufactured from the scaffold and the metal to
ensure that it is suitable for the quality of work and the surrounding
environment
- Fall of people
- Fall of objects
- Collapse
- Overturn
- Crushing between carrier and a fixed structure or in between the Scissors lift
• Equipment failure
• Incompetent operator
Hazards
• Fall of people
• Fall of objects
• Collapse
• Overturn
• Isolate sources of energy from their sources through the service provider
• Excavations
• Demolition
• Excavations
Any work related to soil, trenches, wells, silos, tunnels, underground, sewerage,
inspection and maintenance of power cables
The risk of suffocation or burial occurs as a result of sides demolition
Main hazards
• The unstable of the excavation areas and the possibility of collapse of the
excavation works as well as the collapse of the neighboring buildings for not
packing well-- Collapse of the excavation (Cave)
• ground services (buried) such as electricity or gas
• Water entering the excavation
• Accumulation of fumes and lack of oxygen
• Risks associated with drilling equipment such as friction with electrical lines and
impact (impact) with machines
• The effect of drilling on adjacent buildings may cause them to collapse
• Failure to provide protection for drilling edges
• Restrictions on entry and exit
• Biological risks such as leprosy
• Friction with contaminated land and the possibility of an unexploded bomb
• Falling people or equipment into the pit
• That the drilling becomes a confined space for the difficulty of entry and exit
and the presence of harmful gases such as hydrogen sulphide and methane
• Lack of lighting
• Mechanical love The production of equipment used in drilling
• Demolition
In sealed containers
1. In appropriate boxes
2. In a specific area of the workplace
3. Away from sources of ignition
4. Ability to control spills
5. In fire-resistant structures for 30 minutes
6. Provide warning signs proportional to the hazards of the material
7. No Smoking signs
8. The presence of fire extinguishers
Methods of Demolition
• Hand-held tools
• Machine
• Chemical agents (Explosives)
• Falls of people, falls of materials, flying materials, dust and debris, resulting in a
wide range of injuries and conditions, some of which are of a fatal nature.
• Projecting nails in timber etc., broken glass and cast iron fragments, which can
penetrate the hands, feet and parts of the body.
• Controls measures
• Competent workers
• Entrances, passages, stairs and ladder runs should be kept clear of all material.
• Timber االخشابwith protruding nails مسامير بارزةshould have the nails removed.
The risks and control procedures of the equipment in the work environment
are divided into
Driving fast
Driving backwards
Weak vision
overturn
Falling person
Collision by load
Load packaging
unit linked the car to the trailer
Maintenance of equipment
9. Not standing well in front of places of entry or exit, which causing problem in
the case of evacuation
10. Transport and handling in the case of changing the fork and in case of changing
the batteries
- To be parked in the designated parking area (on a levelled surface not Blocking
Walkways or exits)
- Remove the key & keep it with the responsible person / place.
- Apply the handbrake and the wheel chock to prevent rolling away
- Surround the forklift with cones & barriers to prevent trips over the Forks.
Driver selection
• Suitable age
Setting & enforcement of site traffic rules, proper signs & Floor marking
- Vision aids e.g. CCTV (Closed Circuit Television )cameras or mirrors on vehicles &
convex mirrors at blind corners
• CCTV Camera
- PPE e.g. steel toe safety shoes & High visibility jackets
- Avoid reversing if possible e.g. One-way systems, drive through parking, circling the
vehicles
- Reversing alarms (audible & visual)
• Warning signs.
• Audible alarms.
• Adequate lighting.
• a Avoiding the need for vehicles to reverse (by the use of one-way and 'drive-
through' systems or turning circles).
2. Identify potential individuals who may be harmed (driver and any other person)
5 - Review the results (after any changes occur in the way - change the weather
conditions)
the vehicle: safety belt - continuous maintenance - first aid box - personal
protection tools
Journey: Planned - sufficient time and safe routes - taking into account weather
conditions
A road safety policy should be incorporated into the health and safety policy
• A requirement that if the vehicle is over three years old, it has been confirmed
to be roadworthy by an independent organisation. It is sometimes a National
legal requirement that all vehicles undergo an annual test when they reach a
specified age.
• A requirement that the worker has a current driving licence that allows them to
drive the specified vehicle on public roads.
• A requirement that appropriate insurance for the vehicle is held and it covers
the driver to drive it (if the insurance is held by the worker the worker should
present copies of certificates annually for inspection).
• A requirement that the worker informs their line manager of any changes in
circumstances such as the vehicle used or insurance changes (if the worker can
change these) or penalty points/citations/endorsements issues for driving
offences, the use of any prescription medication or changes to their health that
affect their ability to drive safely.
• Assessment of risks.
• The management strategy to plan, organise, control, monitor and review work-
related road risk.
• Weather conditions
• The purpose of the routes, the types of vehicle using the routes.
• Speed limits.
• One-way systems.
The study of ergonomics is essential to good job design. It is the applied science of
equipment design intended to maximise effectiveness by reducing worker fatigue and
discomfort It can be defined as "the study of the relationship between human beings,
the equipment with which they work and the physical environment in which this
human-machine system operates".
Ergonomics:
The relation & interaction between the work & the worker; how to fit the work to the
worker.
is the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, its
movements, and its cognitive abilities.
• Typically affect:
• Muscles
• Joints
• Tendons
• Ligaments
• Nerves
• Bones
• Most MSDs are cumulative disorders resulting from repeated exposure to high
or low intensity loads over a long period of time
• Back
• Neck
• Shoulders
• Upper limbs
• Tenosynovitis
Causes
Twisting movements
Squeezing
Hammering
Symptoms
Numbness & tingling in fingers
• Tendonitis
• Tenosynovitis/ Peritendinitis
• Epicondylitis
• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
• Hand arm vibration syndrome (HAVS)
• Keyboard operators
• Agricultural workers
• Musicians
• Dressmakers
• Packing workers
• Bricklayers
• Checkout operators
• Cleaners
Risk factors to consider
• Force exerted
• Duration & frequency of operation
• Repetition of movement without rest or recovery time (frequent breaks)
• Awkward Posture
• Vulnerability e.g. smokers or existing medical condition
• Constraints on space
• Environment (low temperature)
HAZARD
A range of diseases affecting the neck, shoulders, arms, elbows, wrists, hands and
fingers.
Main symptoms;
Pain in the back, neck and shoulders, swelling of joints, muscle fatigue,
Tingling, swelling of soft tissues and restriction of joint movement. And delayed
symptoms include inability to Arrest and loss of sensation,
Control Solutions
1. Eliminate repetitive and exhaustive movements; perform work in a different way.
5. Make sure that the inappropriate body posture has been avoided during the design
of the machine
8. Ensure that staff have received training, information and sound work instructions
Collectors in stores
• Epilepsy
• Facial dermatitis
• Low noise
• Enough legroom
• Suitable software
• Footrest if necessary
• Ability to swivel
Manual Handling
• Manual handling injuries arise from such hazards as stooping while lifting,
holding the load away from the body, twisting movements, frequent or
prolonged effort, heavy/bulky/unwieldy/unstable loads, sharp/hot/slippery
surfaces of loads, space constraints, and lack of capability of the individual.
Manual handling operations can cause many types of injury.
Manual Handling Injuries
•
Activities at risk
• Load
• Individual
• Task
• Environment
Load
Sharp edges
Individual
Gender
PPE
Task
Vertical & Horizontal distance where the load will be lifted to.
Team lifting
Any need for excessive pulling, pushing, twisting, bending & overreaching.
Environment
1- Avoid manual handling (automate or mechanise the job by using forklifts, cranes,
hoists or conveyors)
• Load: divide heavy load loss - reduce heavy load - get rid of sharp sides of
pregnancy - provide handles suitable for pregnancy
• Individual: selecting individuals according to their physical and health abilities -
providing information and training necessary - providing personal protective
tools
• Task : It is by reducing the distance of the load – team lifting - work rotation -
reduce the time and number of times of manual handling - mechanical aids such
as trolley
• Work environment: It is by improving the lighting, floors and humidity
• Design: It is through the design of the workplace well by placing things so that
they can be easily handled - Design the load itself by reducing the size or
divided into appropriate containers - Team lifting
3-- Follow safe system of work (safe handling technique)
• Mechanisation
• This involves the use of handling aids. Although this may retain some elements
of manual handling, bodily forces are applied more efficiently. Examples are:
• Kinetic Handling Technique (safe way of lifting a box)
- Lift the load keeping the back straight & bending only the knees
• 1- SACK TRUCK
• People-handling aids
• Types of conveyor:
• Belt
• Roller
• Screw
Hazards Control
Drawing-in: Clothing or limbs being drawn in Guardrails
to in-running nips caused by moving parts,
Contact: With moving parts (cut and Covering – brakes
abrasion),
Entanglement :With rollers.
Striking: Falling objects, especially from
overhead conveyors
Manual Handling : Loading and unloading
components/packages
Noise: From mechanical movement.
Control measures to be taken to reduce the risk of injury to workers from the
conveyer
• Provide barriers to conveyor parts and empty parts between belts and
cylinders
• Work to keep staff away from the conveyer
• Provide emergency stop buttons or stop-motion tools and place them in
appropriate places away from any obstructions
• Ensure that operators have received training on the use of the carrier
system and the risks associated with its use, such as those arising from
overloading, wearing loose clothing, or allowing long hair to be worn
• Use the signals to warn operators that the carrier is in standby mode
• Ensure that maintenance are done only by authorized persons and that
the power source is discharged before starting work
• Encourage staff to inform the supervisor of unsafe practices
• Cranes :
• A machine used for lift and unloading of Heavy weight, usually consisting of a
vertical rotating column with arm which has a fixed chain or wire
Types of CRANES
• Mobile
• Tower
• Gantry
• Overhead Gantry
Types of HOISTS
• Chain hoist
• Goods hoist
Hazards of CRANES
• Fall of people
• Fall of objects
• Collapse
• Overturn
Slings
Hooks
Chains
Eyebolts
Shackles
Lifting beams
Cradles
Types of HOISTS
• Goods hoist
in general, the hazards associated with lifts and hoists are the same as with any other
lifting equipment,
fall down
collision
entanglement
Precautions
Lifts and hoists for movement of goods require:
• Adequate design.
• Sound construction.
• Correct selection and installation.
• Competent operation.
• Regular inspection.
• Adequate maintenance.
• Statutory safety devices.
• Holdback equipment (for rope or lifting mechanism failure).
• Overrun tip systems.
• Guards on hoist/lift machinery.
• Landing gates (securely closed down during operation),
• Adequate lighting at landings.
Work permit must be made for: confined spaces - maintenance if they are of high
risk or if they are not periodic – lifting works
Calibration frequency :
• Air compressor.
• Blast furnace,
• Butcher's knife, Car ramp, Check-out machine, Circular saw. Digital image
projector.
• Photocopier.
• Portable drill.
• Power press.
• Be appropriate for the task and the environment in which they will be
used
• Be equipped with appropriate barriers to avoid access to dangerous places
• To be run by competent people
• Provide information, instructions and training for users, managers and
maintenance teams
• Maintenance in a safe manner
• The power on, off, and emergency keys are clear and easy to access
• To be fixed and equipped with the necessary warning signs and must
provide an appropriate working environment of light and heat to operate
• Operators must follow safe operating instructions
• Suitability of the work equipment
- Initial integrity : The equipment should be safe and healthy through its design,
construction and adaptation.
- Purpose for use : Equipment used for any activity must be suitable to fulfil the exact
requirements of the task. This means considering the ergonomic requirements,
strength, durability, power source, portability, protection against the environment,
range of tasks to be carried out and the frequency and duration of use.
- Place of use : The equipment should be suitable for different environments and the
risks that relate to them, for example, the environment might be wet or explosive.
Account must be taken of the possibility of the equipment causing a problem in the
workplace
•
Precautions for maintenance Work
- Issue permit to work if the job is non-routine or high risk as example if the whole
body or the whole arm of the worker will be inside the machine
- Dissipation of stored energy e.g. release stored pressure, earthing for electricity or
leaving the hot surface to cool down
- Segregation of the work place by means of barriers & warning signs Safe means of
access
- Use suitable PPE e.g. safety shoes, coveralls and safety glasses
- Ensure that all workers doing the job are Competent enough
- Ensure safe environmental conditions e.g. adequate lighting & good ventilation
•
Maintenance type :
• Mechanical hazards
• Electrical hazards
• Physical hazards
• Pressure risk
• Chemical hazards
• Risk of falling
Hand tools
Examples: Hammer - chiller - chisel - screwdrivers - spanners -
knives
hazard related to Equipment itself, such as shearing and the release of hazardous
substances.
hazard related to the location of the equipment, for example the stability of the
Equipment.
hazard related to the work system associated with the equipment, such as hand
loading work to supply the equipment with raw materials.
Point of Operation
Point of contact between rotating parts of equipment and machines In-Running Nip
Points
(ENTICE)
• Entanglement
• Impact
• Ejection
Entanglement:
This occurs when a part of the loose clothing or long hair in the rotary parts of
the equipment causes several injuries.
Crushing:
• This occurs when a part of the body parts between a fixed and moving part of
the body such as pistons, between two moving parts of the equipment such as
the scissor lift, or between a moving part of the equipment and a wall or floor,
2- Shearing
The metal forming machine can cause any part of the human body to be cut if it
occurs between the table and its weapon, as well as pistons.
• Impact
It is caused by moving equipment that may collide with workers and cause
severe injuries to them, for example the mobile hands of robots, or the
penetration of part of the human body between moving parts of the
equipement and a fixed part.
• Contact (stab/puncture – cuts – abrasions – burns – etc.)
Puncturing:
Cutting
When touching any part of the body for any rough rotting part, such as a grinding
wheel or sanding, the result of this friction causes skin spasms.
Ejection
In the event of an explosion inside the equipement causes the emission of parts
of the equipement to the outside in the form of projectiles, which may cause
serious risks, for example in the case of the explosion of the wheel abrasive
Non-Mechanical Hazards of Machinery
• Electricity / Noise
• Fire / Explosion
• Temperature extremes
1- Guards
2- Devices
• Locations /Distance
3- Training
4- PPE
Fixed guards
• A fixed guard must be fitted such that it cannot be removed other than by the use
of specialist tools
• A fixed guard may be designed to enable access to dangerous parts by authorised
personnel for maintenance or inspection
• Interlocking guards, Adjustable guards & Automatic sweep guards.
Merits Limitations
Interlocking guards
Merits Limitations
Automatic guard
• These are guards which close themselves over the dangerous parts
• Sensitive protective equipment detects the person in the danger zone and
responds
• Can be overridden
• May cause production delays and increase stress in users with false ‘trips’
• Ensures both of the operator’s hands are out of danger area when the machine
is operated
• Merits • Limitations
• The employer should ensure that all persons who use work equipment have
available to them adequate health and safety information
Personal protective equipment
• Eye protection
• Head protection
• Protective clothing
• Gloves
• Footwear
• Adequate strength
• Maintained
• The barrier or device must be suitable for the purpose for which it is
provided
• The device or barrier must be compatible with the operating process and
the materials involved in operation, especially in food processing
industries
• It must be well formed and made of durable materials with suitable
strength:
When choosing the appropriate safety barrier for a particular type of
hazardous machinery or areas, the fixed barrier should be used because it
is simple and can be used if there is no need to approach dangerous areas
during operation. when it is necessary to approach hazardous areas and to
interfere with the machine, it is necessary to use the interlock barrier
The body of the barrier must be in line with the force and the barrier. For
example, when selecting the materials from which the barrier is made, it
must be considered that it can withstand the force of volatilization of the
material from machines or materials processed within the machine
• It must have undergone good maintenance until it is functioning properly
• It should be weighed and measured appropriately with regard to the need
to remove it and replace it for routine maintenance
• When choosing a barrier, consider not to add a new hazard to health and
safety, such as sharp edges or shredded parts, which may cause injury
• The barrier should not obstruct the worker's vision of the machine or
process in cases where it is necessary to see the stomach or the
surrounding area
• It should not be easy to pass or stop the barrier, especially by workers
Office machinery: - Photocopier and document Shredder
Electric drill
• Control measures - suitable tested and inspected equipment- PPE – sharp drill
bits
Factors determining the frequency of inspection and testing of portable electric drill
Equipment
Use a suitable size chisel for the task and check and ensure the stability of the handle
Pedestal Drill
Cement mixer
• Manual handling
• Characteristics of irritating and corrosive cement
• Inhalation of cement dust
• Mechanical hazards such as moving parts,
• volatilization of materials and noise
• Risks related to the energy source of the mixer, whether it is electricity or
gasoline
• Collision with mobile vehicles
• Exposure to dust and smoke
• Electrification
Control measures
5- Electrical Sander
6- Chainsaw
6. Bench-top grinder:
Risks
It is often used in the workshop and is suitable for internal use and is used for the age
of sharp tools such as blades, chisels, etc. The most important risks associated with
include:
Clouds
Electricity
heat
noise
• Control measures include an adjustable fixed guard that is fitted over as much
of the grinding wheel as is practicable, a work-piece rest, trained and
competent users, high-impact-resistant goggles, respiratory protective
equipment (depending on task) and personal hearing protection
Photocopier:
• Hazards include drawing-in, hot surfaces, fumes, toner dust, electrical, manual
handling, noise and UV light
Document shredder:
Compactors
Petrol-driven strimmer/brush-cutter
Hazards are:
• Burns
• Shock
• Arcing
• Fire
• Explosions
• Burns
Internal burns to the body organs & external burns to the skin
Internal burns to the body and external organs affecting the skin
And the burns are 3 degrees first (redness of the skin) and the second
(burning of the outer layer of skin and the emergence of nerve parties, which
is the most dangerous types of burns and most of the pain) and the third
degree (burning flesh and nerves and access to bone)
passage of electrical current across the body may include the effects of electric
shock, muscle constriction, shortness of breath, heart failure or heart failure.
It is divided into: direct shock and occurs when connected to the electrical
source
- Voltage
- Current (amperes)
- Time
- Individual factors (age, general health condition, children with thin skin)
- Isolate the supply if possible or move the person away from the source of electricity
using an insulating material e.g. wood
- Check ABC
3- Arcing
equipment Arcs & sparks result from ionized gas
When electricity has sufficient potential to jump across insulating material such as air
• Inadequate circuits
• Overloading electrical circuits
• Incorrect fuses
• Damaged insulation
• Loose connections
• Using flammable materials too close to electrical equipment
• Overheating of cables on coils
• Inadequate ventilation for electrical equipment & cables
5- Explosion
Ignition of gas
• Overheating of cables
• Poor connections
• Static electricity build-up non conductive material are in contact with each
other, for example, plastics and paper, and where two surfaces are rapidly
separated
• Spraying
• Parts of portable electrical equipment that the user must inspect before use
• Plug to make sure there are no cracks in the outer shell or curls in the teeth
• The outer shell of the cable must be secure from the two sides
• Volatile parts
• Tripping on wires
Reasons for failure of portable electrical equipment in carrying out its work:
• abuse such as pulling the wire from the wire and not from the plug
• Always pull the plug NEVER the Lead & Avoid continous flexing
• Protective systems:
Control measures to be taken to reduce the risk of using electrical equipment within
the workplace
• Ensure the availability of insulation tools and that equipment is closed after
use
• Ensure that there is no overload on the exits and the absence of cables in
unsafe places and that the cable extensions are not wrapped on each other
• Check the equipment to ensure its suitability and conformity with recognized
standards, for example the CE or BS coding system
• Damage to plug
• Electrical Overload
• Damage to the outside cover and the absence of active operation keys
• The appliance is in a dirty and wet condition
1. Fuses
2. Eathing- grounding
3. Isolation of supply
4. Reduced- and low-voltage systems
5. Residual current device
6. Double insulation
• A device designed to automatically cut off the power supply to a circuit within a
given time when the current flow in that circuit exceeds a given value
function as fuses i.e. break the circuit at excessive current although slightly faster
Advantages: Limitations:
3-Earthing
• Earthing:- Electricity will always try reach earth and earthing means
• In summary, earthing provides a path of least resistance for ‘stray’ current and
provides protection against indirect shock
• May prevent electric shock provided linked with correct fuses or RCD
Advantages: Limitations:
Advantages: Limitations:
Advantages: Limitations:
the system with the current flowing out. When the level differs by a preset value the
RCD will open rapidly and interrupt the supply
Advantages: Limitations:
• Double insulated equipment has two layers of insulating material between the
live parts of the equipment and the user
Advantages: Limitations:
1) Fuel
2) Oxygen
1) Cooling the fire to remove the heat, for example, by use of a water or foam
extinguisher
3) Smothering the fire by limiting its oxygen supply, for example, by use of a
carbon dioxide or foam extinguisher
Causes of fire
1. Arson
2. Smoking & smokers' materials
3. Oil/gas heating equipment and portable heaters
4. Unsafe storage of flammable materials
5. Use of flammable liquids or gases in unsuitable areas
6. Hot work: welding, cutting, etc.
7. Mechanical heat (Sparks/friction)
8. Lightening
9. Chemical reaction
10.Electricity
11.Friction
• Flash point:- The temperature at which gas & vapour will ignite momentarily by
an external source of ignition e.g. spark
• Fire point:- The temperature at which gas & vapour will sustain a flame when
ignited by an external source of ignition e.g. spark
• Auto-Ignition (Self ignition):- The temperature at which gas & vapour will ignite
without any external source of ignition.
Direct burning:- The flame and a combustible fuel are in direct contact and the fuel
heats up and eventually ignites.
Conduction: Heat travels within solid material from the hot part to cooler part
Convection:- Hot air current rises up to replace cooler air , causing the build up of hot
and unburned gases under ceilings etc. and allows fire to spread from one room to
another.
Classes of fire
Electrical Classified according to the source of ignition rather than fuel Source
For class A Water, Dry powder or Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF)
• by forming a soapy foam blanket over the burning oil and by cooling the oil.
• In the UK the use of Halon gas is now prohibited except under certain
Voice Simplest and most effective type, but very limited because it is
dependent upon the size of the workplace and background noise
levels
Hand operated Rotary gong, hand bell or triangle and sounder, but limited by the
scale of the building
Call points with Standard system, operation of one call point sounds alarm
sounders throughout workplace
Automatic System as above, with added fire detection to initiate the alarm if
system it is not raised by a person
• Heat detection
• Radiation detection
• Smoke detection
• Sounds throughout the whole of the building and signals a total evacuation
Two-stage alarm
• An evacuation signal is given in the affected area, together with an alert signal
in other areas
Fire extinguishers
Requirements for establishing suitable exit methods from the work site to the
final exit door:
Escape routes
The way to escape the fire should lead to open air via a protected road (if
necessary)
Keep the road free from any obstacles
the doors
• Clearly signed
Control measures that may be necessary to ensure that persons with diseases or
physical disabilities can be safely evacuated in the event of a fire
• Develop a safe evacuation plan that is consistent with the nature of the
building and the number of employees, taking into consideration special
categories such as people with disabilities, pregnant women, etc.
• Provide qualified assistants to help special cases and people with special needs
to flee quickly from the place of fire
• Provide the necessary assistance such as the evacuation chair designed for this
purpose where the disabled person is carried on this chair out of the building
• Provide special places that patients and disabled people can resort to during
evacuation to wait until they are finally evacuated outside the building
• Ensure that disabled personnel are present in the ground floor as much as
possible or provide elevators designed inside fire-resistant structures that can
be used during evacuation from upper floors
• The work of evacuation agents through which to identify how to act in such
cases
• Ensure that the size and width of the emergency exits are suitable for the
wheelchair
Measures include:
• Consider how fire, heat or smoke could spread to areas that people occupy
• Means of escape
• National laws may specify the size and nature of undertaking that is required
to keep a written record
• A record should also be kept of measures that have been or will be taken by
the responsible person
The assessment and the fire safety measures must be reviewed regularly
Control measure for preventing spread of fire
• - Suitable means of fire fighting such as water sprinklers, whose reels and fire
extinguishers
The risks to which fire and rescue personnel may be exposed when they
are present during an emergency
• Exposure to fire, heat, smoke, vapors or toxic gases
• Falling from the top
• Collapse buildings or collide with fallen objects
• Exposure to electrical sources or exposure to an explosion such as gas
cylinders
• Risks associated with the need to move in narrow spaces
• Collision with passing vehicles used for evacuation on the road
• An attack from the public or even the animals as well as the pressures
resulting from the nature of the work they perform
Control procedures for the use of highly flammable liquids and safe
storage in the workplace
Replace with materials less flammable properties
Choose appropriate containers for the purpose with signs clearly indicate the
contents inside
Store the containers at a safe distance from the treatment area and away from
the sun and the store is built of fireproof materials
Reduce (limit) the quantities used in the treatment area and prevent
accumulation of vapors by providing a good level of ventilation
Remove potential sources of flammability
Prevent or reduce the impact of spills
separate the empty and occupied containers
Be sure to use suitable electrical equipment, whether flameproof
Provide personal protective equipment
Ensure that appropriate fire fighting equipment
Provide safe working systems for handling and storing liquids
Provide training for workers on the risks of flammable liquids
• Fire prevention
• Recognition of fire alarms and the actions to be taken
• Understanding the emergency signs
• Location of fire escape routes and assembly points
• Requirements for safe evacuation
• Location and operation of call points
• How the fire service is called
• Location, use and limitations of fire-fighting equipment
• Consideration of people with special needs
• Identity and role of fire marshals
• Element 7:- Chemical & biological health hazards & risk control
Chemical agents take many forms:
• Solids
• Liquids
• Gases
• Dusts
• Fibres
• Fumes
• Smoke
• Mists
• Vapour
• Fungi
• Bacteria
• Viruses
• The hair in the nose acting as a filter to purify the air from the dust
• particles
• - Wetness of the nose (mucus) so the dust would stick to it & will
• - Sneezing and coughing which would expel the dust outside the
• respiratory system
• - Turbulent motion of the air in the nose and the centrifugal force
• which will throw the dust to the sides sticking to the mucus
• tract pushing the particles upwards till it reach the throat where it
• - The immunity system of the body: White Blood Cells (WBC) in the
• alveoli
• - Tears and blinking of the eyes (not part of the respiratory defences)
• - Digestive juices & enzymes, the useful bacteria and the strong
• acid (HCL) which will destroy the harmful substances inside the machine .
• - Vomiting & diarrhoea which get rid of the toxins and the harmful substance
out of the body.
• melanin makes the skin darker providing more protection from the sun and
ultra violet light
• - Sebum: the oily substance secreted by the skin to prevent it from dryness
• - Pain
Scavenging Scavenging
Other practical measures to increase the defenses of the body against damage:
Types of Dermatitis:
• 2- Allergic / Sensitive
Detergents
Resin (Resin)
Asphalt
• Barrier creams
Dose-response relationship
• All substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison; The
Target Organs: The part / parts of the body which could be affected by
• an external substance
• point of contact
acute effect :short term exposure to a large dose of the harmful substance
Factors that indicate the need for health supervision of workers in the workplace
The work shall include contact with materials such as lead or asbestos or exposure
to high levels of noise or vibration
Health records should include cases of first aid and absence of persons
• - Fume
• - Mist
• - Smoke
• - Vapour
• - Fungi
• - Bacteria
• - Viruses
• - Inhalation
• - Ingestion
• - Injection
• - Absorption
Classification of Hazardous Substances
inflammation (Dermatitis)
it by burning
Example: Arsenic
Example: Cyanide
Example: Asbestos
3- Hazard identification
experts, etc.
2) Basic survey:
• Double tube
• Comparison tube
• Narrow tube
Advantages Disadvantages
• Quick and easy to use • Tubes can be cross sensitive to other
• Instant reading without contaminants
further analysis • Accuracy varies
• Does not require much • Is only a grab sample
expertise to use • Relies on operator to count pump strokes
• Relatively inexpensive • Only suitable for gases and vapours (not dusts)
• Used within a short time period to prevent
decay
• The tubes are fragile and break easily
• Used/expired tubes must be disposed of as
chemical waste in accordance with local
regulations
3) Full survey:
Advantages Disadventages
• Instant reading • Some direct reading instruments
• Continuous monitoring can be expensive
• Can record electronically • Does not differentiate between
• Can be linked to an alarm dusts of different types
• Suitable for clean room • Most effective on dusts of a
environments spherical nature
Factors to consider when evaluating health risk factors for a potential hazardous
substance
- substituting the material with a less hazardous one e.g. using water based paint
instead of solvent based paint OR using granular material instead of powder
Isolate:
Control
- Administrative control: Change the work pattern or method, job rotation, adequate
breaks, good levels of Hygiene and housekeeping & providing the needed it is
PPE:
- Respiratory protection such as breathing apparatus to protect from chlorine or
ammonia
- Hand & skin protection such as gloves to protect from detergents or solvents
- Protective clothing such as chemical splash suits to protect from acids & biological
agents
- Barrier creams
• Hood(s)
• Ducts
• Air cleaner
• Fan
• Discharge
• - Unauthorised modifications
• - Incorrect settings
• Ammonia
Strongly corrosive alkaline colourless gas with a pungent odour.
(emphysema)
• • Asbestos
• Prepare a plan that sets out in detail how risks identified are to be managed
• Record the roles and responsibilities of those who manage asbestos in the
organisation
Affecting the lungs increasing the rate of respiration and high levels
• Carbon Monoxide CO
More toxic than CO2, Colourless and odourless and tasteless gas.
exhausts
Affecting the lungs & the blood casuing headache, drowsiness, flushed
• • Chlorine
Affecting the eyes & the respiratory system casuing severe irritation.
• • Lead
A heavy, soft and easily worked metal. Can enter body by eating
Affecting the brain & the nervous system casuing acute lead poisoning
causing death.
• Organic Solvents
These dissolve other substances & are also used as cleaning &
Affecting the skin, nasal passages, throat, lungs, eyes, & the liver.
• Isocyanates
Affecting the nasal passages, throat & the lungs leading to lung
• • Silica
disease “silicosis”
• • Dust
• Dust Identification:
- Medical check up & Health survillance with medical treatment for any health
problem
• Biological Agents
• The most common source is in construction sites, water sports, river water,
swimming pools, sewers, etc.
• Those at greatest risk are smokers or old people with chest problems.
• Hepatitis A, B and C
• - Inhalation
• - Ingestion
• - Injection
Factors and topics that the organization should consider when developing a system
for collection and disposal of waste
• Leakage of waste from containers to soil or ground water due to bad condition of
containers or inability to hold together for a long time in good condition
• Storage of incompatible materials together in the same packaging, which may
lead to chemical reactions harmful to the environment
• Break or destroy containers in which waste is stored, which may lead to waste
spillage or leakage into the air
• Do not protect containers from bad environmental factors such as rain or strong
winds, which lead to the exit of waste into water or air
• Insufficient volume of containers or storage space, which may lead to the
accumulation of waste over time and increase the weight and ultimately the
dangerous diversion of the environment
• Failure to maintain good insurance for the site, which may lead to attempts to
steal or that affects the case of containers containing waste
Element 8:-
• Noise
• Heat
• Vibration
• Radiation
• Stress
1) Outer
2) Middle
3) Inner
Safe limit is 80 dB
Rule of 3
the intensity of 80 dB
• Two metre rule: If conversation is difficult (need to raise the voice or repeat
words) at a distance of two metres apart the noise level is likely to be above 85
dB
• One metre rule: If conversation is difficult (need to raise the voice or repeat
words) at a distance of one metre apart the noise level is likely to be above 90
dB
- Frequency in Hz
- Loudness in dB
- Duration & frequency of exposure to noise
- Use of PPE
- Distance between the source of noise & the person exposed to it
- The nature of the place
- Increase the distance between the worker & the source of noise
- Reduce the duration & frequency of exposure to the noise
- PPE such as ear plugs & ear muffs
Control measures that the employer can take to encourage workers to wear
hearing protection
• Provide good types with the ability to smooth the sound well
• Provide types that do not conflict with the rest of the personal protective
equipment
• Provide convenient types of work environment and easy to use
• Demonstrate the administration's commitment to its performance so that the
manager is an example of the workers
• Distributed to visitors
• Provide adequate information and training on how to wear, maintain and
maintain regular maintenance
• Make visible signs and images showing the benefits of wearing hearing aids and
damage that may not be used
• Construction sites
• Uniformed services
• Entertainment
• Manufacturing
• Call centres
• Hand-Arm Vibration
• Health Effects
• Risk Factors
• - Force exerted
• - Low temperature
Physiological effects of heat Stress (in foundries, glass works & laundries)
• Skin burns
• Cataracts
• Dehydration
• Heat cramps
• Headaches
• Vomiting
• Fainting
Physiological effects of cold Stress (cold stores, food preparation area, big
freezers & open air during winter)
• Hypothermia
• Shivering
• Frost bite
Risk factors
• Control measures
- Acclimatisation
- Temperature control
- PPE e.g. insulating clothes
Radiation
Non-Ionising
• Burns
• Cataract
• Arc eye
• Retinal burn
• Temporary sterility
• Shielding
• Skin creams
Ionizing Radiation
Violence at work
• Occupations at risk
• enforcement officers
Control measures
Stress
• Causes of stress:
exposure to violence;
• 3. Control: how much control the person has in the way they do
monotonous work;
manager;
• 7. Individual: skills not matched to the task, lack of it is, unclear job
• Identification of Stress