Petro Aseel Centre

For Training and consultations

NEBOSH (IGC)

International General Certificate

GC 2 CONTROL OF INTERNATIONAL HAZARDS

Element 1:- Workplace hazards & risk control

• 1.1 heath, welfare and work environment requirements

WELFARE CONDITION

1- drinking water
2- washing facilities
3- sanitary conveniences ‫مرافق صحية‬
4- accommodation for clothes
5- rest and eating facilities
6- seating
7- suitable physical condition (Heat –noise-...)
8- Seating
9- Ventilation
10- Heating
11- Lighting
12- Cleanliness
13- Workspace

• 1.2 violence at work place

• People who deal directly with public may face aggressive or violent behaviour

• Violence : any action, incident or behaviour that departs from reasonable

conduct in which a person is assaulted threatened harmed, injured as a direct
result of his work

The most common risk factors relating to violence are:

1. The position a person holds

2. The nature of the work

3. The location of the work

4. The time of working

5. Alcohol and drugs

6. Visible appearance

7. The availability of weapons

MISUSE OF DRUGS AND ALCOHOL

• Substances have Significant effect on the health and safety of the worker and
those affected by their work

• Alcohol

• Legal/illegal drugs

• Solvents

Risk of alcohol and drugs at work

• Fatigue, exhaustion, lack of focus and decision-making ability

• Bad behaviors and failure to follow work rules

• Fluctuation in individual energy levels and slow response rates, leading to

higher probability of accident participation

• Lack of production and increased exposure to risk

• Causes increased levels of violence in some or involvement in hazardous work

• Effect on fellow workers who will have additional duties to compensate those
who suffer material damage

Control measures of misuse of alcohol and drugs at workplace

• Issue alcohol and drugs policy which should content :

• - measures to reduce alcohol and drugs related problem

• Measure the prohibit and restriction the availability of drugs at work place

• Equal opportunities for person who have had drug related problem

1.4 safe movements of people in the workplace

Hazards to pedestrians
Slips, trips and falls

1- Slips, trips and falls on the same level

2- Falls from height

3- Collisions with moving vehicles

4- Striking by moving, flying or falling objects

5- Striking against fixed or stationary objects

• Causes of slips, trips & falls (accidents on walkways or Staircases)

Slips and trips on the same level are the most common cause of major injuries at
work

They can also be the initial causes for a range of other accident/incident types

• Slippery surface e.g. polished floor

• Spillage e.g. oil on floor
• During the floor cleaning
• Poor lighting / limited vision because of the dust or fog
• Uneven surface
• moving from one kind of floor surface to another
• Rainy weather without suitable drainage system
• Poor housekeeping / Obstacles on the walkway (e.g. protrusions)
• Bad organisation or layout of the work place
• Loose / Untied shoe laces
• Poor emergency procedures: people crowding, panicking & rushing to evacuate
Individual reasons

• Old age
• Lack of attention / distractions
• Being under the influence of Alcohol & drugs
• Carrying heavy / large loads
• Sensory impairment e.g. Poor eyesight
• Poor physical condition / ill health / consciousness problems
• Not using the handrails
• Not keeping 3 points of contact while using ladders
• Walking backwards e.g. banksman
• Broken steps / different heights
• Fatigue & exhaustion of the workers
• Unsuitable foot wear

GENERAL CONTROLS FOR THE SAFE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE IN THE ORKPLACE

Slip and trip hazards in the workplace may be controlled by:

• Designated slip resistant walkways, Using high grip surface coating.

• Providing good lighting. Highlighting changes in level with hazard warning strips

• Introducing procedures for reporting defects and for dealing with spillage that
might limit the slip resistance.

• Ensuring high standards of housekeeping to keep floors clear of obstructions,

debris or spillage.

• Provision of made up roughened concrete walkways on construction sites and

where outdoor work takes place.

• Fitting high grip grit sheets on the edge of steps and stairs.

• Provision of mats at the entrance to buildings.

Design features and/or safe practices intended to reduce the risk of accidents on
staircases used as internal pedestrian routes within work premises:

• Adequate width of stair and

• Provision of handrails.

• The dimensions of treads and risers.

• Provision of landings.

• Special provisions for disabled persons.

• Possibility of using a lift as an alternative.

• Avoid the need to carry large or heavy items up or down stairs.

• Wear appropriate footwear.

• The provision of non-slip surfaces, together with reflective edging.

• Adequate lighting and effective maintenance.

• The removal of obstructions, with particular attention to emergency escape

routes.

Working at height

Hazards of working at height

• Fall of people ....

• Fall of objects ....

• Collapse of ....

• Overturn of ....

• Contact with overhead services .....

 Falls are the most common cause of fatal injuries in the construction industry

Typical activities that involve working at height are:

• Steel erecting.

• Bricklaying.

• Fixing of cladding , roof work.

• Scaffold erection.

• Painting and decorating.

• Electrical installation and maintenance.

• Demolition and dismantling ‫ تفكيك‬.

Situations that increase the likelihood of falls:

• Inadequate access to and from the workplace

• Fragile roofs

• Inadequate barriers

• Unprotected trenches

• Working next to unprotected edges

• Using access equipment such as ladders

• Standing on objects such as chairs or storage racks to reach higher levels

Basic hazards of working at height

• VERTICAL DISTANCE

• ROOFS
 • Fragile roofs

• Sloping roofs

• UNPROTECTED EDGES

• UNSTABLE/POORLY MAINTAINED ACCESS EQUIPMENT

• Bad weather

• Falling objectives

Precautions & Control measures:

• Avoid working at height by using long tools or machines

• Reduce height as much as possible
• Reduce duration & frequency of working at height
• Using proper working platform, carrying out pre use inspection & regular
maintenance
• PPE e.g. safety harness, fall arrestors & helmets with strap
• Edge protection & Safety net
• Ensure Safe access & egress to the work place
• Good lifting procedures
• Regular inspection for workplace

Precautions & Control measures of working on ANY roof:

The above precautions PLUS:

- Using crawl boards

- Locating & covering the lights on the roof (if any)

 Sloping roofs

• Sloping roofs are those with a pitch greater than 10 degrees.

• Fall down of persons from the edge of sloping roofs can cause serious injury.

• Fall down of material.

• The chances of an accident are increased when working on roofs that are wet
or extreme weather conditions such as high winds. The other significant
influencing issue is the footwear used by the worker, smooth flat soled
footwear may seem suitable in dry conditions, but may not provide sufficient
grip to deal with surface water in wet conditions. A build up of dry particles or
grit ‫ حصي‬on a roof can present a surface that leads to a high risk of slipping as
the particles become free to move and form a mobile layer between the roof
and the worker's foot.

Control measures for sloping surfaces

• Fixing barricades (handrails) a round the surface.

• Selection of competent persons.

• Fix all used equipments and tools.

• Use suitable PPE

Sloping Roofs

- On traditional pitched roofs most people fall:

· From eaves;

· By slipping down the roof and then over the eaves;

· Through the roof internally, eg during roof truss erection; or From gable ends.

- All employees

· Safety harnesses must be worn and clipped onto a suitable anchor point.

· Where safety track rail system is in place, safety harnesses must be clipped and
secure

· Hard hats must be worn at all times

· Crawling boards must be used on fragile roof surfaces when necessary

- Barriers and guards

· All open external edges must be hand-railed where possible

· All internal edges must have nets installed if not practical to erect hand-rails

· If open edges are un-netted or un-railed then personal arrest equipment must be
worn at all times and used appropriately

Falling materials

The risk of materials falling is increased by:

• Poor housekeeping of people working at height.

• Absence of toe boards or edge protection

• Incorrect hooking and slinging

• Incorrect assembly of gin wheels for raising materials

• Surplus materials incorrectly stacked

• Open, unprotected edges

• Deterioration of structures causing crumbling masonry

• holes in platform surfaces

Hazards of ladders

Hazards

• Fall of people

• Fall of objects

• Collapse

• Overturn

• Contact with overhead services

• There are ladders and stairs

Precautions & Control measures:

1. Using suitable and calibrated ladders only

2. Ladder resting with both feet on a levelled firm floor
3. Distance between the ladder & the wall in the ratio 1 : 4
4. Rested & fixed against solid surface
5. Suitable for the task, approved, inspected & in good condition
6. Fixed & secured at the top
7. 3 steps extra length at the top
8. Only one person at a time
9. Keeping 3 points of contact
10.PPE e.g. gloves,safety shoes, coveralls & helmets with straps
11.Clean firm non-slip steps
12.Should only be used as a mean of access NOT as a working platform
13.Keep tool bags
Independent tied Scaffold

Draw and label key parts of an independent Tied Scaffold

 • Control measures & precautions

- Designed, erected, inspected, altered & maintained by competent certified people

- Should be suitable for the job & certified Inspected before each shift & after any
accident, incident or adverse weather conditions

- Avoid overloading or exceeding SWL

- Use of guard rails & toe boards

- Stop work in adverse weather conditions e.g. strong wind

- PPE e.g. helmets with strap & safety harness

Ensure inspection of the scaffold by an comptent / skilled person:

Before use

During periodic periods by type of scaffold

After any change may occur on the scaffold

In the wake of severe weather conditions or other events such as a collapse or a fire

Causes of scaffold collapse

• It was not dedicated to the work you used

• Incorrect / incomplete installation of scaffolding. And the state of the ground
that has been installed
• The components of the scaffold are in poor or incomplete condition
• Change or irresponsible interference with installed scaffold (installed)
• Load uneven or overloaded scaffold
• Collision by traffic / cars
• Due to bad weather conditions such as strong winds
 Mobile Tower Scaffold:

• A tower made of scaffolding and mounted on wheels to facilitate its movement

and is used to work in high places

• They are used in works that are separated from each other and need to change
the place of the scaffold

Hazards

• Fall of people

• Fall of objects

• Collapse

• Overturn

• Contact with overhead services

Precautions & control measures

Above precautions for independent tied scaffold PLUS:

- Positioned on firm ground

- Use of outriggers to broaden base & locking the wheels

- Braced & tied to permanent structure

- People and materials removed before moving

Specifications and characteristics to be tested for mobile tower scaffolds before

use:

• Size, weight and length of the scaffold and make sure it is suitable for work and
the height of the building used
• Center of gravity to ensure a good balance so as not to happen tilt or overturn
scaffold

• Scaffolding wheels are suitable and good for easy movement

• Ensure that there are brake pads and work efficiently to control movement and
non-slip

• The consistency of the scaffold poles and the absence of any cracks or
differences so as not to break during the use

• The quality of the stairs used and their suitability for the number of workers

• The presence of the barrier of the fall of the equipment

• Make sure of the materials manufactured from the scaffold and the metal to
ensure that it is suitable for the quality of work and the surrounding
environment

• Mobile Elevated Work Platforms (MEWP)

a machine used to temporarily connect people and equipment to hard-to-reach

places that are usually high, a machine that can be moved to the ground while
extended.
Hazards

- Fall of people

- Fall of objects

- Collapse

- Overturn

- Contact with overhead services

- Crushing between carrier and a fixed structure or in between the Scissors lift

Accidents, Collapse or overturning of MEWP caused by

• Equipment failure

• Unsuitable ground conditions

• Defective or unused outriggers

• Unsuitable MEWP or in bad condition (lack of maintenance)

 • Overloading

• Struck by load or vehicles

• Incompetent operator

• Interference with controls by others

• Strong wind / storms

Precautions & control measures = Same like Tower scaffold

Suspended access cradle

Hazards

• Fall of people

• Fall of objects

• Collapse

• Overturn

• Contact with overhead services

• Crushing between carrier and a fixed structure

Precautions & control measures = Same like Tower scaffold

The precautions should be taken to prevent contact with electricity when

working next to the overhead power cables

• Isolate sources of energy from their sources through the service provider

• Identification and cordoning of dangerous places through warning tapes

• Avoid using metal tools such as ladders and scaffolding

• Provide safe access equipment

• Use banksman when needed

• Stop working in extreme conditions such as extreme winds

• Providing information, instructions and supervision

• Use of personal protective equipment such as gloves, electric insulating helmet,

belt helmet and harness

The impact on workplaces from hazards associated with works of a temporary

nature

• Excavations

• Building maintenance and renovation

• Demolition

• Excavations

Any work related to soil, trenches, wells, silos, tunnels, underground, sewerage,
inspection and maintenance of power cables
 The risk of suffocation or burial occurs as a result of sides demolition

Main hazards

• The unstable of the excavation areas and the possibility of collapse of the
excavation works as well as the collapse of the neighboring buildings for not
packing well-- Collapse of the excavation (Cave)
• ground services (buried) such as electricity or gas
• Water entering the excavation
• Accumulation of fumes and lack of oxygen
• Risks associated with drilling equipment such as friction with electrical lines and
impact (impact) with machines
• The effect of drilling on adjacent buildings may cause them to collapse
• Failure to provide protection for drilling edges
• Restrictions on entry and exit
• Biological risks such as leprosy
• Friction with contaminated land and the possibility of an unexploded bomb
• Falling people or equipment into the pit
• That the drilling becomes a confined space for the difficulty of entry and exit
and the presence of harmful gases such as hydrogen sulphide and methane
• Lack of lighting
• Mechanical love The production of equipment used in drilling

Precautions & control measures

• Plan the job using location maps
• shoring supports so that no collapse will not occurs and provide safe and secure
access
• guardrails around the holes with warning signs to prevent people or objects
from falling
• Provide pumps to handle any flood
• Conduct a daily inspection of the excavation work through an efficient person to
ensure that there are no problems or deal with the problems as soon as they
appear
• Identify and avoid ground cables, for example using Cable Avoidance Tools
(CAT)
• Issuing a work permit for excavation work and identifying the persons
responsible for executing the works
• Follow the SSOW procedures
• Provide information, training and instructions to workers on the risks and
monitoring procedures
• Use personal protective equipment such as safety suit, helmet and safety shoes
• Improve environmental conditions such as lighting and ventilation
• Ensure safe access & egress , using stairs

• Demolition

Construction and demolition

Construction: Is the implementation of any civil engineering buildings or any

engineering construction and includes the following:

1. Construction, modification, transformation, installation, operation, repair,

decoration, maintenance and cleaning work
2. Preparation for construction of structures, excavation works and laying of
building foundations
3. Assembling prefabricated items
4. Removal of structures or part thereof
 5. Installation, operation, maintenance or removal of mechanical, electrical, gas
and compressed air services

In construction or demolition sites, consider the following:

1. Stacking of materials without height or inclination

2. Good storage of similar materials
3. Store flammable materials in suitable conditions for ignition

Conditions for storing flammable materials in the working environment:

In sealed containers

1. In appropriate boxes
2. In a specific area of the workplace
3. Away from sources of ignition
4. Ability to control spills
5. In fire-resistant structures for 30 minutes
6. Provide warning signs proportional to the hazards of the material
7. No Smoking signs
8. The presence of fire extinguishers

Methods of Demolition

• Hand-held tools

• Machine
 • Chemical agents (Explosives)

Demolition is probably the most hazardous operation undertaken in the

construction industry.

The main hazards related to demolition are:

• Falls of people, falls of materials, flying materials, dust and debris, resulting in a
wide range of injuries and conditions, some of which are of a fatal nature.

• Collapse of a building or structure, either deliberately or unplanned.

• Overloading of floors or the structure with debris, resulting in floor and/or

building collapse.

• Explosions in tanks or other confined spaces.

• Presence of live electric cable or gas mains.

• Presence of dusty, corrosive and poisonous materials and/or atmospheres.

• Projecting nails in timber etc., broken glass and cast iron fragments, which can
penetrate the hands, feet and parts of the body.

• Controls measures

Prior to demolition commencing

• Pre-demolition surveys & area maps

• Safe method of demolition & safe organized demolition sequence

• Competent workers

• Evacuating near buildings if needed

• PPE e.g. helmets, reflective vest , steel toe safety shoes

 • Safe access & egress

• Issue permit to work & other legislative documents.

During the demolition process

• Access to the demolition area must be strictly controlled,

• Demolition should be carried out in the reverse order of erection

• No freestanding wall should be left on its own unless considered to be secure

by the competent person.

• Scaffold working platforms should be used.

• Entrances, passages, stairs and ladder runs should be kept clear of all material.

• Disturbed staircases, particularly stone staircases, should not be used.

• Timber ‫االخشاب‬with protruding nails ‫مسامير بارزة‬should have the nails removed.

• Glass in partitions, doors, roofs and windows should be removed separately.

• Adequate and suitable lighting should be provided.

• Site Precautions for children

- Fencing & barriers all around the site

- Security guards & patrols

- Monitoring the area with CCTV Cameras

- Warning signs & Posters

- Visit schools & provide information to the people in charge

- Take children to site on visits (arranging class trips to the site)

- Lock the vehicles & remove the keys

- Remove ladders & prevent access to scaffolds

- Lock away hazardous chemicals

- Cover holes & excavations

- Reduce heights of materials

• sample assessment questions

1. Identify safe working practices for the use of a mobile elevating work platform
(MEWP). (8)
2. Identify ways in which accidents may be prevented when using portable
ladders as a means of access. (8)
3. Identify the control measures to prevent slip and trip hazards in an engineering
workshop. (8)
(a) Identify reasons why a scaffold may collapse. (8)
(B)Identify precautions to be taken to minimise the risks to workers when working on
a scaffold. (8)
C) Identify when a scaffold should be inspected. (4)
4. Identify control measures that an employer could take to reduce the risk of
violence between workers. (8)
5. Identify welfare and work environment requirements that should be provided in a
workplace. (8)
6. Identify the main hazards associated with demolition work. (8)
A) A roofing contractor is required to carry out extensive repair work on a fragile roof
on a large manufacturing building.
B) Outline the factors that should be considered in the selection process for hiring the
roofing contractor. (8)
C) Identify the main risks to the contractors from working at height. (4)
D) Identify possible control measures for the erection of an independent tied scaffold.
(8)
9) Outline the main hazards associated with excavation work. (8)
10) Repair work is to be carried out on the roof of a school.
A) Identify control measures to reduce the risks to roof workers. (6)
B) Identify TWO control measures to reduce the risks to other persons. (2)
Element 2:

Transport hazards and risk control

• Hazards from workplace transport operation

The risks and control procedures of the equipment in the work environment
are divided into

1. Risks related to the movement of equipment and are from:

Driving fast

Driving backwards

Low sounds for equipment

Weak vision

2. Risks associated with transport operations

Collide with other cars, pedestrians or stationary objects

overturn

Damage of vehicle components

Falling person

Collision by load

Get in touch with the chassis while moving

Collide a person with a fixed object

3 - risks arising from immobility and during:

Download and upload

Secure the load

Load packaging
 unit linked the car to the trailer

Maintenance of equipment

Hazards of vehicles including fork lift trucks (General)

1. The forklift overturn

2. Overloading will destroy the wires

3. Loss of load and fall

4. Collisions with individuals and equipment

5. Damage of the machine

6. Exhaust emissions and risk of inhalation

7. Explosion or fire caused by leakage of fuel or when the battery is charged

8. Raising people and their fall

9. Not standing well in front of places of entry or exit, which causing problem in
the case of evacuation

10. Transport and handling in the case of changing the fork and in case of changing
the batteries

11. High driver vibration causes the back pain

Causes of vehicle overturn:

• Overload or Unbalanced Load

• Driving with high load
• Driving fast in the slopes
• Sudden braking
• Collision with fixed objects and equipment
• Mechanical defects
 • Unequal tire pressure

Factors that increase the risk of overturn

• Weak lighting and lack of guidelines

• Site not familiar for the Drivers
• Movement in the opposite direction
• Lack of entrances, exits and pedestrian crossing points, and there is no
separation between pedestrians and equipment
• Use pedestrians designated for vehicular traffic

Specific hazards of electric – battery operated fork lifts

- Hydrogen gas released during battery charging

- Inhalation of fumes
- Corrosives leading to burns
- Electricity problems
- Manual handling of battery during recharging
- They are quiet (People may not hear them coming)

• Procedures to follow when parking fork lift trucks

- To be parked in the designated parking area (on a levelled surface not Blocking
Walkways or exits)

- Switch off engine, lights, radio, etc...

- Remove the key & keep it with the responsible person / place.

- Put gears (controls) in neutral position.

- Apply the handbrake and the wheel chock to prevent rolling away

- Forks to be resting on the floor

- Mast slightly tilted forward

- Surround the forklift with cones & barriers to prevent trips over the Forks.
Driver selection

• Suitable age

• Medical examination & Routine medical checks at regular intervals

• Assessment after prolonged absences

• Competence (KATE, Proper qualifying training & Refresher training)

How to confirm the driver's competency

• Give him the right training for the specified truck

• necessary test
• Conduct refresher training
• Define the driver inside for the working environment

Factors that increase the risk of driving in the workplace:

• Distance: Long distance driving

• Number of hours
• Work schedule
• Pressure during driving

Factors that increase the risk of injury to warehouse workers

• Increase the number of people

• The shoes of the foot worn by the worker do not fit
• The condition of the floors on which workers walk
• The presence of chemical spills
• Unsuitable environment conditions such as lack of ventilation, heat and lack
of lighting
 Safety of pedestrians in vehicle moving areas

Precautions to prevent collision between vehicles and pedestrians

Precautions to ensure safety of vehicles operation

Setting & enforcement of site traffic rules, proper signs & Floor marking

- Segregation between vehicular route & pedestrian route

- Suitable designated parking areas

- Proper environmental conditions e.g. adequate lighting & reduced noise

- Avoid sharp or blind bends

- Vision aids e.g. CCTV (Closed Circuit Television )cameras or mirrors on vehicles &
convex mirrors at blind corners

- Vision panels in doors or transparent doors

- Sufficiently wide entrances, gateways & traffic routes

• CCTV Camera

- Setting speed limits for cars e.g. 20 km/h

- Designated marked crossing points for pedestrians

- FOPS (fall down objective protection system )

- ROPS (roll over protective system- Roll Over Protection Structure )

- PPE e.g. steel toe safety shoes & High visibility jackets

- Driver training & qualification

- Using ground guides in reversing (Signalers / Banksmen)

- Avoid reversing if possible e.g. One-way systems, drive through parking, circling the
vehicles
- Reversing alarms (audible & visual)

- Refuges ‫ ماوي‬- ‫ &ملجأ‬Barriers in loading docks

Warnings of vehicle approach and reversing

Warnings may be audible or visual or a combination of each

Control measures for reversing vehicles within the workplace

• Separation of vehicles and pedestrians.

• Warning signs.

• Audible alarms.

• Space to allow good visibility.

• Adequate mirrors/vehicle cameras that are kept clean.

• Refuges to protect signaler/banksman'.

• Adequate lighting.

• Appropriate site rules adequately enforced.

• Procedural measures such as the use of trained signaller/'banksman'.

• a Avoiding the need for vehicles to reverse (by the use of one-way and 'drive-
through' systems or turning circles).

Risk assessment for driving

1. Risk identification (driver, vehicle, journey)

2. Identify potential individuals who may be harmed (driver and any other person)

3. Risk assessment using matrix and application of risk control series

 4. Recording results

5 - Review the results (after any changes occur in the way - change the weather
conditions)

Preventive measures to reduce risk of driving:

the driver: Must be competent - to have a driver's license - continuous monitoring

with risk assessment

the vehicle: safety belt - continuous maintenance - first aid box - personal
protection tools

Journey: Planned - sufficient time and safe routes - taking into account weather
conditions

• Managing work-related road safety

A road safety policy should be incorporated into the health and safety policy

As part of any driving at work policy, employers should include:

• A requirement that the worker must maintain their vehicle in a roadworthy

condition if they are to use their own vehicle for work.

• A requirement that if the vehicle is over three years old, it has been confirmed
to be roadworthy by an independent organisation. It is sometimes a National
legal requirement that all vehicles undergo an annual test when they reach a
specified age.

• A requirement that the worker has a current driving licence that allows them to
drive the specified vehicle on public roads.
• A requirement that appropriate insurance for the vehicle is held and it covers
the driver to drive it (if the insurance is held by the worker the worker should
present copies of certificates annually for inspection).

• A requirement that the worker informs their line manager of any changes in
circumstances such as the vehicle used or insurance changes (if the worker can
change these) or penalty points/citations/endorsements issues for driving
offences, the use of any prescription medication or changes to their health that
affect their ability to drive safely.

• Assessment of risks.

• The management strategy to plan, organise, control, monitor and review work-
related road risk.

• Driver training and competence.

• Managing fatigue and taking breaks.

• Breakdown of the vehicle and emergencies.

• Reporting problems and delays.

• Weather conditions

Factors considered when planning traffic routes for internal transport

• The purpose of the routes, the types of vehicle using the routes.

• The likely volume of traffic, the layout of the area.

• The possible need for one-way systems or large turning circles.

• Speed limits.

• Markings,Crossing points and signs.

• The importance of separating pedestrians and vehicles possibly by the use of
physical barriers.

• Suitability of floors as well as environmental issues such as lighting

Control measures to Be taken when pedestrians work vehicle Maneuvering

areas

• Defined traffic routes,

• One-way systems.

• Segregated systems for vehicular and pedestrian traffic where possible

(barriers, separate doors).

• Maintaining good visibility (mirrors, transparent doors, provision of lighting,

vehicle reversing cameras).

• Signs indicating where vehicles operate in the area.

• Audible warnings on vehicles and sometimes flashing lights on vehicles.

• Establish and enforce site rules, including speed limits.

• The provision of refuges.

• The wearing of high-visibility clothing.

• A good standard of housekeeping.

• Traffic control, for example, identification of "no go" areas or restriction on

reversing.

• Training for, and supervision of, all concerned, competency certificates,

refresher training, trained signaller/ 'banksman' to direct vehicle,

• Provision of parking areas.

• Sample assessment questions

• Identify control measures that could be implemented to reduce the risks to

pedestrians in areas where vehicles are manoeuvering. (8)

• Identify control measures to reduce the risk of accidents from reversing

vehicles in the workplace. (8)

• 3. (a) Identify THREE control measures to segregate pedestrians and vehicles

in the workplace. (3)

• (b) Identify measures to reduce the risk to pedestrians when segregation is

not practicable. (5)
Element 3:-

Matching the workplace to individual needs of work :

The study of ergonomics is essential to good job design. It is the applied science of
equipment design intended to maximise effectiveness by reducing worker fatigue and
discomfort It can be defined as "the study of the relationship between human beings,
the equipment with which they work and the physical environment in which this
human-machine system operates".

Ergonomics:

The relation & interaction between the work & the worker; how to fit the work to the
worker.

In other words, Ergonomics

is the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, its
movements, and its cognitive abilities.

Musculoskeletal hazards & upper limbs disorders and risk control

• Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSD’s) are disorders of various parts

of the body

• These are caused by work and/or working conditions

• Typically affect:

• Muscles

• Joints

• Tendons

• Ligaments

• Nerves
 • Bones

• The localised blood circulation system

Causes of WRULDs (work upper limbs disorders )

• Most MSDs are cumulative disorders resulting from repeated exposure to high
or low intensity loads over a long period of time

• Main areas affected are:

• Back

• Neck

• Shoulders

• Upper limbs

• Recognised WRULD conditions include:

• Carpel tunnel syndrome

• Tenosynovitis

Causes

Repetitive movements of fingers, hands or arms

Twisting movements

Squeezing

Hammering

Pushing, pulling or over reaching movements

Symptoms
Numbness & tingling in fingers

Pain in hands or arms

Restriction of joint movement

Soft tissue swelling

Examples for WRULDs

• Tendonitis
• Tenosynovitis/ Peritendinitis
• Epicondylitis
• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
• Hand arm vibration syndrome (HAVS)

Example of repetitive operations

• Keyboard operators

• Workers on factory assembly lines

• Agricultural workers

• Musicians

• Dressmakers

• Packing workers

• Bricklayers

• Checkout operators

• Cleaners
Risk factors to consider

• Force exerted
• Duration & frequency of operation
• Repetition of movement without rest or recovery time (frequent breaks)
• Awkward Posture
• Vulnerability e.g. smokers or existing medical condition
• Constraints on space
• Environment (low temperature)

Control measures: Improve or fix above plus:-

Improvement of previous causes PLUS

Automate or mechanize task

Use correct tools and equipment

Provide training , information and instructions about WRUL

Explain the risks of musculoskeletal injuries and control solutions? .WRUL

HAZARD

A range of diseases affecting the neck, shoulders, arms, elbows, wrists, hands and
fingers.

Cause: repetitive movements; pulling, pushing, elongation, sprains, lifting,

Main symptoms;

Pain in the back, neck and shoulders, swelling of joints, muscle fatigue,

Tingling, swelling of soft tissues and restriction of joint movement. And delayed
symptoms include inability to Arrest and loss of sensation,

Control Solutions
1. Eliminate repetitive and exhaustive movements; perform work in a different way.

2. use correct and safe equipment

3 - Use mechanical means of lifting

4. job rotation among workers; reduced exposure time to these risks

5. Make sure that the inappropriate body posture has been avoided during the design
of the machine

6. Conduct adequate and sufficient risk assessment before starting work

7 – plan of periodic medical examination of the workers

8. Ensure that staff have received training, information and sound work instructions

9. Ensure that a protective equipment program is in place

10. Keep in contact with the manufacturer to ensure the update.

Examples of repeated operations

Collectors in stores

Using keyboard and work on computers

1- Factors contributing to upper limb disorders of Collectors in stores

• Narrowness area, resulting in maintain a stable position

• Frequent movements of the head, hands and arms when handling
materials and receiving money
• Transcendental movements that often occur when handling heavy
materials
• Environmental conditions i.e heat and cold
• Age of the worker with illness
• Lack of training and supervision of staff
 Health effects of DSE use (Display Screen Equipment)

• Upper limb disorders (WRULDs)

• Eye and eyesight effects

• Epilepsy

• Facial dermatitis

• Electro magnetic radiation & effect on pregnant women

• Body aches, fatigue, stress & Discomfort

Assessment of a display screen equipment (DSE) workstation should take

account of:

• Equipment: screen, key board, desk, chair

• Environment: Noise, Lighting

• Person/software interface: Software Easy to use, Work rate Not governed by

software.

• Monitoring Operator/user informed

Workstation minimum requirements DSE

 • Adequate lighting (general & local lighting)

• Low noise

• Enough legroom

• Screen at eye level & suitable distance

• Keyboard at suitable distance

• Suitable software

• Organized work surface

• Footrest if necessary

• Document holder if needed

• Suitable work chair

Characters of the Suitable Seat (chair)

• Good lumbar support

• Comfortable material with good width and depth

• Adjustable (Ability to adjust seat back and height)

• Stable base (5 legs or 5 points of contact with the ground)

• Ability to swivel

• Provision of arm rests

Other control measures:

- Adequate breaks (regular & mini breaks)

- Eye sight testing & medical checkup

- Provision of training and supervision of staff

• Work station risks contribute to neck and back pain

• Incorrect height of screen , which may cause frequent head movements
• Improper height of the chair incorrect adjustment of the backrest
• The screen is placed at a very large angle from the keyboard, which may cause
the head to move again
• Brightness and reflections on the screen which may cause the user to take
inappropriate positions
• the mouse in an inappropriate place
• Do not put the document holder in the right place
• Low lighting and ventilation sources
• The materials stored around the workstation may restrict the space and affect the
user's position

3-2 handling in the workplace

1- Manual handling by human – aids

2- Mechanical handling

Manual Handling

Transfer or support loads using hand or body

• The World Health Organisation reported in their booklet "Protecting Worker's

Health Series No 5 Preventing musculoskeletal disorders in the workplace" that
generally back injuries constitute 60% of the musculoskeletal orders.

• Manual handling injuries arise from such hazards as stooping while lifting,
holding the load away from the body, twisting movements, frequent or
prolonged effort, heavy/bulky/unwieldy/unstable loads, sharp/hot/slippery
surfaces of loads, space constraints, and lack of capability of the individual.
Manual handling operations can cause many types of injury.
 Manual Handling Injuries

• External: Cuts, bruises (Contusions), abrasions, Burns

• Internal: Fractures, slipped disc (Disc prolapsed), Muscle Sprains,

• Tendon tears, ligaments tears, joint dislocation, Hernia

•
Activities at risk

- Handling excessive loads

- Repetitive handling without adequate breaks or recovery time

- Prolonged handling of loads especially if including excessive:

Bending, stooping, twisting & over reaching

Factors affecting the manual handling: LITE

• Load

• Individual

• Task

• Environment
Load

Weight, Size, Shape

Rigidity, Difficulty to grasp

Stability (centre of gravity)

Sharp edges

Hot / cold surface

Contents (hazardous or not)

Individual

Gender

Physical capability, energy, Stamina, Height, pregnancy or illness

Competence (Manual handling Training, physical abilities & experience)

PPE

Task

Number of boxes needed to be lifted

Duration & frequency of the job

Vertical & Horizontal distance where the load will be lifted to.

Job rotation / sufficient rest or recovery (breaks)

Team lifting

Any need for excessive pulling, pushing, twisting, bending & overreaching.

Environment

Constraints on Space / need to adopt awkward posture

Floor condition & type of floor surface

Level of housekeeping

Hot/Cold/ humid conditions or strong wind

Environmental factors e.g. Lighting

• Hierarchy of control to reduce manual handling injuries:

1- Avoid manual handling (automate or mechanise the job by using forklifts, cranes,
hoists or conveyors)

2-Load - Task - Work environment adjustment as follows:

• Load: divide heavy load loss - reduce heavy load - get rid of sharp sides of
pregnancy - provide handles suitable for pregnancy
• Individual: selecting individuals according to their physical and health abilities -
providing information and training necessary - providing personal protective
tools
• Task : It is by reducing the distance of the load – team lifting - work rotation -
reduce the time and number of times of manual handling - mechanical aids such
as trolley
• Work environment: It is by improving the lighting, floors and humidity
• Design: It is through the design of the workplace well by placing things so that
they can be easily handled - Design the load itself by reducing the size or
divided into appropriate containers - Team lifting
3-- Follow safe system of work (safe handling technique)

• Mechanisation

• This involves the use of handling aids. Although this may retain some elements
of manual handling, bodily forces are applied more efficiently. Examples are:
 • Kinetic Handling Technique (safe way of lifting a box)

- Assess the load

- Check the route

- Get as Close as possible to the load with suitable feet position

- Ensure secure & firm grip with PPE

- Lift the load keeping the back straight & bending only the knees

- Keep the Load close to the body while walking

- Walk Smoothly avoiding jerky movements

- Put down the load then slide into position

3.3 - Manually operated load handling equipments

• 1- SACK TRUCK

• The pallet truck

• People handling hoist

• People-handling aids

2-Mechanical lifting equipment

1- Forklifts (FLT: Fork lift truck )- back to ch 2
2- Conveyors
3- Cranes
4- Hoists
• Conveyors
A mechanical device that transfers the load automatically in the workplace

• Types of conveyor:

• Belt

• Roller

• Screw

The hazards relating to conveyors include:

Hazards Control
Drawing-in: Clothing or limbs being drawn in Guardrails
to in-running nips caused by moving parts,
Contact: With moving parts (cut and Covering – brakes
abrasion),
Entanglement :With rollers.
Striking: Falling objects, especially from
overhead conveyors
Manual Handling : Loading and unloading
components/packages
Noise: From mechanical movement.
Control measures to be taken to reduce the risk of injury to workers from the
conveyer

• Provide barriers to conveyor parts and empty parts between belts and
cylinders
• Work to keep staff away from the conveyer
• Provide emergency stop buttons or stop-motion tools and place them in
appropriate places away from any obstructions
• Ensure that operators have received training on the use of the carrier
system and the risks associated with its use, such as those arising from
overloading, wearing loose clothing, or allowing long hair to be worn
• Use the signals to warn operators that the carrier is in standby mode
• Ensure that maintenance are done only by authorized persons and that
the power source is discharged before starting work
• Encourage staff to inform the supervisor of unsafe practices
 • Cranes :

• A machine used for lift and unloading of Heavy weight, usually consisting of a
vertical rotating column with arm which has a fixed chain or wire

Types of CRANES

• Mobile

• Tower

• Gantry

• Overhead Gantry
Types of HOISTS

• Chain hoist

• Goods hoist

• Patient hoist (rescue hoist)

Hazards of CRANES

• Fall of people
• Fall of objects

• Collapse

• Overturn

• Contact with overhead services

Safe use of Cranes (Precautions for ANY safe mechanical lifting)

- Suitable certified crane, well maintained & in a good condition

- Suitable certified, color coded lifting accessories & correct slinging
technique
- Competent crane operators & banks men using good means of
communications & agreed signals
- Suitable ground conditions (firm leveled surface)
- Use of outriggers
- Clear pathway avoiding any obstructions
- Avoiding overhead services such as power lines
- Segregation of working area by using barriers & warning signs so NO one
could walk under the load
- Visual & Audible alarms to warn that lifting is taking place
- Load to be lifted vertically and to correct height & kept near ground when
travelling
- Ensure load is secured, balanced & guided by tag lines
- Avoid exceeding of the SWL
- Ensure Good visibility with adequate lighting & reduced nosie
- - Ensure suitable weather conditions and stop the lifting operation in
adverse weather conditons e.g. strong wind
- - PPE e.g. Gloves, steel toe safety shoes and reflective jackets
- - When the load is placed on the ground; Release the tension first to avoid
load tackling

Possible causes of overturning the crane

Failure to place the crane on flat ground

 Failure to distribute the weight of the crane through the provision of wooden
plates under the outriggers

Bad tire condition

Mechanical and hydraulic faults

Overloading the crane resulting overturn

The use of damaged lifting accessories

Working in bad weather conditions such as strong winds

Driver errors such as rapid rotation, resulting in a sudden movement of the

lever

Walk on a weak ground

Collisions with structures, overhead cables or other vehicles

Avoid the overturn ( reverse of the above )

Inspection to be done before using a the crane

• Calibration and inspection certificates for the crane)

• Weather conditions
• The state of the ground under the outriggers
• The presence and condition of lifting accessories and ensure that the load does
not exceed the safe loads SWL
• Good and sufficient communication systems between the driver and the other
employees involved in the process
• Free of destination of any obstacles as well as the path of lifting
• Before lifting, ensure that the hook is not stuck with any fixed or bent load
Accessories, Lifting accessories include:

Slings

Hooks

Chains

Eyebolts

Shackles

Lifting beams

Cradles

Types of HOISTS

• Chain hoist( use chain instead of wire )

• Goods hoist

• Patient hoist (rescue hoist)

Lifts and hoists hazards :

in general, the hazards associated with lifts and hoists are the same as with any other
lifting equipment,

fall down

collision

entanglement

Precautions
Lifts and hoists for movement of goods require:

• Adequate design.
• Sound construction.
• Correct selection and installation.
• Competent operation.
• Regular inspection.
• Adequate maintenance.
• Statutory safety devices.
• Holdback equipment (for rope or lifting mechanism failure).
• Overrun tip systems.
• Guards on hoist/lift machinery.
• Landing gates (securely closed down during operation),
• Adequate lighting at landings.

Work permit must be made for: confined spaces - maintenance if they are of high
risk or if they are not periodic – lifting works

Calibration frequency :

• Personnel Lifting equipment: every 6 months

• Other lifting equipment: every 12 months
• In either case, the calibration shall be in accordance with the calibration
program
• In case of emergencies arise, workers are at risk
Element 4:- Work equipment hazards & risk control

Types of work equipment

• Air compressor.

• Automatic car wash,

• Automatic storage and retrieval equipment,

• Blast furnace,

• Butcher's knife, Car ramp, Check-out machine, Circular saw. Digital image
projector.

• Photocopier.

• Portable drill.

• Power press.

Factors to consider before using a new machine in the workplace

• Be appropriate for the task and the environment in which they will be
used
• Be equipped with appropriate barriers to avoid access to dangerous places
• To be run by competent people
• Provide information, instructions and training for users, managers and
maintenance teams
• Maintenance in a safe manner
• The power on, off, and emergency keys are clear and easy to access
• To be fixed and equipped with the necessary warning signs and must
provide an appropriate working environment of light and heat to operate
• Operators must follow safe operating instructions
 • Suitability of the work equipment

- Initial integrity : The equipment should be safe and healthy through its design,
construction and adaptation.

- Purpose for use : Equipment used for any activity must be suitable to fulfil the exact
requirements of the task. This means considering the ergonomic requirements,
strength, durability, power source, portability, protection against the environment,
range of tasks to be carried out and the frequency and duration of use.

- Place of use : The equipment should be suitable for different environments and the
risks that relate to them, for example, the environment might be wet or explosive.
Account must be taken of the possibility of the equipment causing a problem in the
workplace

•
Precautions for maintenance Work

- Issue permit to work if the job is non-routine or high risk as example if the whole
body or the whole arm of the worker will be inside the machine

- Isolation of power source (disconnection & lock out tag out)

- Dissipation of stored energy e.g. release stored pressure, earthing for electricity or
leaving the hot surface to cool down

- Segregation of the work place by means of barriers & warning signs Safe means of
access

- Use suitable PPE e.g. safety shoes, coveralls and safety glasses

- Ensure that all workers doing the job are Competent enough

- Ensure safe environmental conditions e.g. adequate lighting & good ventilation

- Emergency procedures / SSOW

•
Maintenance type :

• Planned preventive maintenance

• Shutdown Maintenance
• Corrective maintenance
•

hazard of maintenance operations

• Mechanical hazards
• Electrical hazards
• Physical hazards
• Pressure risk
• Chemical hazards
• Risk of falling

Hand tools
Examples: Hammer - chiller - chisel - screwdrivers - spanners -
knives

What are the risks of hand tools and solutions?

Hazard
• Wrong use of hand tools (use of the equipment in a non-designed
work)
• Improper Maintenance
• Break of hummer head and hit the head of people
• The misuse of saws or knives may be due to cuts to the worker
• Electrical shock when use not isolated devices in during
maintenance of electrical appliances
• The flying parts cause the eye damage

Risk control and control procedures

1. Use all tools for the purpose assigned to them
 2. Isolated and protected for maintenance of electricity
3. Good-made equipment, source and material are not
breakable during use
4. Maintenance and periodic inspection to ensure their
suitability

• Mechanical Hazards of Machinery

•
Equipment hazards:

hazard related to Equipment itself, such as shearing and the release of hazardous
substances.

hazard related to the location of the equipment, for example the stability of the
Equipment.

hazard related to the work system associated with the equipment, such as hand
loading work to supply the equipment with raw materials.

Hazard sources with equipment and machinery:

Point of Operation
Point of contact between rotating parts of equipment and machines In-Running Nip
Points

Main mechanical and non-mechanical hazards

(ENTICE)

• Entanglement

• Traps (drawing in – crush / shear)

• Impact

• Contact (stab/puncture – cuts – abrasions – burns – etc.)

• Ejection

Entanglement:

This occurs when a part of the loose clothing or long hair in the rotary parts of
the equipment causes several injuries.

• Traps (drawing in – crush / shear)

Crushing:
 • This occurs when a part of the body parts between a fixed and moving part of
the body such as pistons, between two moving parts of the equipment such as
the scissor lift, or between a moving part of the equipment and a wall or floor,

2- Shearing
The metal forming machine can cause any part of the human body to be cut if it
occurs between the table and its weapon, as well as pistons.

• Impact

It is caused by moving equipment that may collide with workers and cause
severe injuries to them, for example the mobile hands of robots, or the
penetration of part of the human body between moving parts of the
equipement and a fixed part.
• Contact (stab/puncture – cuts – abrasions – burns – etc.)

Puncturing:

• It is possible to penetrate any place in the body of a person by volatile materials

such as flying fragments from the grinding wheel in the case of refraction or
volatile pins from the large pistols used in the factories as well as the perforator
can cause a hole in the hands

Cutting

An example of equipment that can cause cutting accidents is saws, metal

forming machines, cutting disk
. Friction and Abrasion:

When touching any part of the body for any rough rotting part, such as a grinding
wheel or sanding, the result of this friction causes skin spasms.

Ejection

In the event of an explosion inside the equipement causes the emission of parts
of the equipement to the outside in the form of projectiles, which may cause
serious risks, for example in the case of the explosion of the wheel abrasive
Non-Mechanical Hazards of Machinery

• Chemical / biological hazards

• Ergonomics / Manual Handling

• Electricity / Noise

• Fire / Explosion

• Vibration / Radiation / Ultra violet radiation

• Temperature extremes

• Dust and fumes

Control measures of mechanical hazards

1- Guards
2- Devices

• Locations /Distance

• Potential Feeding and Ejection Methods

 • Miscellaneous

3- Training
4- PPE

Machinery Hierarchy of Controls (FIAT)

Fixed guards

• A fixed guard must be fitted such that it cannot be removed other than by the use
of specialist tools
• A fixed guard may be designed to enable access to dangerous parts by authorised
personnel for maintenance or inspection
• Interlocking guards, Adjustable guards & Automatic sweep guards.

Merits Limitations

• Create a physical • Do not disconnect power when not in place

barrier
• May cause problems with visibility for
• Require a tool to inspection
remove
• If enclosed, may create problems with heat
• No moving parts
• May not protect against non-mechanical
hazards

Interlocking guards

• Similar to a fixed guard but has a movable part (hinged)

• Connected to the machine controls so that if the movable part is in the

open/lifted position the dangerous moving part at the work point cannot
operate
• Interlocked guards are useful if operators need regular access to the danger
area

Merits Limitations

• Connected to • Regular maintenance

power source • Can be over-ridden
• Allow regular • If interlock is in the form of a gate, a person can
access step inside and close the gate behind them
• Dangerous parts of machinery may not stop
immediately the guard is opened

Automatic guard

• Operates as the machine goes through its cycle

• Physically moves the operator away from danger

• Only suitable for slow cycling equipment

Merits of automatic guards:

• Guard becomes effective as part of the normal cycle of the equipment

• Does not have to rely on human intervention

 Limitations of automatic guards:

• Usually restricted to slow cycling machinery

Self-adjusting guard- Adjustable guard

• These are guards which close themselves over the dangerous parts

• Prevent accidental access by the operator

• Allow entry of the material to the machine

Merits of adjustable guards:

• Can be adjusted by operator to provide protection

• Protects operator where size or position of dangerous parts vary

Limitations of adjustable guards:

• Are reliant on the operator to adjust to the correct position

• May obscure visibility when in use

Sensitive protective equipment

• Sometimes called a trip device

• Causes the device to activate a further mechanism which either stops or

reverses the machine

• This is not classed as a guard

• Sensitive protective equipment detects the person in the danger zone and
responds

Merits of sensitive protective equipment:

• Can be used as an additional risk control measure

• Can minimise the severity of injury

Limitations of sensitive protective equipment:

• Can be overridden

• May not prevent harm from occurring

• May cause production delays and increase stress in users with false ‘trips’

Two-hand control (2HC) device

• Provide a level of protection where other methods are not practicable

• Requires both hands to operate it

Merits of 2HC devices:

• Ensures both of the operator’s hands are out of danger area when the machine
is operated

Limitations of 2HC devices:

• Only protects the operator from harm

• May limit speed of operation

pressure sensitive mat : walking on to operate the machine

Protection appliances - jigs, holders and push-sticks

 Merits Limitations

• Provide distance between • Harm may still occur from other

operator and hazard
• Inexpensive and easily
replaced if damaged
• May be shaped to suit
work being carried out
non-mechanical hazards
• Some designs can be awkward to
use and may result in a lack of
control
• Continuing adjustments have to be
made
• Failure of protection appliance may
present an additional hazard

Emergency stop controls

• Emergency stops are intended to effect a rapid response to potentially

dangerous situations

• Emergency stop controls should be easily reached and actuated

• Merits • Limitations

• Removes power immediately • Does not prevent access to the

• Equipment has to be reset danger area
after use • May be incorrectly positioned
• Prevents accidental restarting
of the equipment

Information, instruction, training and supervision:

• The employer should ensure that all persons who use work equipment have
available to them adequate health and safety information
 Personal protective equipment

Main examples of the use of PPE are:

• Eye protection

• Head protection

• Protective clothing

• High visibility clothing

• Gloves

• Footwear

• Ear protection for noise

Explain briefly Basic requirements for guards and safety devices

• Compatibility with process

• Adequate strength

• Maintained

• Allow for maintenance without removal

• Not increase risk or restrict view

• Not easily by-passed

Outline Basic requirements for guards and safety devices

The main requirements that must be considered when choosing a safety

device or barrier for work equipment

• The barrier or device must be suitable for the purpose for which it is
provided
• The device or barrier must be compatible with the operating process and
the materials involved in operation, especially in food processing
industries
• It must be well formed and made of durable materials with suitable
strength:
 When choosing the appropriate safety barrier for a particular type of
hazardous machinery or areas, the fixed barrier should be used because it
is simple and can be used if there is no need to approach dangerous areas
during operation. when it is necessary to approach hazardous areas and to
interfere with the machine, it is necessary to use the interlock barrier
 The body of the barrier must be in line with the force and the barrier. For
example, when selecting the materials from which the barrier is made, it
must be considered that it can withstand the force of volatilization of the
material from machines or materials processed within the machine
• It must have undergone good maintenance until it is functioning properly
• It should be weighed and measured appropriately with regard to the need
to remove it and replace it for routine maintenance
• When choosing a barrier, consider not to add a new hazard to health and
safety, such as sharp edges or shredded parts, which may cause injury
• The barrier should not obstruct the worker's vision of the machine or
process in cases where it is necessary to see the stomach or the
surrounding area
• It should not be easy to pass or stop the barrier, especially by workers
 Office machinery: - Photocopier and document Shredder

• Manufacturing / Maintenance Machinery: Bench top grinder and Pedestal drill

• Agricultural Machinery: - Cylinder mower & trimmer

• Retail Machinery:- Waste Compactor & Checkout Conveyor

• Construction Machinery:- Cement Mixer, Circular Saw & petrol chainsaw

• Photocopier and shredder

• Bench top grinder and pedestal drill

• Cylinder mower & trimmer

• Waste Compactor & Checkout Conveyor

• Cement Mixer, Circular Saw & petrol chainsaw

Electric drill

• Hazards - shock and electrocution, puncture, entanglement, noise and dust

• Control measures - suitable tested and inspected equipment- PPE – sharp drill
bits
Factors determining the frequency of inspection and testing of portable electric drill

• The nature of the work and the environmental

• Duration and frequency of usage
• Age of equipment
• Basic safety characteristics of the equipment such as dual insulation and the use
of low voltage
• User checks and number of registered problems
• Number and skill of users
• Factory Recommendations and Best Practice Guide
• Previous test results and inspections (inspections)

Electrical safety tests to be applied to the Portable Drill

• Suitable for the environment to be used

• The condition of the cable should be free from any damage or connections
• Plug to make sure there are no cracks in the outer shell or curls in the teeth
• The outer cover of the cable must be secured by both sides
• The outer shell of the Drill shall be free from any damage and shall ensure that
there is no indication or evidence of the possibility of contamination or
pollution.
• Proper keys operation
• The date on the test label should not be finished

2 - Wood chisel used in wood cutting

Safety precautions when using wood chisels

Equipment

Use a suitable size chisel for the task and check and ensure the stability of the handle

The chisel must be sharp to have a plastic hammer or wood

It should not be used if the knife is damaged

The method of work

The operator must take a constant position to reduce the risk of losing balance if the
chisel moves away during operation

Personal protective equipment

Use protective glasses or face protection

Pedestal Drill

Mechanical hazards associated with the use of the Pedestal Drill

Entanglement of clothes or hair with the machine

Injury injuries / puncture

Friction of machine parts may cause abrasions

Volatility or collision with fixed parts

Control measures of Pedestal Drills

 • Ensure that the start / stop buttons, emergency stop and isolation switch are
running
• Check the continuous deposition of the solids formed around the bit to avoid
accumulation
• Install Adjustable Guard around the cutting edge of the Chuck
• Remove the Chuck switch and install the piece before starting the machine
• Ensure that the operators receive adequate training and skills and not wear any
pieces of clothing or jewelry (loose)
• Provide personal protective tools such as face and eye protection equipment
• Provide procedures for regular maintenance of the equipment
• Report failures as they occur

Cement mixer

Risks associated with using cement mixer

• Manual handling
• Characteristics of irritating and corrosive cement
• Inhalation of cement dust
• Mechanical hazards such as moving parts,
• volatilization of materials and noise
• Risks related to the energy source of the mixer, whether it is electricity or
gasoline
• Collision with mobile vehicles
• Exposure to dust and smoke
• Electrification
Control measures

• Ensure operators' skill and ability to operate

• Mechanical handling If this is not possible, place the material used near the
mixer and in a position that allows twisting to reach the material
• Install the mixer on flat ground and ensure that the Guards are available to
protect against moving parts
• Provide hearing protection equipment to avoid noise
• If the mixer is electrically operated, continuous inspection and testing of the
equipment and the use of RCD equipment to reduce the risk of shock
• If the mixer is gasoline, you should provide fuel storage facilities while
preventing the Use in confined spaces
• Provide traffic management system to prevent vehicle collision

5- Electrical Sander

The risks associated with the use of electric sander

• Entanglement with rotary parts of the machine

• Collision with volatile substances
• Risks arising from the use of electricity
• Exposure to dust resulting from the polishing process
• Noise and vibration
• Risks associated Ergonomics whether it is related to the design of the equipment
or the way in which the work is carried out
Control measures

• Provide regular mechanical and electrical testing

• Ensure that a suitable fuse and RCD and low voltage device
• Pre-use inspection should be performed
• Provision and use of personal protective equipment such as hearing and eye
protection devices
• Ensure that operators do not wear any loose clothes that can be entanglement
with the machine
• Installation of a LEV for process or exhaust products if it is used in gasoline or
diesel
• Apply work rotations and ensure that operators have received training to operate
the device in a way that minimizes the risk of stress and fatigue

6- Chainsaw

The risks on the worker when using Chainsaw

• Friction with rotary and hot parts or hot part

• Exposure to exhaust gases, dust and dirt
 • Risks arising from manual handling operations
• Noise resulting from the friction of the blade with the cut parts and vibration of
the knobs
• Falling from the height if used in logging
• Lubricants and gasoline
• Volatile particles of cut materials
• Standing on uneven or wet ground may cause slippage and fall
• Falling materials from trees
• Friction of high power services
• Risks arising from adverse weather conditions such as wind, rain, UV exposure,
or insect bites when used in frosty

6. Bench-top grinder:

Risks

It is often used in the workshop and is suitable for internal use and is used for the age
of sharp tools such as blades, chisels, etc. The most important risks associated with
include:

Friction as a result of contact with moving stone abrasive

Tangle the ends of the clothes with the rotating parts

Clouds

The possibility of flattening of the grinding parts

Electricity

heat

noise

• Control measures include an adjustable fixed guard that is fitted over as much
of the grinding wheel as is practicable, a work-piece rest, trained and
 competent users, high-impact-resistant goggles, respiratory protective
equipment (depending on task) and personal hearing protection

Photocopier:

• Hazards include drawing-in, hot surfaces, fumes, toner dust, electrical, manual
handling, noise and UV light

Document shredder:

• Hazards include drawing-in, cutting or crushing, paper cuts and electrical

dangers

Compactors

• Mechanical hazards include crushing and impact injuries. Non-mechanical

hazards include fumes, noxious substances (possibly biological hazards created
by the presence of vermin) and manual handling issues

Petrol-driven strimmer/brush-cutter

Hazards are:

• Contact with revolving blades

• Noise and vibration
• Collision with road traffic or pedestrians
• Manual handling
• Combustion
• Overturning
• Being struck by stones
• Dust
• Exposure to sun
• Attacks by insects
• Fire or explosion (fuel)
 • Element 5:- Electrical Safety

• Hazards of Electricity Be SAFE

• Burns

• Shock

• Arcing

• Fire

• Explosions

• Burns

Internal burns to the body organs & external burns to the skin

Burns (direct - indirect)

Direct: Be the result of direct connection to the power source

Internal burns to the body and external organs affecting the skin

And the burns are 3 degrees first (redness of the skin) and the second
(burning of the outer layer of skin and the emergence of nerve parties, which
is the most dangerous types of burns and most of the pain) and the third
degree (burning flesh and nerves and access to bone)

burn any metal accessories such as watch or ring

Indirect: It is the result of exposure to the vapor of equipment or electrical

charges stored in the equipment, which emerge in the form of a flash
Shock
electric shock

passage of electrical current across the body may include the effects of electric
shock, muscle constriction, shortness of breath, heart failure or heart failure.

It is divided into: direct shock and occurs when connected to the electrical
source

Indirect shock: It occurs when connected to a conductive material or inisolated

cables

Factors that lead to electric shock:

Work of unqualified persons in electrical circuits

Work on live electricity

Replacing fuses and bulbs in damaged circuits

Use electrical equipment in a wet environment

Factors affecting / influencing severity of electrical shock

- Voltage

- Current (amperes)

- Time

- Conductivity or resistance of the body

- Current path through the body

- Nature of contact (grip or touch)

- Individual factors (age, general health condition, children with thin skin)

Case of connecting point (dry –wet)

Emergency action on finding someone in contact with electricity

- Isolate the supply if possible or move the person away from the source of electricity
using an insulating material e.g. wood

- Call for help

- Check ABC

- Apply CPR if needed

- Treat burns if any

- Remain with casualty till emergency services arrive

3- Arcing
equipment Arcs & sparks result from ionized gas

When electricity has sufficient potential to jump across insulating material such as air

Causing eye damage – burns – electrical shock

 4- Fire
Causes of Electrical Fires

• Inadequate circuits
• Overloading electrical circuits
• Incorrect fuses
• Damaged insulation
• Loose connections
• Using flammable materials too close to electrical equipment
• Overheating of cables on coils
• Inadequate ventilation for electrical equipment & cables

5- Explosion
Ignition of gas

Common case of electrical fire

• Wiring with defects

• Overheating of cables

• Too high fuse rating for the circuit

• Poor connections

Reduce the risk of fire caused by electricity

• Purchase of equipment (from the beginning) conforming to national and

international standards (CE- British standard)
• Conduct periodic testing on fixed fixtures and portable equipment
• Perform a regular survey- inspection to find the existence of insulation,
damaged cables and worn wires
• Avoid overloading
• Avoid having flammable materials near the source of electricity
Secondary Effects of Electricity

• Falls from height

• Throw off (away from the source of electricity)
• Unintentional movement of machine
• Failure / De-activation of control measures & security systems
• Loss of information
• Tripping over cables
• Loss of corporate reputation

Health effects of Electricity on the body

• External burns to the skin

• Internal burns to the body organs
• Irregular heartbeat (Fibrillation)
• Stopping of the heart (cardiac arrest)
• Stopping of breathing (Respiratory paralysis)
• Muscular contractions
• Damage to nervous system
Static electricity

• Static electricity build-up non conductive material are in contact with each
other, for example, plastics and paper, and where two surfaces are rapidly
separated

Static electricity may be generated during the following situations:

• The flow of liquids and powders through pipes

• The pouring of powders from insulating plastic bags

• Spraying

• The unwinding of rolled insulating foils

• The movement of dust or liquids through air

• The pouring of liquids, granules or powders from insulated containers

Portable electric equipment

• Parts of portable electrical equipment that the user must inspect before use

• The condition of the cable should be free of any damage or connections

• Plug to make sure there are no cracks in the outer shell or curls in the teeth

• The outer shell of the cable must be secure from the two sides

• The outside cover of the equipment should be free of any damage

• Making sure that there is no indication or evidence of the possibility of being

wet or contaminated

• The date on the test label should not be finished

Non-electrical hazards for portable power equipment

• Collisions with hot surfaces

• Tangle with moving parts

• Noise and radiation

• Volatile parts

• Tripping on wires

• The risks associated with a worker's certain posture

Reasons for failure of portable electrical equipment in carrying out its work:

Use of unsuitable equipment such as using unsafe equipment mainly to operate in a

flammable environment

• Use equipment in wet environment

• Misuse by not using the plug

• abuse such as pulling the wire from the wire and not from the plug

• Improper maintenance or non-qualified persons

• Continuous use of damaged equipment

• Corrosion of cables due to exposure to chemicals,damage

Precautions to ensure safety of portable electrical equipment

• Ensure competence of workers : KATE

• PPE e.g. insulating gloves & safety shoes

• Avoid overloading circuits

• Regular preventive maintenance for the electrical equipment

• including thermographic tests

• Safe correct routing of cables to avoid being ran over by vehicles,

• dragged over rough surface, trapped in machinery or getting in

• contact with chemicals or hot surface

• Pre use visual inspection to ensure good insulation and that

• wiring and casing are free from damage

• Using approved suitable equipment & in good condition

• Avoid home made or temporary connections

• Always pull the plug NEVER the Lead & Avoid continous flexing

• Use the suitable protective systems such as

• Protective systems:

Control measures to be taken to reduce the risk of using electrical equipment within
the workplace

Or regulatory measures to be taken to improve safety in the work of electricity

within the workplace
 • Visual inspection of any damage to cables or plugs

• Ensure that all fuses have a correct classification

• Use of dual-insulated equipment or battery-operated equipment or

equipment connected to a low voltage or RCD

• Ensure the availability of insulation tools and that equipment is closed after
use

• Ensure that there is no overload on the exits and the absence of cables in
unsafe places and that the cable extensions are not wrapped on each other

• Check the equipment to ensure its suitability and conformity with recognized
standards, for example the CE or BS coding system

• Provide a specific procedure for testing portable devices and another

procedure to report any defects or damage

Potential electrical hazards that can be detected by visual inspection

non isolated cables

• Cutting, and cracks in the inner and outer insulation of cables

• Damage to plug

• Lack of circuit protection, for example absence of a good fuse or nonuse of

RCD

• Evidence of incorrect maintenance

• Electrical Overload

• Damage to the outside cover and the absence of active operation keys
 • The appliance is in a dirty and wet condition

• Lack of evidence of good grounding

• Choose a device that is not suitable for the job

• Tests carried out on mobile devices long ago

Advantages and limitations of protective systems

1. Fuses
2. Eathing- grounding
3. Isolation of supply
4. Reduced- and low-voltage systems
5. Residual current device
6. Double insulation

1- Fuse:- A weak link designed to melt, breaking the circuit at excessive

currents

• A device designed to automatically cut off the power supply to a circuit within a
given time when the current flow in that circuit exceeds a given value

• Typical fuses for domestic appliances are 3, 5, 10 and 13 ampere ratings

• The nearest fuse just above this current level is 10 amperes

Advantages: Limitations:

• Offers a good level of • Weak link in the circuit

protection • Easy to replace with wrong
• Cheap and reliable rating
• Requires tools to replace
• Easy to override

Circuit Breakers:- Electromagnetic device which perform the same

function as fuses i.e. break the circuit at excessive current although slightly faster

Advantages: Limitations:

• Automatic • Don't protect people

• Don't need to to tool to
operate
• It is not easy to undo
• It does not return to work until
the problem is removed
• Protects from overloading

3-Earthing

• Earthing:- Electricity will always try reach earth and earthing means

• providing a path to earth lower than the human body

• A conductor called an earth wire is fitted to the system

• Connected at one end to a plate buried in the ground

• Other end connected to the metal casing of the equipment

 • Earth is lowest point of potential

• Wire designed to have very little resistance

• Earthing provided where the casing can become live

• In summary, earthing provides a path of least resistance for ‘stray’ current and
provides protection against indirect shock

• May prevent electric shock provided linked with correct fuses or RCD

Advantages: Limitations:

• Protect from electrical shock • Need to professional installation

• Readily Identified • Fail to protect equipement if removed

4-Isolation:- The disconnection and separation of the electrical equipment

from every source of electrical equipment in such a way that
the disconnection and separation is secure (Lock out & Tag out)

Advantages: Limitations:

• The safest where it removes • May cause insulation of other

electricity completely equipment
• Lock can be used to ensure • Can be reconnected if no lock is used
protection • Does not help in detecting the cause
of the problem
 • Battery operated tools:- Using battery instead of electrical wires

Advantages: Limitations:

• Less hazard during operation • Limited capacity for batteries

• The range is not controlled by
cables
• There are no extended cables
and therefore there is no risk of
cable tripping or overheating
• The generated energy is limited
• Protective measures must be taken
when charging the batteries
• Heavier
• More expensive

• Reduced voltage systems:- By reducing the voltage present system the

consequences of electrical shock can be greatly reduced

• Achieved through use of a transformer consist of two coils of wires around a

common iron core

• I = V/R = 230/ 2000+ 4000 =.038 Amperes

• I = V/R = 55/ 2000+ 4000 =.009 Amperes

Advantages: Limitations:

• limits the impact of electric • need specialized equipment at 110

shock on the human volts
• Cables with colored colors for • The wire extending from the source to
easy identification the adapter needs to be protected
using the RCD

Residual Current Device (RCD):-

It compares the current flowing into

the system with the current flowing out. When the level differs by a preset value the
RCD will open rapidly and interrupt the supply

(usually 30mA and 30mS)

Advantages: Limitations:

• Designed to work with low • It is only suitable for equipment that

currents operates at 110 volts
• Fast and sensitive and then • Mechanical equipment and thus can
 reduces the impact of shock malfunction
• It is difficult to disable • It protects only from ground leakage
• Easy to use, test and reboot problems and does not protect
• It can only be restarted after against overload
removing the hazard • High cost

• Double Insulation:- Covering live parts by two separated layers of insulation

• Does not normally have an earth wire

• Make sure it is not impaired

• Must not be pierced by conducting parts such as metal screws

• Double insulated equipment has two layers of insulating material between the
live parts of the equipment and the user

Advantages: Limitations:

• Two layers of insulation to • Visual damage may cause the

protect the user from contact protection to fail
with live parts • There is no grounding and therefore
• There is no need for grounding no protection is available with
equipment that needs grounding
Controls to be taken when working in live electricity:

 Full justification for the absence of an alternative to live work

 Obtaining a valid work permit with live electricity
 There shall be at least two specialized persons and the signature of the
highest rank on the work permit
 Restrict the work area to specialized persons
 Protect the work area from other risks such as vehicles
 Protect workers from unnecessary live connections by isolating them
 Provide full information about the equipment used and the task
 Use isolated equipment
 Provide adequate lighting and free working space
 Provide first aid services immediately
 Provide adequate supervision

Emergency procedures in cases of electric shock

 Assess the situation

 Summon help
 Shut off power if possible
 Do not touch the casualty
 Remove the power
 Remove the casualty from the power
 Reassess the situation
 Check breathing and pulse, apply CPR as necessary
 Lay in recovery position if the casualty is unconscious
 Observation for secondary effects
• Element 6:- Fire safety

1-Basic principles of fire

• The fire triangle

• Sources of ignition
• Sources of fuel
• Sources of oxygen
• Oxidising materials

• The fire triangle s'

• Three essential elements:

1) Fuel

2) Oxygen

3) Heat (source of ignition)

• Must be kept apart to prevent fire

• Combustion takes place if brought together in the right proportions

 • Once a fire has started, a self-sustaining chain reaction begins at the surface
of the fuel (solid or liquid), which turns into a vapour, and it is this that burns
in the combustion process

Main fire fighting method:

1) Cooling the fire to remove the heat, for example, by use of a water or foam
extinguisher

2) Starving the fire of fuel, for example, isolation of a gas supply

3) Smothering the fire by limiting its oxygen supply, for example, by use of a
carbon dioxide or foam extinguisher

4) Chemical interference of the flame reactions, for example, wet chemical

extinguishing agents

Causes of fire

1. Arson
2. Smoking & smokers' materials
3. Oil/gas heating equipment and portable heaters
4. Unsafe storage of flammable materials
5. Use of flammable liquids or gases in unsuitable areas
6. Hot work: welding, cutting, etc.
7. Mechanical heat (Sparks/friction)
8. Lightening
9. Chemical reaction
10.Electricity
11.Friction

PLUS causes of electrical fires

 Definitions

• Flash point:- The temperature at which gas & vapour will ignite momentarily by
an external source of ignition e.g. spark

• Fire point:- The temperature at which gas & vapour will sustain a flame when
ignited by an external source of ignition e.g. spark

• Auto-Ignition (Self ignition):- The temperature at which gas & vapour will ignite
without any external source of ignition.

Methods of Heat Transfer

Direct burning:- The flame and a combustible fuel are in direct contact and the fuel
heats up and eventually ignites.

Radiation:- Heat is radiated through the air causing heating of a materials at a

distance from the fire.

Conduction: Heat travels within solid material from the hot part to cooler part

Convection:- Hot air current rises up to replace cooler air , causing the build up of hot
and unburned gases under ceilings etc. and allows fire to spread from one room to
another.
Classes of fire

A Carbonaceous material (Combustible solids)

EXAMPLE: Wood & paper

B Flammable liquids EXAMPLE: Alcohol & Petrol
C Flammable gases EXAMPLE: Butane, methane & propane
D Metals EXAMPLE: Aluminium & Magnesium

F Cooking oil EXAMPLE: Vegetable oil & animal fats

Electrical Classified according to the source of ignition rather than fuel Source

Types of fire extinguishers

For class A Water, Dry powder or Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF)

For class B Dry powder, AFFF or CO2

For class C Dry powder or CO2

For class D - Special powder or dry sand

For class F - Wet chemicals

For Electrical — Dry powder or CO2

• Wet Chemicals (potassium acetate, carbonate, or citrate) extinguishes the fire

• by forming a soapy foam blanket over the burning oil and by cooling the oil.
 • In the UK the use of Halon gas is now prohibited except under certain

• situations such as on aircraft and in the military and police

• Comparison of fire classes

Fire alarm and firefighting system

Types of fire alarms

Voice Simplest and most effective type, but very limited because it is
dependent upon the size of the workplace and background noise
levels

Hand operated Rotary gong, hand bell or triangle and sounder, but limited by the
scale of the building

Call points with Standard system, operation of one call point sounds alarm
sounders throughout workplace

Automatic System as above, with added fire detection to initiate the alarm if
system it is not raised by a person

fire detection and alarm system is used in the workplace:

• Heat detection

• Radiation detection

• Smoke detection

• Flammable gas detection

Types of fire alarms

Single-stage alarm

• Sounds throughout the whole of the building and signals a total evacuation

Two-stage alarm

• An evacuation signal is given in the affected area, together with an alert signal
in other areas

Nominated worker alarms

• In some premises, an immediate total evacuation may not be desirable

• A controlled evacuation by the nominated workers may be preferred, to

prevent distress and panic to the occupants

Fire extinguishers

Water (portable fire extinguisher - colour code - red)

Foam (portable fire extinguisher - colour code - cream)

Dry powder (portable fire extinguisher - colour code - blue)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) (portable fire extinguisher - colour code - black)

Procedures to be followed when selecting portable fire extinguishers and
locating them:

 Choose the appropriate extinguisher in size and useability

 Choose the right type for the extinguisher - powder - carbon dioxide
 The size of the facility and the expected types of fire, their places and their
size shall be respected
 Local and international standards and laws must be observed
 Distributing the extinguishers in appropriate places:
 At the entrances and escape doors for possible use in opening the door in
cases of fire
 Near the danger points
 In multi-story buildings in the same location on each floor
 In groups that form firefighting points it is possible
 The extinguishers should be placed on a ground stand or suspended at a
height of 1 m from the ground
 The extinguishers must be suspended in places away from direct heat, soil
and garbage
 Indications should be made showing the locations of the extinguishers and
their use
 Distance between the 30 extinguisher and the travel distance of 45 m

Control measures to be taken to prevent a fire within the workplace

 control the smoking processes and the materials used

 Maintain a good level of cleanliness and arrangement to prevent the
accumulation of waste paper and flammable materials
 Regular lubrication of equipment to prevent friction and overheating
 Regular inspection of electrical equipment including portable devices to
detect any damage
 Ensure that there is no overload on electrical systems and that electrical
devices are isolated when not in use
 Use earth bonding to tighten the control of static electricity hazards
 Ensure that there are no obstructions to the ventilators
 To control the hot works by issuing a work permit or assigning a special area
to it
 Ensure safe use and proper storage for flammable liquids
 Separation of incompatible chemicals
  Applying appropriate security measures to reduce deliberate fires
 Remove or reduce the amount of flammable materials
 Separation of fuel and sources of ignition

Requirements for establishing suitable exit methods from the work site to the
final exit door:

 The distance to a safe place outside the building should be as short as

possible
 If the stairs are part of the exit from the building, they must have the
following elements:
 Fire-resistant staircase structure
 Fire-resistant doors
 The doors should not be anchored with a wedge or wedge to keep them
open
 Wide enough to accommodate enough people
 The stairs should lead to open air or two separate escapes
 Not skid or slip and in good condition
 There are no combustible stored materials inside the stairs

Escape routes

 The way to escape the fire should lead to open air via a protected road (if
necessary)
 Keep the road free from any obstacles

the doors

 Open to exit direction (unless there are a few people inside)

 Provide fire-resistant doors along the escape route
 Fire-resistant doors with resistant structures serving two purposes:
- Prevent the spread of fire

- Ensuring the escape of persons using the building

 The doors should not be anchored to keep them open

 The doors lead to open air and safety
  Lighting
 Emergency lighting should be taken into account if exit is likely to be
necessary in dark conditions
 Escape exit and signs shown for directions
 The escape exit must be provided with signs to guide and guide individuals
from anywhere in the building to a safe place outside the building, through a
relative safe place (exit way).

 Issues to be considered at the location of the assembly point used to

evacuate the work site
The main factors to consider are:

• Safe distance from building

• Sited in safe position

• Not sited to obstruct the fire and rescue service

• Able to walk away from assembly point back to a public road

• Clearly signed

• More than one provided with communication between points

• Measures provided to decide if evacuation successful

• Identify person in charge to meet fire/rescue service

Control measures that may be necessary to ensure that persons with diseases or
physical disabilities can be safely evacuated in the event of a fire

• Develop a safe evacuation plan that is consistent with the nature of the
building and the number of employees, taking into consideration special
categories such as people with disabilities, pregnant women, etc.

• Provide qualified assistants to help special cases and people with special needs
to flee quickly from the place of fire
• Provide the necessary assistance such as the evacuation chair designed for this
purpose where the disabled person is carried on this chair out of the building

• Ensure that persons with disabilities are aware of the occurrence of an

emergency by providing a special warning appropriate to the condition of
disability such as visual warning in case of hearing loss

• Provide special places that patients and disabled people can resort to during
evacuation to wait until they are finally evacuated outside the building

• Ensure that disabled personnel are present in the ground floor as much as
possible or provide elevators designed inside fire-resistant structures that can
be used during evacuation from upper floors

• The work of evacuation agents through which to identify how to act in such
cases

• Ensure that the size and width of the emergency exits are suitable for the
wheelchair

• A private ramp for wheelchair

Risk assessment of fire fighting

Measures include:

• Reduction of the risk of fire

• Prevention of fire spread

• Adequate means of escape from fire

• Maintenance measures to ensure means of escape

• Means to detect and warn of fire

• Fire actions/instructions and training

• Actions to mitigate the effects of a fire

5 steps to risk assessment

Step 1 - Identify fire hazards

• Identify sources of ignition

• Identify sources of fuel

• Identify sources of oxygen

Step 2 - Identify people at risk

• Consider people in the premises

• Consider how fire, heat or smoke could spread to areas that people occupy

• Identify where the people are that may be at risk

• Identify people who are especially at risk

• Consider how people will be warned of fire

• Consider members of the fire response

Step 3 - Evaluate, remove or reduce and protect from risk

Risk reduction by prevention:

• Reduce sources of ignition

• Minimise potential fuel for a fire

• Reduce sources of oxygen

Step 3 - Evaluate, remove or reduce and protect from risk

Risk reduction by protection:

• Reducing unsatisfactory structural features

• Fire detection and warning

• Means of escape

• Means of fighting fire

• Maintenance and testing

• Fire procedures and training

Step 4 - Record, plan, inform, instruct and train

• A record of the significant findings of the assessment and any group of

workers identified by it as being especially at risk should be made

• National laws may specify the size and nature of undertaking that is required
to keep a written record

• A record should also be kept of measures that have been or will be taken by
the responsible person

Step 5 – Review and monitor

The assessment and the fire safety measures must be reviewed regularly
Control measure for preventing spread of fire

• - Compartmentation: dividing the building into isolated units (compartments)

by means of fire doors & fire walls so that any fire in any of these units will be
contained there & won’t spread to the rest of the building

• Proper regular maintenance for all types of equipment

• - Suitable fire alarms & fire detectors.

• - Fire marshals to guide the employees during the evacuation

• - Suitable means of fire fighting such as water sprinklers, whose reels and fire
extinguishers

• - Unobstructed means of escape with reasonable travel distances,

• fire doors, exit signs, Emergency lighting & illuminating signs

• - Muster point / assembly point (clearly identified & proper location)

• - Regular drills & practices on evacuation

Precautions to ensure safe evacuation in the event of fire

• Adequate fire detection equipments e.g. smoke detectors

• - Good means of raising alarms (visual & audible)

• - Adequate fire fighting equipment such as: Fire extinguishers,

• sprinklers, hose reels

• - Automatic contact with the emergency services & fire department

• - Safe evacuation plan.

• - Special consideration for disabled people, pregnant women, etc.

• - Regular drills & practices on evacuation

• Unobstructed means of escape with reasonable travel distances

• fire doors, exit signs, Emergency lighting & illuminating signs

• - Muster point / assembly point (clearly identified & proper location)

• - Lists for head count & Roll calls

• - Closing the windows & fire doors after leaving

• - Fire marshals & fire wardens helping in the above

Factors to consider when conducting fire risk assessment

• Legal requirements to be applied in place according to the nature of the risks

• The structure of the building is like to be fire-resistant
• Protection and fire prevention measures taken by and adequate escape routes
and exits
• The number of evacuees including special groups that can be in a special
gravity location as well as the distances they will travel abroad
• Quantity of high-risk materials and combustible materials used and / or
stored inside the building, taking into account possible sources of
flammability
• The availability of means to raise (issue) the warning and whether it is heard
and also the means of communication with emergency services
• Availability of procedures for the maintenance of equipment and alarm
systems and fire detection
• The location of the assembly point when a fire occurs
• Training individuals on evacuation procedures, including those with special
responsibilities such as Marshals

-Role and appointment of fire marshals

• Ensure the activation of alarm devices

• Complete evacuation of departments in case of emergency
• Contact with third parties such as fire fighting
• Abup emergency shutdown after evacuation
• It calls on individuals with special tasks such as paramedics, disabled
assistants and the evacuation team in the evacuation area
• A report on the management of the state of emergency

The risks to which fire and rescue personnel may be exposed when they
are present during an emergency
• Exposure to fire, heat, smoke, vapors or toxic gases
• Falling from the top
• Collapse buildings or collide with fallen objects
• Exposure to electrical sources or exposure to an explosion such as gas
cylinders
• Risks associated with the need to move in narrow spaces
• Collision with passing vehicles used for evacuation on the road
• An attack from the public or even the animals as well as the pressures
resulting from the nature of the work they perform

How structural characteristics of buildings can help protect against the

spread of fire and smoke
• Compartmentation: The division of the building into isolated units through
the doors and walls against the fire and then when a fire in any of these units
will not spread to the rest of the building
• Use fireproof materials such as bricks
• Bridging holes and openings in the walls and adjusting the fire fixtures in the
roof spaces
 Summarize the common fire causes of the workplace?
• Due to deliberate
• Wrong fuel supply
• Misuse of equipment that leads to fire, such as the use of heating devices in
drying clothes or heating the bread
• Misuse of equipment and overloading of power supply jacks
• Food equipment such grill
• Playing with fire
• Excessive handling of hot materials
• Place flammable materials very close to heat sources
• Accumulation and storage of waste and poor cleaning
• Smoking
• Hot works, such as welding, cutting and grinding, produce a heavy heat and
are a source of ignition

Control procedures for the use of highly flammable liquids and safe
storage in the workplace
Replace with materials less flammable properties
Choose appropriate containers for the purpose with signs clearly indicate the
contents inside
Store the containers at a safe distance from the treatment area and away from
the sun and the store is built of fireproof materials
Reduce (limit) the quantities used in the treatment area and prevent
accumulation of vapors by providing a good level of ventilation
Remove potential sources of flammability
Prevent or reduce the impact of spills
separate the empty and occupied containers
Be sure to use suitable electrical equipment, whether flameproof
Provide personal protective equipment
Ensure that appropriate fire fighting equipment
Provide safe working systems for handling and storing liquids
Provide training for workers on the risks of flammable liquids

Classification of areas where explosive atmospheres may occur

 The zone concept established in IEC 60079–10 is widely recognised
internationally and reflected in many national standards. There are three
zones for gases and vapours:
• Zone 0 - Flammable atmosphere highly likely to be present for long
periods/continuously
• Zone 1 - Flammable atmosphere possible but unlikely
• Zone 2 - Flammable atmosphere unlikely except for short periods of time

There are three zones for dusts:

• Zone 20 - Dust cloud likely to be present continuously or for long periods
• Zone 21 - Dust cloud likely to be present occasionally in normal operation
• Zone 22 - Dust cloud unlikely to occur in normal operation, but if it does, will
only exist for a short period

What will you do when

On discovering a fire:
• Sound the fire alarm
• Call the fire service
• Go to the assembly point
On hearing the alarm:
• Leave the building by the nearest exit
• Close doors behind you
• Go to the assembly point
• Get out of the building and stay out
On evacuation:
• Do not stop for personal belongings
• Do not use lifts
• Do not return to the building unless authorised to do so
• Report to assembly point

Control procedures for storage of flammable materials in the workplace

• Place them in appropriate receptacles and tighten their mouths to prevent vapors
from rising
• Put them in appropriate boxes or boxes
• Place them in specific areas of the working environment
• Put them away from sources of ignition
• Place it in a place that can be controlled in the event of leakage
• Place them in a fire resistant place for 30 minutes
• Provide appropriate warning signs and smoke-prevention signs

Control procedures for storage of flammable materials in outdoor

• The official storage area shall be on a concrete base and equipped with a
drainage basin
• The storage area should be away from the buildings
• Provide a safety fence and gate 2 meters high
• Provide appropriate warning signs and smoke-prevention signs
• Protection from sun rays
• In case of light, the stores must be flame resistant
• Place fire extinguishers of the dry type nearby
• Isolation of vessels filled with saliva
• Explanation of contents

Fire fighting training contents

• Fire prevention
• Recognition of fire alarms and the actions to be taken
• Understanding the emergency signs
• Location of fire escape routes and assembly points
• Requirements for safe evacuation
• Location and operation of call points
• How the fire service is called
• Location, use and limitations of fire-fighting equipment
• Consideration of people with special needs
• Identity and role of fire marshals
• Element 7:- Chemical & biological health hazards & risk control
Chemical agents take many forms:

• Solids

• Liquids

• Gases

• Dusts

• Fibres

• Fumes

• Smoke

• Mists

• Vapour

Forms of biological agents

• Fungi

• Bacteria

• Viruses

• Respiratory defenses (Body defenses against dust)

• The hair in the nose acting as a filter to purify the air from the dust

• particles

• - Wetness of the nose (mucus) so the dust would stick to it & will

• be trapped and will go no further inside the lung

• - The change of direction to the larynx so the dust particles in the

• air would stick to the nasal wall

• - Sneezing and coughing which would expel the dust outside the

• respiratory system

• - Turbulent motion of the air in the nose and the centrifugal force

• which will throw the dust to the sides sticking to the mucus

• Ciliary escalator in the trachea : The hair cells in the respiratory

• tract pushing the particles upwards till it reach the throat where it

• could be removed from the body

• - The immunity system of the body: White Blood Cells (WBC) in the

• alveoli

• - Fibrosis of the lung: isolating the affected non-functioning part

• from the rest of the healthy lung

• - Tears and blinking of the eyes (not part of the respiratory defences)

Digestive defences (Body defences against ingested substances)

• - Digestive juices & enzymes, the useful bacteria and the strong

• acid (HCL) which will destroy the harmful substances inside the machine .

• - Vomiting & diarrhoea which get rid of the toxins and the harmful substance
out of the body.

• - Smell & taste protecting the person from eating or drinking

• harmful substances or bad food.

Skin defences

• - Sweating: Cooling down the skin and killing harmful organisms

• - Keratin: Forming the protective hard layer of the skin

• - Melanin: responsible for the pigmentation of the skin, more

• melanin makes the skin darker providing more protection from the sun and
ultra violet light

• - Sebum: the oily substance secreted by the skin to prevent it from dryness

• - Hair: protecting and filtering the skin

• - Sensory nerves: the sense of touch in the skin

• - Blisters, rash and inflammation to fight any infection of the skin

Other defences (General body defences)

• - Tears & Blinking of the eye

• - Pain

• - Hormones e.g. Adrenaline

Autoimmune mechanisms that the body has as a natural defense system

Scavenging Scavenging

Collection of waste by pharynx

Defense secretion (special cells)

Prevent excessive blood loss

Repair damaged tissue

Lymphatic system

Other practical measures to increase the defenses of the body against damage:

• Good personal hygiene

• Do not use cosmetics in the workplace
• Do not eat or drink in the workplace
• Good bowls for keeping food and drink
• Provide and use appropriate personal protective equipment
• Caution when disposing of contaminated protective clothing

Types of Dermatitis:

• 1- Irritant / Contact due to chemical

• 2- Allergic / Sensitive

Symptoms: - Irritation of the skin, Inflammation, Blisters, rash, swelling,

• redness, hotness, Dryness and cracking of skin, and in severe cases:

• Ulcers & infections

Examples of substances that can cause skin inflammation when contacted

Detergents

Resin (Resin)

Asphalt

Solvents used in paints

Gasoline, diesel, oil and grease

Protective measures against dermatitis (Precautions or Control measures)

• Eliminate the substance

• Substitution by a less hazardous one

• Reduce duration & frequency of exposure to the substance

• Medical checkup for the workers

• Good hygiene practices

• PPE e.g. gloves and coveralls

• Barrier creams

• Extractor fans & LEV

Dose-response relationship

• All substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison; The

• right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy.

Target Organs: The part / parts of the body which could be affected by

• an external substance

• Example: Inhalation of asbestos fibres will affect the lung causing

• cancer (asbestosis) SO the target organ of the asbestos is the lung

• Other examples: Mercury, Lead brain & nervous system

• Ammonia eyes, skin & lungs

• Organic solvents liver, skin & lungs

• Also see examples page 34

Local effect: The effect of the substance happens at the same

• point of contact

Systemic effect: The effect of the substance happens away from

• the point of contact

acute effect :short term exposure to a large dose of the harmful substance

• producing an immediate or rapid effect, it is usually reversible.

• EXAMPLE: Alcohol intoxication due to consuming large amount of

• alcohol in short time.

Chronic effect: Adverse health effects resulting from prolonged

• & repeated exposure to a small dose of the harmful substance

• producing a gradual & latent effect which usually stays

• unrecognized for several years, it is usually irreversible

• EXAMPLE: Liver damage (cirrhosis) caused by consuming small

• amount of Alcohol for many years.

Factors that indicate the need for health supervision of workers in the workplace

legal, or regulatory requirements and guidelines Codes of practice and guidance

The work shall include contact with materials such as lead or asbestos or exposure
to high levels of noise or vibration

Changes in work activities

Health records should include cases of first aid and absence of persons

Results of monitoring and inspection of the workplace

Presence of previous medical conditions

Employee complaints and result of consultation with employees

• Occupational Hygiene & Health hazards

• 1- Identification of health hazards

• 2- Measurement of health hazards

• 3- Assessment of health hazards

• 4- Control of health hazards

1- Identification of health hazards:

• • Forms of chemical agents:

• - Dust: Total inhalable & Respirable dust (0.5 – 7.0 micron)

• - Fume

• - Mist

• - Smoke

• - Vapour

Forms of biological agents:

• - Fungi

• - Bacteria

• - Viruses

Routes of entry into the body (Toxic & chemical agents)

• - Inhalation

• - Ingestion

• - Direct entry (open wounds)

• - Injection

• - Absorption
Classification of Hazardous Substances

• Irritant: Non-corrosive substances which through immediate, prolonged

or repeated contact with skin or mucous membrane may cause

inflammation (Dermatitis)

Example: Petrol, cement, weak acids & alkalis

• Corrosive: Substances which on contact with living tissue may destroy

it by burning

Example: acids (sulphuric acid) and alkalis (caustic soda)

• Harmful: Substances which if swallowed, inhaled or penetrated the skin

may cause damage to health (cause diseases – ill health)

Example: Petrol, cement

• Toxic: A poisonous substance which may cause acute or chronic

damage to health or DEATH

Example: Arsenic

• Very Toxic: A poisonous substance which may cause acute or chronic

damage to health or DEATH even in low quantity

Example: Cyanide

• Carcinogenic: Substances which cause disorders to cell growth that

may lead to cancer (malignant tumours)

Example: Asbestos

• Mutagenic: Substances which cause changes to the chromosomes

(DNA / genetic material) leading to hereditary defects in the offspring of

 the affected person.

Example: Bromine & Benzene

• Teratogenic: Substances which cause harmful effects to the embryo

(baby) inside the uterus of the pregnant woman.

Example: Drugs & medications

Material Safety Data sheet (MSDS) = Information on hazard data sheet

1- Identification of the substance & Manufacturers’ information

2- Composition & information on ingredients

3- Hazard identification

4- First aid measures

5- Fire fighting measures

6- Accidental release measures

7- Handling & Storage

8- Exposure control & Personal protection

9- Physical & Chemical properties

10- Stability & Reactivity

11- Toxicological information

12- Ecological information

13- Disposal consideration

14- Transport information

15- Regulatory information

16- Other

Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL)

• Long-term exposure limit (LTEL) 8 hour

• Short-term exposure limit (STEL) 15 minute

Limits are expressed in:

– ppm (parts per million) for gases and vapours

– mg/m3 for airborne particles such as dust and fume

Limitation of h hour method

• Specifically for 8 hours and no more

• It is used only for exposure in the workplace and does not take into account
exposure to the same substance outside the work environment
• Should not be used in emergency situations and the accumulation of hazardous
substances in confined or confined spaces
• Chemical substances can enter the body in other ways other than inhalation and
absorption through the injured skin or ingestion
• Personal susceptibility to the disease
• Errors in the measurement process due to non-maintenance of used devices
• Simultaneous effects of other materials
• Source of exposure limitation data: These data have been studied in developed
countries such as Europe and America

• 2- Measurement of health hazards:

THREE survey techniques:-

1) Initial appraisal: Gathering information such as OEL, details of

the substances used, people affected, types of hazards, risks,

and precautions; from different sources such as MSDS, manuals,

experts, etc.
2) Basic survey:

Qualitative observations: Smoke tube & Dust lamp

Quantitative observations: Stain tube detector (Grab sampler)

• Diagram of Chemical stain tube detector (Grab Sampler)

Stain tube detectors (multi-gas/vapour)

Types of tube construction:

• Most common is the simple stain length tube

• Double tube

• Comparison tube

• Narrow tube

Advantages
• Quick and easy to use
• Instant reading without
further analysis
• Does not require much
expertise to use
• Relatively inexpensive
Disadvantages
• Tubes can be cross sensitive to other
contaminants
• Accuracy varies
• Is only a grab sample
• Relies on operator to count pump strokes
• Only suitable for gases and vapours (not dusts)
• Used within a short time period to prevent
 decay
• The tubes are fragile and break easily
• Used/expired tubes must be disposed of as
chemical waste in accordance with local
regulations

3) Full survey:

Direct reading instruments: such as Carbon dioxide gas analyzer

Indirect reading instruments:

• Passive (by diffusion) such as radiation badge / film badge

• Active (powered by mechanical pump) such as Dust Monitoring

Equipment & H2S detector

Advantages
• Instant reading
• Continuous monitoring
• Can record electronically
• Can be linked to an alarm
• Suitable for clean room
environments
Disadventages
• Some direct reading instruments
can be expensive
• Does not differentiate between
dusts of different types
• Most effective on dusts of a
spherical nature

3- Assessment of health hazards:

Factors to consider when evaluating health risk factors for a potential hazardous
substance

• Details of the process in which the material is used

 • The hazardous nature of the substance, whether toxic, corrosive or carcinogenic,
as well as the chemical, morphological and organic properties of the substance
• The shape in which the material is present in the workplace, for example dust or
dust
• Possible ways to enter the substance such as inhalation, absorption or injection
• Possible health effects of exposure to the substance
• The rate, time, level of exposure, number and type of persons that can be
exposed to the substance
• Existence of applicable standards such as exposure limits, adequacy and
adequacy of existing regulatory procedures

Risk assessment (5 STEPS AS USUAL)

• 4- Control of health hazards:

Eliminate: remove the substance, or avoid the activity or process e.g.

pressure jetting a blocked drain instead of using dissolving chemicals

Reduce: reduce the risk by

- reducing the duration / frequency of exposure to the hazard

- substituting the material with a less hazardous one e.g. using water based paint
instead of solvent based paint OR using granular material instead of powder

Isolate:

- Total Enclosure of the machine inside a glove box

- Worker to be isolated inside a ventilated control room

Control

- Engineering Control: LEV & adequate maintenance for equipment

- Administrative control: Change the work pattern or method, job rotation, adequate
breaks, good levels of Hygiene and housekeeping & providing the needed it is

PPE:
- Respiratory protection such as breathing apparatus to protect from chlorine or
ammonia

- Hand & skin protection such as gloves to protect from detergents or solvents

- Eye protection such as goggles to protect from corrosives or ammonia

- Protective clothing such as chemical splash suits to protect from acids & biological
agents

- Barrier creams

• Reasons for checks:

• Legal obligations
• To comply with workplace exposure limits
• Provision of information to workers
• To indicate the need for health surveillance
• For insurance purposes
• To develop in-house exposure standards
Discipline

• Labelled diagram of Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV)

 Components of a basic system

• Hood(s)

• Ducts

• Air cleaner

• Fan

• Discharge

LEV becomes inefficient because of:-

• - Failure of operators to use it properly

• - Lack of proper maintenance

• - Unauthorised modifications

• - Incorrect settings

• - Hood damaged or not well positioned

• - Blocked / damaged ducts

• - Full / damaged dust collection bags

• - Blocked / damaged filter

• - Wear & tear of fan blades

• - Increased contaminant level

• - Poor design of the LEV (inadequate capacity)

Checks / inspection: opposite of above

• Examples of chemical agents (hazardous substances) & Target Organs

• Ammonia
Strongly corrosive alkaline colourless gas with a pungent odour.

Affecting the skin, eyes & the lungs.

Leading to eye irritation, dermatitis, inflammation of the lungs and in the

large concentrations can cause blindness and fluid in the lungs

(emphysema)

Eye protection and respiratory protection are essential.

• • Asbestos

• Affecting the lungs causing Asbestosis (Lung cancer)

Control measures to manage the risk from asbestos in buildings:

• Carrying out a survey

• Identify and record the location and condition of any ACMs

• Assess the risks from any material identified

• Prepare a plan that sets out in detail how risks identified are to be managed

• Establish a system for providing information on the location and condition of

ACMs

• Record the roles and responsibilities of those who manage asbestos in the
organisation

• • Carbon Dioxide CO2

Colourless and odourless gas which is heavier than air.

Affecting the lungs increasing the rate of respiration and high levels

depress the rate of respiration leading to unconsciousness and even

death

• Carbon Monoxide CO

More toxic than CO2, Colourless and odourless and tasteless gas.

Found where incomplete combustion occurs e.g. boilers, vehicle

exhausts

Affecting the lungs & the blood casuing headache, drowsiness, flushed

“pink” appearance and ultimately asphyxiation and death

• • Chlorine

A greenish toxic gas with a pungent smell.

Affecting the eyes & the respiratory system casuing severe irritation.

• • Lead

A heavy, soft and easily worked metal. Can enter body by eating

contaminated food or by breathing fumes or dust.

Affecting the brain & the nervous system casuing acute lead poisoning

Resulting in nausea, headaches, nervous problems and in severe cases

causing death.

• Organic Solvents

These dissolve other substances & are also used as cleaning &

degreasing agents. They are volatile & evaporate quickly at room

temperature so their vapours can be breathed easily.

Affecting the skin, nasal passages, throat, lungs, eyes, & the liver.

Effects may be headaches, nausea, dizziness & loss of consciousness

 and in extreme cases leading to death.

• Isocyanates

Organic compounds widely used in industry for products such as spray

painting of vehicles and production of polyurethane rubbers and foams.

Affecting the nasal passages, throat & the lungs leading to lung

Inflammation & asthma.

• • Silica

Found in sand, granite & glass

Affecting the lungs as breathing silica could lead to serious lung

disease “silicosis”

• • Dust

Affecting the respiratory system causing asthma, bronchitis,

emphysema and conditions such as asbestosis or Silicosis if the dust

contains asbestos or silica.

• Dust Identification:

- Visual signs of dust in the air or deposited on surfaces or clothes

- Results of monitoring using dust lamps or smoke tube

- Poor visibility or excessive tears & blinking of the eyes

- respiratory problems: coughing, sneezing, breathing difficulty

- Maintenance problems e.g. abnormal blocking of filters

Control measures for dust:

- Elimination of dusty operation (outsourcing)

- Bringing pre-formed components

- Substitution e.g. granules or paste instead of powders

- Enclosure of the dusty operation or machines

- Extractor fans & Local exhaust ventilation (LEV)

- Vaccuming instead of sweeping

- Damping down the dust by spraying water

- Reduce duration & frequency of exposure to dust

- Reduce duration & frequency of the dusty operations

- Reduce number of workers exposed to dust

- Respiratory protective equipment e.g. dust mask

- Medical check up & Health survillance with medical treatment for any health
problem

• Biological Agents

• Leptospirosis (Weil’s disease)

• Bacterial infection transmitted to humans by ingesting contaminated rat urine.

• The most common source is in construction sites, water sports, river water,
swimming pools, sewers, etc.

• Symptoms: Flu like symptoms (Fever, sneezing, coughing & headache),

• Pneumonia, meningitis & Jaundice.

• Fatal in 20% of the cases (Attacks the kidneys & liver)

• Precautions & Control measures: pest control, covering damaged skin,

• it is, good hygiene & housekeeping

Legionella (Legionnaire’s disease)

• Bacterial infection transmitted to humann by inhaling airborne bacteria

• found in water sources such as air conditioning systems, cooling towers,

stagnant water etc.

Symptoms: Flu like symptoms (Fever, sneezing, coughing & headache),

• Pneumonia & difficulty in breathing

• Fatal in 12% of the cases.

• Those at greatest risk are smokers or old people with chest problems.

Precautions & Control measures: Temperature control and monitoring,

• avoiding stagnation & avoiding “dead legs” in pipe work, biocide

• treatment and effective cleaning and maintenance.

• Hepatitis A, B and C

• Viral inflammation of the liver caused by viral infection transmitted

• through ingesting food contaminated with faeces (hepatitis A) Or by blood &

body fluids (hepatitis B & C)

• Symptoms: Inflammation of the liver, fever, nausea, malaise & jaundice.

• Precautions & Control measures: Vaccination, disinfection, it is,

• Avoiding sharp implements, Proper disposal of contaminated waste and

• good hygiene practices.

Routes of entry into the body (Biological agents)

• - Inhalation
• - Ingestion

• - Direct entry (open wounds)

• - Injection

Control measures to reduce the risk of exposure to any biological agent

• Emphasis on safe practices in the work environment and measures to prevent

the use of sharps
• Use of personal protective equipment such as gloves, work clothes,
respiratory and eye protection equipment
• Engineering control procedures such as containment or the use of the on-site
identification device for exhaust
• Administrative procedures such as smoking, eating and drinking in the work
area
• Maintain a good level of hygiene in the work environment by controlling
personal waste and hygiene, for example covering wounds
• Provide information, training and instructions to employees about the risks of
biological agents and the required regulatory procedures
• Vaccination: It is for certain occupations such as sewage workers or in case
of infection with liver viruses
• Health and Medical Surveillance: This is done by assessing the health of
workers, early diagnosis of diseases and injuries, and evaluating the ability of
workers to wear respirators

Precautions for safe storage of waste

• - Choosing a Suitable location

• - Sufficient storage area

• - Segregation of different wastes

• - Labelled & individual containers

• - Ensure storage area is well secured

• - Store different types of waste separately

 • - Never store incompatible waste together

• - Select appropriate containers

• - Keep quantities of waste to a minimum

• - Protect waste from the elements

• - Protection form adverse weather conditions

• - Avoid contamination of general waste with hazardous materials

Factors and topics that the organization should consider when developing a system
for collection and disposal of waste

• Identification of waste through its hazardous properties, for example, general,

biological or special, and through its nature, eg solid or liquid
• Quantity produced (output) and the number of times of disposal
• The need to separate incompatible and recyclable waste
• Means used to contain waste such as boxes, bags and marking system
• Provide active security storage and transmission routes to and from storage
location
• Waste treatment methods, for example through crushing, pressing or burning
• Use an efficient contractor and / or have a license to deal with waste
• Keep the necessary records
• Probability of spill pollution issues
• Efficient and training personnel and provide and use appropriate personal
protective equipment such as gloves and work clothes
• Individual and labeled containers
• Ensure that storage is secured
• Separation of different types of waste at storage
• Do not store incompatible or incompatible materials at all
• Choose the right container
• Keep waste quantities at minimum
• Protect the waste from exposure to any external materials
• Protect the waste from exposure to extreme weather conditions
• Avoid contamination of public waste with hazardous materials
• Check and maintain the vessels to make sure there is no leakage
• Storage of containers on solid ground to prevent contamination of ground or
groundwater
Cases caused by poor storage of waste in the workplace damage the environment

• Leakage of waste from containers to soil or ground water due to bad condition of
containers or inability to hold together for a long time in good condition
• Storage of incompatible materials together in the same packaging, which may
lead to chemical reactions harmful to the environment
• Break or destroy containers in which waste is stored, which may lead to waste
spillage or leakage into the air
• Do not protect containers from bad environmental factors such as rain or strong
winds, which lead to the exit of waste into water or air
• Insufficient volume of containers or storage space, which may lead to the
accumulation of waste over time and increase the weight and ultimately the
dangerous diversion of the environment
• Failure to maintain good insurance for the site, which may lead to attempts to
steal or that affects the case of containers containing waste
Element 8:-

Physical & psychological hazards

• Noise
• Heat
• Vibration
• Radiation
• Stress

Noise: is any unwanted sound

The ear has 3 basic regions:

1) Outer

2) Middle

3) Inner

Frequency:- Measuring the pitch / tone of the sound waves, measured

in cycles per second or Hertz (Hz)

Human range is 20 Hz – 20 KHz

Intensity:- Measuring the loudness / amplitude of the sound waves

measured in decibel (dB)

Safe limit is 80 dB

Rule of 3

Every 3 dB increases means doubling the intensity i.e. 83 dB is double

the intensity of 80 dB

• Two metre rule: If conversation is difficult (need to raise the voice or repeat
words) at a distance of two metres apart the noise level is likely to be above 85
dB

• One metre rule: If conversation is difficult (need to raise the voice or repeat
words) at a distance of one metre apart the noise level is likely to be above 90
dB

Health effects of noise

• Factors affecting the risk from Noise

- Frequency in Hz
- Loudness in dB
- Duration & frequency of exposure to noise
- Use of PPE
- Distance between the source of noise & the person exposed to it
- The nature of the place

• Noise control measures / precautions

• Source:

Eliminate or reduce the noise from the source by

- Improving the design of the machine
- Damping
- Isolation
- Proper maintenance
• Path:

Prevent/reduce transmission of noise through air or structures by using

- Screens and barriers
- Enclosure
- Absorption
- Silencer
• The Person:

- Increase the distance between the worker & the source of noise
- Reduce the duration & frequency of exposure to the noise
- PPE such as ear plugs & ear muffs
Control measures that the employer can take to encourage workers to wear
hearing protection
• Provide good types with the ability to smooth the sound well
• Provide types that do not conflict with the rest of the personal protective
equipment
• Provide convenient types of work environment and easy to use
• Demonstrate the administration's commitment to its performance so that the
manager is an example of the workers
• Distributed to visitors
• Provide adequate information and training on how to wear, maintain and
maintain regular maintenance
• Make visible signs and images showing the benefits of wearing hearing aids and
damage that may not be used

Application and limitations of various types of hearing protection

Occupations with potential noise exposure problems

• Construction sites

• Uniformed services
• Entertainment

• Manufacturing

• Call centres

• Hand-Arm Vibration

• Health Effects

• Acute: Numbness & Tingling in the hands and extremities

• Chronic: - Permanent Numbness & Tingling

• - Blanching of the fingers (Vibration White Fingers)

• - Swollen painful joints

• - Reduction in the sensation of touch

• - Reduction in the manual dexterity

• Risk Factors

• - Frequency of the vibrating tools ( in Hz)

• - Force exerted

• - Duration & frequency of exposure

• - Low temperature

• - Individual factors e.g. age & health condition

Examples of risk activities

• Use of hand-held chainsaws in forestry

• Use of hand-held rotary tools in grinding

• Use of hand-held percussive metal-working tools

• Use of hand-held powered percussive drills/hammers in demolition, or on

roads or footpaths, including road construction

• Control Measures for hand-arm vibration

- Automate or mechanise the job to elimination the use of vibrating

• tools such as using excavators
- Select the suitable tool with low vibration
- Reduce the degree of vibration as much as possible
- Select ergonomically designed equipment
- Proper maintenance of equipment
- Reduce the force exerted & the strength of grip with work
• equipment
- Reduce the duration of exposure to the vibration
- Health surveillance & treatment of any medical problem
- Use PPE such as Gloves and heated pads
- it is on the nature of risks

• Work in Hot & Cold environment

Physiological effects of heat Stress (in foundries, glass works & laundries)

• Skin burns

• Cataracts

• Dehydration

• Heat cramps

• Raised heart rate

• Headaches

• Confusion & Loss of concentration

• Vomiting
• Fainting

• Sun stroke & Heat stroke

Physiological effects of cold Stress (cold stores, food preparation area, big
freezers & open air during winter)

• Lowered heart rate

• Hypothermia

• Shivering

• Confusion & Loss of concentration

• Frost bite

• Increased risk of strains & sprains

Risk factors

- Body activity & health condition

- Type & amount of clothes

- Duration & frequency of exposure

- Ambient temperature & weather conditions

- Source of heat / cold temperature

• Control measures

- Acclimatisation

- Health surveillance & medical checkup

- Hot / cold drinks

- Reduce duration & frequency of exposure

- Temperature control
- PPE e.g. insulating clothes

Radiation

Non-Ionising

Health effects of non-ionizing radiation

• Burns

• Erythema (Reddening of the skin)

• Cataract

• Arc eye

• Retinal burn

• Temporary sterility

Risk factors & Control measures of non-ionizing radiation:

• Duration & frequency of exposure

• Distance between the source & the worker

• Shielding

• Proper maintenance & inspection of equipment (source)

• PPE, e.g. eye protection

• Skin creams

Ionizing Radiation

Health effects of ionizing radiation

Risk factors & Control measures ofionizing radiation

• - Duration & frequency of exposure

• - Distance between the radioactive material & the people

• - Proper shielding (Lead or thick concrete)

• - Using suitable PPE e.g. radiation suit

• - Correct disposal of radioactive materials

• - Half life of the radioactive material

• - Good hygiene practices

• - Monitoring exposure using film badges & Geiger counters

Violence at work

• Verbal abuse / threats AND Physical attacks

• Internal AND external violence

• Occupations at risk

• Taxi drivers , Health care professionals, Schools, Cash transactions

• Delivery/collection of money, Representing authority e.g. policemen &

• enforcement officers

Control measures

- it is: on absorbing anger, how to recognise aggressive behaviour

• & how to deal with it wisely
- Providing information on delays
- Proper queue management
- Welcoming environment & nice decor
- Checking visitors’ credentials (IDs)
- Safe & secure design of workplace e.g. wide counters, coded
• locked doors & physical barriers
 - Security officers & CCTV cameras for monitoring
- Good means of Communication & alarm systems
- Regular removal of cash from the workplace
- Avoid Lone working; safe precautions for lone workers
- Reporting, recording and investigating violent incidents
- Zero tolerance of aggressive behaviour

Stress

• Causes of stress:

1- Culture of the organisation: how it approaches work-related

stress, e.g. communication, consultation, staff support systems,

and working hours;

• 2. Demands: workload too high or too low, excessive overtime, and

exposure to violence;

• 3. Control: how much control the person has in the way they do

their work, e.g. work planning, use of acquired skills, repetitive or

monotonous work;

• 4. Relationships between employees: physical violence, threats

or verbal abuse e.g. repeated shouting and swearing, unjustified

picking of faults, prevention of career development; sexual

harassment; & discrimination due to gender, race or disability;

• Change: how organisational change is managed and

communicated in the organisation, e.g. new technology,

restructuring, redundancies, and unclear objectives;

• 6. Role: job insecurity, fear of being fired, unclear roles &

responsibilites and expectations, conflicting roles, e.g. the conflict

of different job demands such as working for more than one

manager;

• 7. Individual: skills not matched to the task, lack of it is, unclear job

description, financial worries, family commitments; and

• 8. Environment: inadequate lighting, problems with glare, untidy

working conditions, security problems, temperature extremes and

/ or humidity, inadequate ventilation, high noise and vibration

levels, inadequate welfare facilities and poor weather conditions

for those working outside.

• Identification of Stress

Stress within the organisation may be identified by:

• Informal observation & conversation with workers & supervisors;

• Performance appraisal with an opportunity for open discussion of problems with

the employees;

• Monitoring of attendance records and conducting ‘return to work’ interviews;

• Analysis of sickness absence / ill-health trends;

• Reduced productivity of the employees / inability to cope with others

• High staff turnover (many employees quitting their job)