CHAPTER 4

TRANSFORMERS

NUR FADZILLAH BINTI HUSSIN

 CONTENT

Understand the
construction and the
Know several types of
operation of a transformer
transformer
Apply the understanding of the
effect of a resistive load across
the secondary winding
Know a non-ideal Understand transformer
transformer increases and decreases
voltage
 Transfomer is a static device that connects two electrical
circuits whose function is to raise and lower the voltage or
current value of AC.
 If it is designed to operate in fixed voltage mode, it is known
as voltage transformer, and if it is designed to operate in
fixed current mode, it will be known as current transformer.
 Operating principle of the transformer is to change the
quantity of electrical elements (in particular voltage and
current) from one value to a different value, either raised or
lowered.
 Transformer becomes the main device to combining all the
parts in a large electrical systems that use different voltage
levels.
 In the power transmission system, power supply from the
generators will be increased (with step – up transformer ) to
the transmission line voltage levels, while the end of the
transmission line, the voltage will be lowered again (with
step – down transformer) in stages and finally to a standard
voltage suitable for distribution to end users.
 In the area of distribution, by changing the voltage, the
adjustment of electrical equipment such as motors, lights,
heaters, etc can be done properly.
 Transformer is used to control the voltage of the electronic
circuit that has voltage of 6 volt or 12 volt.
 Center – Tapped Transformer
 “Center tapped transformer” may be most commonly used to
define two different applications.
 The first is in the case of single phase applications.
 The second is three phase “delta connected” applications.
 In both scenarios, the term “center tap” is referring to the
secondary (output) side of the transformer.
 Multiple – Winding Transformers

Photograph of multiple-winding transformer with SIX windings

(ONE primary winding and FIVE secondary windings)

 Multiple winding transformer have more than one winding on a common core

 They are used to operate on or provide different operating voltages

 Autotransformers
 Auto transformer operates on the self – induction principle.
 This transformer has only ONE coil that acts as both primary and
secondary coils.
 The winding is tapped at the proper point to achieve the desired turns
ratio for stepping up or down the voltage
 An autotransformer can be smaller, lighter and cheaper than a standard
dual transformer however the autotransformer does not provide electrical
isolation
 Autotransformer are often used to step up and down between voltages in
the 110-117- 120 V range and voltage in the 220- 230- 240 V range.
 As in an ordinary transformer, the ratio of secondary to primary voltages
is equal to the ratio of the number of turns
 NON
NON IDEAL
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER
 A non ideal or actual transformer differs from an ideal
transformer in that the former has hysterisis and eddy
current (core losses) and has resistive (i2R) losses in its
primary and secondary windings

 Real transformer have winding resistance, resistance in series

with each winding, resulting in less than idea secondary
voltage
o Due to continuous reversal of the magnetic field due to changing direction of
the primary current
o Is a heat loss caused by the magnetic properties of the armature
o When the armature core is rotating, its magnetic field keeps changing direction.
The continuous movement of the magnetic particles as they try to align
themselves with the magnetic field, produces molecular friction. This, turn
produces heat. This heat is transmitted to the armature windings. The heat
causes armature resistance to increase
o More heat losses in the core material

o Produced when voltage is induced in the core material itself

• Cause by the AC resistance of the copper wire in the primary and secondary
windings

• Because of the length of the wire and its tiny cross sectional area, the AC resistance
can be quite high

• Copper loss can be reduced by increasing the size of the copper wire in the
winding

• Larger wire has less resistance

 Lines of flux generated by one winding which do not link with the other
winding are called LEAKAGE FLUX

 Since leakage flux generated by the primary does not cut the secondary, it
cannot induce a voltage into the secondary

 The voltage induced into the secondary is therefore less than it would be if
the leakage flux did exist
 LEAKAGE INDUCTANCE is assumed to drop part of the applied voltage,
leaving less voltage across the primary
 POWER RATING OF A TRANSFORMER

 Ppri = Vpri Ipri cosθ

 Psec = Vsec Isec cosθ

Input power = output power + losses

Total losses = copper loss + iron loss
Power Output = Vsec Isec cosθ
Copper loss = Ip2Rp + Is2Rs
If the input power to a transformer is 650 watts and the output
power is 610 watts, what is the efficiency?
 Sketch parts of
a basic transformer

What is the symbol of

transformer?
 The Importance of
The Core Material
Made with various materials as the core (the magnetic path).

 Air core - provides the least coupling, but is ideal for high frequencies (especially RF).
Permeability is 1.
 Iron core - A misnomer, since all "iron" cored transformers are steel, with various
additives to improve the magnetic properties. Permeability is typically about 500 and
upwards.
 Powdered Iron core - Steel magnetic particles formed into a core and held together
with a bonding agent, and fired at high temperature to create a ceramic-like material
with very good properties at medium to high frequencies (over 1 MHz). Especially
suited to applications where there is a significant DC component in the winding or for
very high power. Permeability is typically 40-90.
 Ferrite core - A magnetic ceramic, usually using exotic magnetic materials to obtain
extremely high permeability and excellent high frequency performance (from 50 kHz to
over 1MHz). An astonishing range of different formulations is available for different
applications. Permeability is from about 500 up to 9,000 or more.
 Primary Winding and
Secondary Winding
• Primary winding is defined as a coil forming the part of an
electrical circuit such that changing current in it induces a
current in a neighbouring circuit.

• Secondary winding is defined as a coil such that current is

induced in it by passing a current through the primary coil.
 Turn Ratio

 The transformer turns ratio is the number of turns of the

primary winding divided by the number of turns of the
secondary coil.

 The transformer turns ratio provides the expected

operation of the transformer and the corresponding voltage
required on the secondary winding.
 If we ignore the loss-loss of the iron core and winding, the
output is equal to the input power:

 In other words, the power in primary winding is equal to the

power in secondary winding:

 Thus, the ratio of the transformer can include current

elements, and equation 6.1 can be written as:
The Relationship between Primary and
Secondary Voltages and The Turn Ratio

An idealised step-down transformer showing resultant flux in the core

How Transformer Increases and
Decreases Voltage
• “Step-up” or “Step-down” voltages.
• It were possible to have 100% efficiency, all of the
power in the primary would be transferred to the
secondary.
• The product of V and I in the secondary would equal
the product of V and I in the primary, and the
current step-up or step-down ratio would be inverse
to the voltage step-up or step-down ratio in order
for the V × I products to be the same.
 How a Step-up Transformer Works
 A step up transformer takes a specific input voltage on the
primary coil and induces a specific higher voltage on the
secondary coil, hence the name step-up.
 The secondary voltage is determined by the ratio of turns on
the secondary to primary coils respectively.
 For example, a transformer with 100 turns on the primary
and 1000 turns on the secondary will produce a secondary
voltage that is 10 times the primary voltage.
Identify a step-up transformer
by its turn ratio
• If the secondary winding Ns has more turns than
the primary winding Np, namely Ns > Np, so its
turns ratio is a < 1.

• In that case, we have a step-up transformer.

 How a Step-down Transformer Works
• The uses of step down transformers range from large devices used in our electrical
power systems to smaller units found in electronic equipment.
• In our electrical power systems, a step up transformer is used at power plants to
carry current through transmission lines.
• Before the electricity's arrival at its final destination, a step down transformer is
used to lower voltage input.
• In electronic equipment, step down transformers are used largely ahead of a
rectifier. These step down transformers, which primarily are the 1-100 W power
level, are used in loudspeakers in radios, television sets and high fidelity
equipment.
• They are sometimes called audio transformers, and they reproduce sound-wave
frequencies with minimal distortion over the full sound power levels.
Identify A Step-down Transformer by
It Turns Ratio
• If the secondary winding Ns has fewer turns than the
primary winding Np, namely Ns < Np, so its turns ratio is
a > 1.
• In that case, we have a step-down transformer .
• In some cases, if a = 1 namely Ns = Np, we call it coupling
transformer.
 DC Isolation

• DC Isolation and Protection Circuit is a precision analog electronic

circuit that is capable of sending accurate signals from computer
and electrical devices to an external device that has hostile
electrical characteristics, including the presence of very large
common load voltages or different ground potential.
• The DC isolation and protection circuit also provides protection in
the case of accidental connection of the output leads to power lines
or other sources of high voltage systems that may damage electrical
components.
The Effect of A Resistive Load Across
The Secondary Winding
The Current Delivered by The Secondary When
A Step-up Transformer Is Loaded
 The Current Delivered by The
Secondary When a step-down
transformer is loaded

Example 7 but this time, take V1 = 10 kV and

V2 = 400 V. Repeat the same solution to obtain the
turn ratio, I1, I2 and the ratio of the ohmic power
losses.
Calculate Power In A Transformer
Solve this
problem!!