UNIT 5: Trigonometry

c ha p te r

10
introduction to trig-
onometry & trigono-
metric identities

Syllabus
 Introduction to Trigonometry : Trigonometric ratios of an acute angle of a right-angled
triangle. Proof of their existence (well defined) motivate the ratios, which are defined at
0° and 90°. Values of the trigonometric ratios of 30°, 45° and 60°. Relationships between
the ratios.
 Trigonometric Identities : Proof and applications of the identity, sin2 A + cos2 A = 1.
Only simple identities to be given. Trigonometric ratios of complementary angles.

Trend Analysis
2018 2019 2020
List of Concepts Delhi Outside Delhi Outside Delhi Outside
Delhi Delhi Delhi
Trigonometric Ratios and 3 Q (1 M) 1 Q (1 M) 1 Q (1 M) 3 Q (1 M) 3 Q (1 M)
Complementary Angles 1 Q (3 M) 1 Q (3 M) 1 Q (2 M)
Trigonometric Identities 1 Q (4 M) 2 Q (3 M) 1 Q (4 M) 2 Q (1 M) 3 Q (1 M)
2 Q (4 M) 3 Q (3 M) 2 Q (2 M)
4 Q (3 M)

TOPIC - 1
Trigonometric Ratios and Complementary
Angles
Revision Notes

 In fig., a right triangle ABC right angled at B is given and ∠BAC = q is an acute
angle. Here side AB which is adjacent to ∠A is base, side BC opposite to ∠A is
perpendicular and the side AC is hypotenuse which is opposite to the right angle B.
C

A B
 Know the Formulae

The trigonometric ratios of ∠A in right triangle ABC are defined as

Perpendicular or opposite side BC
sine of ∠A = sin θ = =
Hypotenuse AC
Base or adjecent side AB
cosine of ∠A = cos θ = =
Hypotenuse AC
Perpendicular or opposite side BC
tangent of ∠A = tan θ = =
Base adjacent side AB

Base or adjacent side AB 1

cotangent of ∠A = cot θ = = =
Perpendicular or oppsite side BC tan θ
Hypotenuse AC 1
secant of ∠A = sec θ = = =
Base or adjacent side AB cosθ

Hypotenuse AC 1
cosecant of ∠A = cosec θ = = =
Perpendicular or opposite side BC sin θ
C

A B
It is clear from the above ratios that cosecant, secant and cotangent are the reciprocals of sine, cosine and tangent
respectively.
sin θ
Also, tan θ =
cos θ
cos θ
and cot θ =
sin θ
 The trigonometric ratios of an acute angle in a right triangle express the relationship between the angle and
length of its sides.
 The value of trigonometric ratio of an angle does not depend on the size of the triangle but depends on the angle
only.
 Complementary Angles:
Two angles are said to be complementary if their sum is 90°. Thus, (in fig.) ∠A and ∠C are complementary angles.
A

C
B
 Trigonometric Ratios of Complementary Angles:
We have, BC = Base, AB = Perpendicular, and AC = Hypotenuse, with respect to q.
AB BC AB
∴ sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ =
AC AC BC
AC AC BC
and cosec θ = , sec q = , cot θ = .
AB BC AB
Again, with respect to the angle (90° – q), BC = Perpendicular, AB = Base and AC = Hypotenuse
BC
∴ sin (90° – θ) = = cos θ
AC
 AB
cos (90° – θ) = = sin θ
AC
BC
tan (90° – θ) = = cot θ
AB
AB
cot (90° – θ) = = tan θ
BC
AC
sec (90° – θ) = = cosec θ
AB
AC
cosec (90° – θ) = = sec θ
BC

∠A 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

1 1 3
sin A 0 1
2 2 2

3 1 1
cos A 1 0
2 2 2

1
tan A 0 1 3 Not defined (∞)
3

1
cot A Not defined (∞) 3 1 0
3

2
sec A 1 2 2 Not defined (∞)
3

2
cosec A Not defined (∞) 2 2 1
3

Mnemonics

Concept
The relation of Trigonometric Ratios
In right angled DABC, we have C

BC BA BC
sin q = , cos q = , tan q = ,
AC AC AB
AB AC AC
cot q = , sec q = , cosec q =
BC BA BC
c B A

Interpretation:

Pandit P Perpendicular BC
Here, sin q = = = =
Har H Hypotenuse AC
Badri B Base BA
cos q = = = =
Har H Hypotenuse AC
Prasad P Perpendicular BC
tan q = = = =
Bhole B Base AB
 Bhole B Base AB
cot q = = = =
Prasad P Perpendicular BC
Har H Hypotenuse AC
sec q = = = =
Badri B Base BA
Har H Hypotenuse AC
cosec q = = = = .
Pandit P Perpendicular BC

Trigonometric Ratios
Hints: We learn these ratios in following ways:
P
"Some people have" sin q =
H
B
"Curly Brown Hair" cos q =
H
P
"Through proper Brushing" tan q = .
B
BC P C
(i) sin q = =
AC H
Interpretation: Some People Have H P
↓ ↓ ↓
sin q Perpendicular Hypotenuse
AB B A B
B
(ii) Cos q = =
AC H
Interpretation: Curly Brown Hair
↓ ↓ ↓
cos q Base Hypotenuse
BC P
(ii) tan q = =
AB B
Interpretation: Through Proper Brushing
↓ ↓ ↓
tan q Perpendicular Base

How is it done on the GREENBOARD?

Q.1. If 2 sin q = 1, find the value of Step II: q = 45° ...(ii)

sec2 q - cosec2 q. Step I: Now, sec2 q - cosec2 q.
= (sec2 45°)2 – (cosec2 45°)2
Solution
Step I: Given 2 sin q = 1 = ( 2)2 – ( 2)2

1 = 2 – 2
or, sin q = = sin 45° ...(i)
2 = 0
 Very Short Answer Type Questions 1 mark each


Q. 1. If sin A + cos B = 1, A = 30° and B is an acute [Q cos (90° – q) = sin q and tan (90° – q) = cot q] ½
angle, then find the value of B. 2 sin 23° cot 50°
= - – cos 0°
 R [CBSE SQP, 2020-21] sin 23° cot 50°
Sol. sin 30° + cos B = 1 = 2 – 1 – 1 [ cos 0° = 1]
1 = 0. ½
+ cos B = 1 ½
2 Q. 5. Find the value of (tan 1° tan 2° tan 3°... tan 89°).
1 1  U [CBSE OD Delhi Set-I, 2020]
\ cos B = 1 −
=
2 2 Sol. (tan 1° tan 2° tan 3° ... tan 89°)
= (tan 1° tan 89°)(tan 2° tan 88°)(tan 3° tan 87°)
 1

i.e., cos B = cos 60° Q cos 60° = 2   (tan 44° tan 46°) ... (tan 45°)
  = [tan 1° tan (90° – 1)][tan 2° tan (90° – 2)]
Hence, ∠B = 60°. ½  [tan 3° tan (90° – 3)] ... [tan 45° tan (90° – 45°)]
 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2020-21] = tan 1° cot 1° tan 2° cot 2° tan 3° cot 3°
cos 80°  (tan 44° cot 44°) ... tan 45° ½
Q. 2. Find the value of + cos 59° cosec 31°. 1 1 1 tan 44°
sin 10° = tan 1° × tan 2°. tan 3°. ... tan 45°

R [CBSE Delhi Set-I, 2020]
tan 1° tan 2° tan 3° tan 44°
cos 80 o 1 1 1 tan 44°
Sol. + cos 59° cosec 31° tan 1° × tan 2°. tan 3°. ... tan 45°
o
 tan 1° tan 2° tan 3° tan 44°
sin 10
cos ( 90° − 10° ) 1 = 1.1.1.1....1.1
= + cos (90° – 31°) × ½
sin 10° sin 31o  = 1. ½
sin 10 o 1 Q. 6. If tan A = cot B, then find the value of (A + B).
= + sin 31° ×
sin 10 o sin 31o  R + U [CBSE OD Set-II, 2020]
1 Sol. tan A = cot B (Given)
[Q cos(90° – q) = sin q and cosec q = ] ⇒ tan A = tan(90° – B)
sin θ
= 1 + 1 = 2. ½ [ tan (90° – q) = cot q]
 sin 35° 
2
 cos 43° 
2 ⇒ A = 90° – B
Q. 3. Find the value of   +   − 2 cos 60°. Hence, A + B = 90°. 1
cos 55°  sin 47° 
tan 35° cot 78°
– 2 cos 60°. Q. 7. Find the value of + .
 R [CBSE Delhi Set-II, 2020] cot 55° tan 12°
2
 sin 35°   cos 43°   R [CBSE OD Set-III, 2020]
Sol.  + – 2 cos 60°
 cos 55°   sin 47°  tan 35° cot 78° tan( 90° - 55°) cot( 90° - 12°)
Sol. + = +
2
cot 55° tan 12° cot 55° tan 12°
 sin(90° − 55°)   cos( 90° − 47°) 
=   +  – 2 cos 60°
 cos 55°   sin 47°  cot 55° tan 12°
= +
2 2 cot 55° tan 12°
cos 55°   sin 47°  – 2 cos 60°
=  + ½
 cos 55°   sin 47°   [tan (90° – q) = cot q and cot (90° – q) = tan q] ½
[Q sin (90° – q) = cos q and cos (90° – q = sin q)] = 1 + 1 = 2. ½
1  1 3
= (1)2 + (1)2 – 2 × Q cos 60° = 2  Q. 8. If sin a = and cos b = 0, then find the value of
2   2
= 1 + 1 – 1 = 1. ½ b – a. U [CBSE SQP, 2020]
2 cos 67° tan 40° Sol. 30°
Q. 4. Find the value of − – cos 0°.
sin 23° cot 50° [CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2020] 1
 R [CBSE Delhi Set-III, 2020] Detailed Solution:
2 cos 67° tan 40° 3
Sol. - – cos 0° sin a =
sin 23° cot 50° 2

2 cos( 90° - 23°) tan( 90° - 50°) 3

= - – cos 0° sin a = sin 60° [Q sin 60° = ]
sin 23° cot 50° 2
 a = 60° ∴ 3A = 90° + 24°

and cos b = 0 ∴ 3A = 114°

cos b = cos 90° [Q cos 90° = 0] ½ 114 o
b = 90° ∴ A = = 38° ½
3
Now, b – a = 90° – 60°
Hence, angle A = 38°.
= 30°. ½ 2 2
10. Evaluate: sin 60° + 2 tan 45° – cos 30°
Q.
Q. 9. Find A, if tan 2A = cot (A – 24°).
 A [CBSE OD Set-I, II, 2019]
 A [CBSE Delhi Set-I, II, III, 2019]
 [CBSE Delhi/OD 2018] Sol. sin2 60° + 2 tan 45° – cos2 30°
2 2
 [Board Term-I, 2016] æ 3ö æ 3ö
= ç 2 ÷ + 2(1) - ç 2 ÷
Sol. tan 2A = cot(90° – 2A) ½ è ø è ø
90° – 2A = A – 24° ½ [For any two correct values] ½

⇒ A = 38° = 2 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019]
2 2
Detailed Solution: Q. 11. What is the value of (cos 67° – sin 23°) ?
Given, tan 2A = cot (A – 24°)  U [CBSE Delhi/OD, 2018]
⇒ cot (90° – 2A) = cot (A – 24°) ½ Sol. Q cos2 67° = cos2 (90° – 23°) = sin2 23°
[∴ tan q = cot (90° – q)] \ sin2 23° – sin2 23° = 0
On comparing angles, we get
90° – 2A = A – 24° [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] 1
Detailed Solution:

Topper Answer, 2018

Q. 12. If tan 2A = cot (A – 18°), where 2A is an acute angle, find the value of A. C + U [CBSE Delhi/OD, 2018]
Sol. tan 2A = cot (A – 18°)
⇒ 90° – 2A = A – 18° ½
⇒ 3A = 108° ½
⇒ A = 36° [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]

Detailed Solution:

Topper Answer, 2018

1
 Q. 14. If sec q.sin q = 0, then find the value of q.
COMMONLY MADE ERROR  R [Board Term-1, 2016]
Sol. Given, sec q.sin q = 0
 Generally conversion from tan to cot is sin θ
not done and the angles are equated and or, = 0
cos θ
simplified incorrectly.
or, tan q = 0 = tan 0°
\ q = 0° 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
ANSWERING TIP
sin 25° tan 23°
Q. 15. Find the value of cos 65° + cot 67° .
 The candidates should remember to 
convert the tan to cot before equating the U [Board Term-1, 2015]
angles.
sin 25° tan 23° = sin 25° tan 23°
Sol. + +
Q. 13. If sin q = cos q, then find the value of 2 tan q cos ( 90° - 25° ) cot ( 90° - 23°)
cos65° cot 67°
+ cos2 q. U [CBSE SQP, 2018] = 1 + 1 = 2 1
Sol. Given, sin q = cos q q = 45° [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
1 5 Q. 16. If cos 2A = sin (A – 15°), find A.
2tan q + cos2 q = 2 + =  U [Board Term-1, 2015]
2 2
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] 1 Sol. sin (90° – 2A) = sin(A – 15°)
Detailed Solution: or, 90° – 2A = A – 15°
We have, sin q = cos q or, 3A = 105°
\ A = 35° 1
We know that, cos q = sin (90° – q)
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
\ sin q = sin (90° – q)
Q. 17. If tan (3x + 30°) = 1, then find the value of x.
⇒ q = 90° – q U [Board Term-1, 2015]

⇒ 2q = 90°
Sol. tan(3x + 30°) = 1 = tan 45°
⇒ q = 45°. ½ or, 3x + 30° = 45° or, x = 5° 1
Now, 2 tan q + cos2 q = 2 tan 45° + cos2 45° [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
2
 1  Q. 18. What happens to value of cos q when q increases
= 2 × 1 + 
 2  from 0° to 90° ? A [Board Term-1, 2015]

1 5 Sol. cos q decreases from 1 to 0. 1

= 2 + = . ½
2 2 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]

Short Answer Type Questions-I 2 marks each

3 1 1 Detailed Solution:
Q. 1. If tan A = , find the value of + .
4 sin A cos A 3
We have, tan A =
 R [CBSE SQP, 2020-21] 4
Perpendicular
3 3k =
Sol. Given that, tan A = = ½ Base
4 4k 
3k 3 i.e., perpendicular = 3k and base = 4k.
sin A = = Let ABC be a right angled triangle, then BC = 3k
5k 5
and AB = 4k
4k 4
cos A =
= ½ C
5k 5
1 1 5 5
+ = + ½
sin A cos A 3 4 3k
20 + 15
=
12
35 A 4k B
½
=
12  Now AC2 = AB2 + BC2

[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2020-21]  (By using Pythagoras theorem)
 = (4k2) + (3k)2 AC 1.5 15
(i) tan q = = = ½
= 16k2 + 9k2 AD 2.6 26 
= 25k2 CD CD
⇒
AC = 5k ½ (ii) sec q + cosec q = +
AD AC
BC 3k 3

Now, sin A = = =  ½ 3 3 41
AC 5k 5
= + = . ½
2.6 1.5 13 
AB 4k 4
and cos A = = = ½ Q. 4. A, B, C are interior angles of DABC. Prove that
AC 5k 5
1 1 æ A + Bö C
1 1 5 5 cosec ç = sec
+
Hence, = + = + è 2 ÷ø 2
sin A cos A 3/5 4/5 3 4
20 + 15 35  U [CBSE Comptt. Set-I, II, III, 2018]
= = . ½
12 12  Sol. A + B + C = 180°

Q. 2. If 3 sin θ – cos θ = 0 and 0° < θ < 90°, find the A+B C

= 90° – 1
value of θ. U [Board SQP, 2020-21] 2 2
A + Bö Cö
cosec æç æ
Sol. Here 3 sin θ – cos θ = 0 and 0° < θ < 90° C
= cosec ç 90° - ÷ = sec 1

è 2 ÷ø è 2ø 2
or, 3 sin θ = cos θ
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]
sin θ 1
or, =  1 Detailed Solution:
cos θ 3
As we know that the sum of interior angles of a
1 triangle is 180°.
or, tan θ =
3 \
A + B + C = 180° ½
é sin q ù ⇒
A + B = 180° – C
= tan 30° êQtan q = cos q ú Dividing by 2 on both sides,
ë û
A+B 180 − C
\
θ = 30°. 1 =
2 2
Q. 3. The rod AC of TV disc antenna is fixed at right
angles to wall AB and a rod CD is supporting the C
= 90° − ½
disc as shown in figure. If AC=1.5 m long and CD 2
= 3 m, find (i) tan q and (ii) sec q + cosec q. Multiplying by cosec on both sides,
 A + B  C
cosec  = cosec  90° − 
 2   2

 A + B C
Hence Proved 1
⇒
cosec  = sec .
 2  2 

Q. 5. Evaluate:
3 tan 2 30° + tan 2 60° + cos ec 30° − tan 45°
 C + R [CBSE OD Set-II, 2020] cot 2 45°
Sol. Given, AC = 1.5 m
 U [Board Term-1, 2016]
and CD = 3 m
2 2
Sol. 3 tan 30° + tan 60° + co sec 30° - tan 45°
1.5 cm
A C
cot 2 45°
2
 1 
3× + ( 3 )2 + 2 − 1
 3 
3 cm
= 1
(1)2 
D  ½ 1
In right angled triangle CAD, 3× +3+ 2 −1
= 3
AD2 + AC2 = DC2 (Using Pythagoras theorem) 1

⇒ AD2 + (1.5)2 = (3)2
= 1 + 3 + 2 – 1 = 5 1
⇒ AD2 = 9 – 2.25 = 6.75
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
⇒
AD = 6.75 = 2.6 m (Approx) ½
 Sol. sin 30° cos 60° + cos 30° sin 60°
COMMONLY MADE ERROR
1 1 3 3
= × + × 1
2 2 2 2 
 Sometimes students get confused with
1 3
the values of trigonometric angles. They + =
substitute wrong values which leads to 4 4
the wrong result. 4
= = 1 1
4
It is equal to sin 90° = 1 but not equal to cos 90° as
ANSWERING TIP cos 90° = 0. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
Q. 8. Find cosec 30° and cos 60° geometrically.
 Memorize the values of trigonometric  U [Board Term-1, 2015]
angles properly and practice more such
Sol. A
problems to not to get confused.

1
Q. 6. If sin (A + B) = 1 and sin (A – B) = ,0≤A+B
2
≤ 90° and A > B, then find A and B.
 U [Board Term-1, 2016]
Sol. Here, sin (A + B) = 1 = sin 90° B C
D
or, A + B = 90° ...(i) Let a triangle ABC with each side equal to 2a. ½
1 ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = 60°
sin (A – B) = = sin 30° 1
2 Draw AD perpendicular to BC
or, A – B = 30° ...(ii) DBDA ≅ DCDA (by RHS) ½
Solving eq. (i) and (ii), BD = CD
∠BAD = ∠CAD = 30° (by c.p.c.t)
A = 60° and B = 30° 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
AB 2 a
In DBDA, cosec 30° = = =2 ½
BD a
Q. 7. Find the value of :
sin 30°. cos 60° + cos 30°. sin 60° BD a 1
and cos 60° = = = ½
Is it equal to sin 90° or cos 90° ? AB 2 a 2
 U [Board Term-1, 2016] [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]

Short Answer Type Questions-II 3 marks each

Q. 1. Evaluate: cos2 ( 45o + q) + {cos[90° − ( 45° + q)}2

2 o 2 =
cos ( 45 + q) + cos ( 45° − q) tan( 60 o + q) × tan[90° − ( 60 o + q)]
o o
tan(60 + q) × tan(30 − q)  + (cot 30° + sin 90°) × (tan 60° – sec 0°) 1
+ (cos 30° + sin 90°) × (tan 60° – sec 0°) cos ( 45 + q) + sin 2 ( 45° + q)
2 o

 A [CBSE SQP 2020] =

tan( 60 o + q) × cot( 60 o + q)
cos2 ( 45o + q) + cos2 ( 45° − q)  + (cot 30° + sin 90°) × (tan 60° – sec 0°) ½
Sol.
tan( 60 o + q) × tan( 30 o − q) 1
=
+ (cot 30° + sin 90°) × (tan 60° – sec 0°) 1
tan( 60° + θ) ×
cos ( 45 + q) + sin 2 ( 45° + q)
2 o tan( 60° + θ)

= + ( 3 + 1) ´ ( 3 - 1)  2
tan( 60 o + q) × cot( 60 o + q)  + (cot 30° + sin 90°) × (tan 60° – sec 0°)
= 1 + 2 = 3 [CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2020] 1
 [Q sin2 q + cos2 q = 1] ½
Detailed Solution: = 1 + ( 3 + 1) × ( 3 − 1)
2 o 2
cos ( 45 + q) + cos ( 45° − q)  [Q (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2] ½
Given,
tan( 60 o + q) × tan( 30 o − q) = 1 + 3 – 1

+ (cot 30° + sin 90°) × (tan 60° – sec 0°) = 3. ½
 1
Q. 2. If tan (A + B) = 1 and tan (A – B) = , 0° < A + B < 90°, A > B, then find the values of A and B.
3

R [CBSE Delhi Region, 2019]

Topper Answer, 2017

Sol.

Q. 3. Evaluate: Detailed Solution:

o 2
LHS =
 3 sin 43 o
cos 37 cosec 53 o
2
 o 
- æ 3 sin 43o ö cos 37 o cosec 53o
 cos 47  tan 5 tan 25o tan 45° tan 65o tan 85o
o
ç ÷ -
è cos 47 o ø tan 5o tan 25o tan 45o tan 65o tan 85o

 A [CBSE OD Set-I, III, 2019] 2
æ 3 sin 43o ö
= ç
÷
æ 3 sin 43o ö cos 37 o cosec 53 o è cos( 90 o - 43o ) ø
Sol. ç –
o ÷
è cos 47 ø tan 5 tan 25o tan 45o tan 65o tan 85o
o
cos 37 o cosec (90 o - 37 o )
– 1
æ 3 sin 43o ö
2 tan 5 tan 25o ´ 1 ´ tan( 90 o - 25o )tan( 90 o - 5o )
o

= ç cos( 90 o - 43o ) ÷ 2
è ø æ 3 sin 43o ö cos 37 o ´ sec37 o
= ç
o ÷
- 1
è sin 43 ø tan 5 tan 25o cot 25o cot 5o
o
cos 37 o cosec (90 o - 37 o ) 
– 1
tan 5o tan 25o (1)tan( 90 o - 25o )tan( 90 o - 5o ) 1
cos 37 o ´
cos 37 o
2 =9–
½
æ 3 sin 43o ö cos 37 o sec 37° 1 1
= ç – 1 tan 5o tan 25o ´ ´
o ÷ tan 25o tan 5o 
è sin 43 ø tan 5 tan 25o (1)cot 25o cot 5o
o

1
1 = 9- =9–1

= 9 - = 8 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 1 1
1

= 8. ½
 4 sin q - cos q + 1 ö Alternative Method:
Q. 4. If 4 tan q = 3, evaluate æç
è 4 sin q + cos q - 1 ÷ø Given 4 tan q = 3
3
 U [CBSE Delhi/OD, 2018] tan q =
4
Sol. Given, 4 tan q = 3
9
3 tan2 q =
⇒ tan q = 16
4
9
3 4 sec2 q = 1 + tan2 q = 1 +
⇒ sin q = and cos q = ½ 16
5 5
3 4 25 5
4 ´ - +1 sec q = =
4 sin q - cos q + 1 ö
\ æç ÷ = 5 5 1
16 4
è 4 sin q + cos q - 1 ø 3 4
4 ´ + -1 4 sin θ − cos θ + 1
5 5
4 sin θ + cos θ − 1
13
1 = Divide by cos q
11
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] 4 tan θ − 1 + sec θ
=
4 tan θ + 1 − sec θ
Detailed Solution:
We have 4 tan q = 3 5
3−1+
3 = 4
⇒ tan q =
5
4 3+1−
4
Perpendicular
We have, tan q = 5
Base 2+
4 8+5 13
Let perpendicular = 3x and = = =
5 16 − 5 11
4−
Base = 4x 4
Also let ABC be a right angled D.

AC = AB2 + BC 2
COMMONLY MADE ERROR
 (By using Pythagoras theorem)
 Mostly candidates do not find the values
C
of sine and cosine. Some candidates do
the wrong calculation.

ANSWERING TIP
A B
 Candidates should find the value of sin q
\
AC = 16 x 2 + 9 x 2 and cos q by using Pythagoras theorem.

= 25x 2 = 5x
3
Q. 5. If sin (A + 2B) = and cos(A + 4B) = 0, A > B,
BC 3x 3 2
Then sin q = = =
AC 5x 5 and A + 4B ≤ 90°, then find A and B.
AB 4x 4  C + U [CBSE Comptt. Set-I, II, III, 2018]
and cos q = = = 1
AC 5x 5
3
3 4 Sol. Given, sin (A + 2B) = ⇒ A + 2B = 60° 1
4× − +1 2
4 sin θ − cos θ + 1 5 5
\
= ⇒ cos (A + 4B) = 0, ⇒ A + 4B = 90° 1
4 cos θ + cos θ − 1 4 × 3 + 4 − 1
5 5 Solving, we get A = 30° and B = 15° ½+½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]
8 13
+1 Detailed Solution:
= 5 = 5
16 11 3
−1 We have sin (A + 2B) =
5 5 2

13 \
sin (A + 2B) = sin 60° ½
= . 1 ⇒
A + 2B = 60° ...(i) ½
11 
 and cos (A + 4B) = 0 P
Q. 7.
\ cos (A+ 4B) = cos 90° [Q cos 90° = 0] ½
⇒ A + 4B = 90° ...(ii) ½
Solving eq. (i) and (ii), we get
A = 30° and B = 15°. 1

Q. 6. If in a triangle ABC right angled at B, AB = 6 units
and BC = 8 units, then find the value of sin A.cos C
+ cos A.sin C. U [Board Term-1, 2016]
2 2 2 2
Sol. Here, AC = (8k) + (6k) = 100k Q R
or, AC = 10k In the given ∆PQR, right–angled at Q, QR = 9 cm
C and PR – PQ = 1 cm. Determine the value of
sin R + cos R.  U [Board Term-1, 2015]

Sol. P
8k

A 6k B
8k 6

\ sin A = , cos A = 1
10 k 10 
Q R
6k 8
and sin C = , cos C = 1 PQ2 + QR2 = PR2
10 k 10 
(By Pythagoras theorem)
\ sin A cos C + cos A sin C
or, PQ2 + 92 = PR2
or, PQ2 + 81 = (PQ + 1)2
8 8 6 6
× + × = or, PQ2 + 81 = PQ2 + 1 + 2PQ
10 10 10 10 or, PQ = 40
64 36 PR – PQ = 1 (Given)
= +
100 100 or, PR = 1 + 40
or, PR = 41
100
1 = = 1. 40 9 49
100 ∴ sin R + cos R = + = 3
41 41 41
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]

Long Answer Type Questions 5 marks each

Q. 1. Evaluate: Let cot θ = x,

Sol.
tan2 30° sin 30° + cos 60° sin2 90° tan2 60° – 2 tan 45°
then 3 cot2 θ – 4 cot θ + 3 = 0 becomes
cos2 0° sin 90° R [Board Term-1, 2015]
2
3 x – 4x + 3 = 0 1
Sol. tan2 30° sin 30° + cos 60° sin2 90° tan2 60
– 2 tan 45° cos2 0° sin 90°
or, 3 x2 – 3x – x + 3 =0

 1  1 1
2 or, (x – 3 )( 3 x – 1) = 0
( 3)
2
× + × (1) ×
2
=  − 2 × 1 × 12 × 1
 3  2 2 ∴
x = 3 or
1
1

3
1 1 1
= 3 ´ 2 + 2 × 1 × 3 – 2 × 1 × 1 × 1. 1
or, cot θ = 3 or cot θ = 1
3 
1 3 1 + 9 - 12
= + -2 = ∴ θ = 30° or θ = 60°
6 2 6
If θ = 30°, then
2 1 2
= - =- [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 5  1 
6 3 cot2 30° + tan2 30° = ( 3 )2 + 

 3 
2 1 10
Q. 2. If 3 cot θ – 4cot θ + 3 = 0, then find the value
= 3 + =  1
of cot θ + tan2 θ.
2 U 3 3

If θ = 60°, then or, B + C – A = 45° ...(ii) 1
2 Adding eqns. (i) and (ii), we get
 1 
cot2 60° + tan2 60° = 
+ ( 3 )2 2B = 75°
 3 
or, B = 37.5° 1
1 10
= +3=  1 Now subtracting eqn. (ii) from eqn. (i),
3 3
2(A – C) = – 15°
Q. 3. In an acute angled triangle ABC, if sin (A + B – C)
1 1 or, A – C = – 7.5° ...(iii)
= and cos (B + C – A ) = , find ∠A, ∠B
2 2  A + B + C = 180° 1
and ∠C. A or, A + C = 142.5° ...(iv)
Sol. We have Adding eqns. (iii) and (iv),
1
sin (A + B – C ) = = sin 30° 2A = 135°
2
or, A = 67.5°
or, A + B – C = 30° ...(i) 1
and C = 75°
1
and cos ( B + C – A ) = = cos 45° Hence, ∠A = 67.5°, ∠B = 37.5° and ∠C = 75° 1
2

TOPIC - 2
Trigonometric Identities

Revision Notes

 An equation is called an identity if it is true for all values of the variable(s) involved. A

 An equation involving trigonometric ratios of an angle is called a trigonometric identity if

it is true for all values of the angle.
In ∆ ABC, right-angled at B, By Pythagoras Theorem,
AB2 + BC2 = AC2 ...(i)
2
Dividing each term of (i) by AC ,
AB2 BC 2 AC 2
+ =
AC 2 AC 2 AC 2 C B

2 2 2
 AB   BC   AC 
or   +   =  
AC  AC  AC 
or (cos A)2 + (sin A)2 = 1
or cos2 A + sin2 A = 1 ...(ii)
This is true for all values of A such that 0° ≤ A ≤ 90°. So, this is a trigonometric identity. Now
divide eqn.(i) by AB2.
AB2 BC 2 AC 2
2
+ 2
=
AB AB AB2
2 2 2
 AB   BC   AC 
or   +   =  
AB  AB  AB 
or 1 + tan2 A = sec2 A...(iii)
Is this equation true for A = 0°? Yes, it is. What about A = 90°? Well, tan A and sec A are not defined for A = 90°.
So, eqn. (iii) is true for all values of A such that 0° ≤ A < 90°.
Again dividing eqn. (i) by BC2.
AB2 BC 2 AC 2
2
+ 2 =
BC BC BC 2

 2 2 2
 AB   BC   AC 
or   +   = 
 BC 
BC  BC 
or cot A + 1 = cosec2 A ...(iv)
2

Note that cosec A and cot A are not defined for all A = 0°. Therefore eqn. (iv) is true for all value of A such that
0° < A ≤ 90°.
Using these identities, we can express each trigonometric ratio in terms of other trigonometric ratios, i.e., if any
one of the ratios is known, we can determine the values of other trigonometric ratios.

How is it done on the GREENBOARD?

1 sec θ + tan θ
Q.1. Prove that. =

sec θ − tan θ sec2 θ − tan2 θ
1 + sin θ [ (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2]
=
cos θ = sec q + tan q

Solution [ sec2 q – tan2 q = 1]
1
Step I: L.H.S. = 1 sin θ
sec θ − tan θ =
+
cos θ cos θ
Multiplying with sec q + tan q
1 sec θ + tan θ 1+ sin θ
L.H.S. = × =
= R.H.S.
sec θ − tan θ sec θ + tan θ cos θ

Very Short Answer Type Questions 1 mark each

Q. 1. If x = 2 sin2 q and y = 2 cos2 q + 1, then find the = sin2 q + cos2 q

value of x + y. C [CBSE SQP, 2020-21] 1
[Q = cos q]
Sol. 2 2
x + y = 2 sin q + 2 cos q + 1 ½ secθ
= 2(sin2 q + cos2 q) + 1 = 1. [Q sin2 q + cos2 q = 1] ½
 (As sin2 x + cos2 x = 1) Q. 3. Find the value of (1 + tan2 q)(1 – sin q)(1 + sin q).
= 3. ½  U [CBSE Delhi Set-I, 2020]
 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2020-21]
Sol. (1 + tan2 q)(1 – sin q)(1+ sin q)
Detailed Solution:
[Q 1 + tan2 q = sec2 q]
We have x = 2 sin2 q
= sec2 q(1 – sin q)(1 + sin q)
and y = 2 cos2 q + 1
= sec2 q(1 – sin2 q)
Then, x + y = 2 sin2 q + 2 cos2 q + 1 ½
[ (a – b)(a + b) = a2 – b2] ½
= 2(sin2 q + cos2 q) + 1
= sec2 q × cos2 q[Q 1 – sin2 q = cos2 q]
= 2 × 1 + 1
1 1
 [Q sin2 q + cos2 q = 1] = × cos2 q [Q sec q = ]
= 2 + 1 = 3. ½ cos2 q cosθ
 1  = 1. ½
Q. 2. Find the value of  sin 2 θ + 
 1 + tan 2 θ   [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2020]

U [CBSE Delhi Set-I, 2020]

Q. 4. If sin A + sin2 A = 1, then find the value of the

expression (cos2 A + cos4 A).
1 1
Sol. sin2 q + 2
= sin2 q + 2  C + U [CBSE OD Set-I, 2020]
1 + tan q sec q
Sol. Given, sin A + sin2 A = 1
[Q 1 + tan q = sec2 q] ½ 2
⇒ sin A = 1 – sin2 A = cos2 A ½
 On squaring both sides, we get = sin2 32° + cos2 32°
sin2 A = cos4 A = 1.  [sin2 q + cos2 q = 1] ½
⇒ 1 – cos2 A = cos4 A

Q. 7. If sin q + cos q = 2 cos q, (q ¹ 90°) then the value
⇒ cos A + cos4 A = 1.
2
½
Q. 5. Find the value of sin 23° cos 67° + cos 23° sin 67°. of tan q is : A [CBSE SQP, 2020]
 R [CBSE OD Set-II, 2020]
Sol. sin 23° cos 67° + cos 23° sin 67° Sol. 2 - 1 [CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2020]
= sin 23° cos (90° – 23°) + cos 23° sin (90° – 23°)
Detailed Solution:
= sin 23° sin 23° + cos 23° cos 23°
[Q cos (90° – q) = sin q and sin (90° – q) = cos q] ½ sin q + cos q = 2 cos q
= sin2 23° + cos2 23° sin q + cos q
= 1.  [sin2A + cos2A = 1] ½
or, = 2 ½
cos q
Q. 6. Find the value of sin 32° cos 58° + cos 32° sin 58°.
 R [CBSE OD Set-III, 2020] sin q cos q

or, + = 2
Sol. sin 32° cos 58° + cos 32° sin 58° cos q cos q
= sin 32° cos (90° – 32°) + cos 32° sin (90° – 32°)
or, tan q + 1 = 2
= sin 32° sin 32° + cos 32° cos 32°
[Q cos (90° – q) = sin q and sin (90° – q) = cos q] ½
or, tan q = 2 – 1. ½
5
Q. 8. If tan a = , find the value of sec a. [CBSE Delhi Region, 2019]
12

Topper Answer, 2019

Sol.

1
2
2
1 Q. 10. If k + 1 = sec q(1 + sin q)(1 – sin q), then find the
Q. 9. Write the value of cot q – 2 value of k. C + U [Board Term-1, 2015]
sin q
 U [CBSE SQP, 2018] k + 1 = sec2 q(1 + sin q)(1 – sin q)
Sol.
or, k + 1 = sec2 q(1 – sin2 q)
1 or, k + 1 = sec2 q.cos2 q [Q sin2 q + cos2 q = 1]
Sol. cot2 q –
= cot2 q – cosec2 q 1
sin 2 q or, k + 1 = sec2 q ×
sec 2 θ
= cot2 q – 1 – cot2 q
or, k + 1 = 1 ½
= –1 1 or, k = 1 – 1 ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] ∴ k = 0. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
 Short Answer Type Questions-I 2 marks each

cot 2 α Q. 4. Prove that:

Q. 1. Prove that: 1 + = cosec a.
1 + cosec α (sin 4 θ + cos 4 θ) A [Board Term-1, 2015]
 = 1 
A [CBSE OD Set-I, 2020] 1 - 2 sin 2 θ cos2 θ
cot 2 α
Sol. L.H.S = 1 + Sol. (sin 4 θ + cos4 θ)
1 + cosec α LHS =
1 - 2 sin 2 θ cos2 θ
2

cosec α − 1
= 1 + (sin 2 θ)2 + (cos2 θ)2
1 + cosec α =
1 - 2 sin 2 θ cos2 θ
(1+cosec α )(cosec α − 1)
= 1 + 1
1 + cosec α  (sin 2 θ + cos2 θ)2 - 2 sin 2 θ cos2 θ
=
= 1 + cosec a – 1 1 - 2 sin 2 θ cos2 θ
= cosec a = R.H.S.
\ L.H.S = R.H.S. Hence Proved. 1 1 - 2 sin 2 θ cos2 θ
= = 1 = RHS 2
Q. 2. Show that tan4 q + tan2 q = sec4 q – sec2 q 1 - 2 sin 2 θ cos2 θ
 A [CBSE OD Set-I, 2020] Hence Proved
Sol. L.H.S. = tan4 q + tan2 q
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
= tan2 q(1 + tan2 q)
= tan2 q × sec2 q 1
= (sec2 q – 1)sec2 q COMMONLY MADE ERROR
= sec4 q – sec2 q = R.H.S.
Q L.H.S = R.H.S. Hence Proved. 1  Some students make mistakes to prove
Q. 3. Express the trigonometric ratio of sec A and tan A the sum and become confused.
in terms of sin A. U [Board Term-1, 2015]

1 1
Sol. sec A = = 1 ANSWERING TIP
cos A 1 - sin 2 A

sin A sin A
and tan A = = 1  Follow step by step simplification to avoid
cos A 1 - sin 2 A errors.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]

Short Answer Type Questions-II 3 marks each

Q. 1. sin q + cos q = 3 , then prove that sin q cos q

∴
tan q + cot q = +
tan q + cot q = 1 A [CBSE SQP 2020] cos q sin q
 [CBSE Delhi Set-I, 2020]
sin 2 q + cos2 q
=
sin q + cos q =
Sol. 2
3 ⇒ (sin q + cos q) = 3 1 cos q sin q


⇒ 1 + 2 sin q cos q = 3 ⇒ sin q cos q = 1
1 1
sin q cos q =
∴ tan q + cot q =
+ = 1 1 cos q sin q
cos q sin q
[CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2020] 1
= = 1 [From equation (i)] 1
1
Detailed Solution: 
Hence Proved
Given sin q + cos q = 3
Q. 2. Prove that:
Squaring on both sides,
2
2(sin6 q + cos6 q) – 3(sin4 q + cos4 q) + 1 = 0.
(sin q + cos q)2 = ( 3 )  1
 A [CBSE Delhi Set-II, 2020]
sin2 q + cos2 q + 2 sin q cos q = 3 Sol. L.H.S.
1 + 2 sin q cos q = 3
= 2 (sin6 q + cos6 q) – 3 (sin4 q + cos4 q) + 1
2 sin q cos q = 2
= 2 [(sin2 q)3 + (cos2 q)3] – 3 (sin4 q + cos4 q) + 1 ½
sin q cos q = 1 ... (i) 1
 = 2 [(sin2 q + cos2 q)(sin4 q – sin2 q cos2 q + cos4 q] Q. 5. If 1 + sin2 q = 3 sin q cos q, prove that tan q = 1
 – 3 (sin4 q + cos4 q) + 1 ½ 1
[ a + b3 = (a + b)(a2 – ab + b2)]
3 or . A [CBSE OD Set-II, 2020]
2 
= 2 (sin4 q – sin2 q cos2 q + cos4 q)
Sol. Given, 1 + sin2 q = 3 sin q cos q
 – 3 (sin4 q + cos4 q) + 1 [ sin2 q + cos2 q = 1] 1 On dividing by sin2 q on both sides, we get
= – sin4 q – cos4 q – 2sin2 q cos2 q + 1 1
= – (sin4 q + cos4 q + 2sin2 q cos2 q) + 1 2
+ 1 = 3 cot q 1
sin θ
= – (sin2 q + cos2 q)2 + 1
[ (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab] ½ é cos q ù
êQ cot q = sin q ú
= – 1 + 1 ë û
= 0 = R.H.S. Hence Proved. ½ ⇒ cosec2 q + 1 = 3 cot q
cot θ + cosec θ − 1 1 + cos θ ⇒ 1 + cot2 q + 1 = 3 cot q
Q. 3. Prove that: = . 2
cot θ - cosec θ + 1 sin θ ⇒ cot q – 3 cot q + 2 = 0 1
 ⇒ cot2 q – 2 cot q – cot q + 2 = 0
A [CBSE Delhi Set-III, 2020] ⇒ cot q(cot q – 2) – 1(cot q – 2) = 0
cot q + co sec q - 1 ⇒ (cot q – 2)(cot q – 1) = 0
Sol. L.H.S. =
cot q - co sec q + 1 If cot q = 1 or 2
cos q 1 1
+ -1 Then, tan q = 1 or .
sin q sin q  2
=  ½
cos q 1 Hence proved. 1
- +1
sin q sin q cos2 ( 45° + q) + cos2 ( 45° - q)
Q. 6. Show that : = 1.
sin q(cos q - sin q +1) tan(60° + q)tan(30° - q)
= ½ 
sin q(cos q + sin q - 1) U [CBSE OD Set-III, 2020]

sin q cos q - sin 2 q + sinq cos2 ( 45° + θ) + cos2 ( 45° − θ)
= Sol. L.H.S.
sin q(cos q + sin q - 1) tan( 60° + θ)tan( 30° − θ)

sin q cos q + sin q - (1 - cos2 q) cos2 ( 45° + θ) + cos2 {90° − ( 45° + θ)}
= 1
= 1 tan( 60° + θ)cot{90° − ( 30° − θ)}
sin q(cos q + sin q - 1) 

sin q(cos q + 1) - [(1 - cos q)(1 + cos q)] cos2 ( 45° + θ) + sin 2 ( 45° + θ)
= ½ = 1
sin q(cos q + sin q - 1) tan( 60° + θ)cot( 60° + θ)
 
(1 + cos q)(sin q - 1 + cos q) 1
= [ cos2q + sin2q = 1 and tan q = ]
sin q(cos q + sin q - 1) cot θ
1
1 + cos q =
= 1
sin q
= 1 = R.H.S. Hence, Proved. 1
= R.H.S. Hence Proved. ½
Q. 7. Prove that:
Q. 4. If sin q + cos q = 2 , prove that tan q + cot q = 2. (sin q + cosec q)2 + (cos q + sec q)2 = 7+tan2 q +
 A [CBSE OD Set-I, 2020] cot2 q A [CBSE Delhi Set-I, II, III, 2019]
 [CBSE SQP, 2017] [Board Term-I, 2015] LHS = sin2 q + cosec2 q +2sin q cosec q + cos2 q
Sol.
Sol. Given, sin q + cos q = 2 + sec2 q + 2 cos q sec q 1
On squaring both the sides, we get = (sin q + cos q) + cosec2 q + sec2 q
2 2

2 sin q cos q
(sin q + cos q)2 = ( 2 )2 + +2
sin q cos q
⇒ sin2 q + cos2 q + 2 sin q cos q = 2

= 1 + 1 + cot2 q + 1 + tan2 q + 2 + 2 1½
⇒
1 + 2 sin q cos q = 2
= 7 + cot2 q + tan2 q = RHS Hence Proved ½
⇒
2 sin q cos q = 2 – 1 = 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019]
1
⇒
=2 ...(i) 1 1
sin θ cos θ Q. 8. If sec q = x + , prove that sec q + tan q = 2x or
4x
sin θ cos θ 1
Now, tan q + cot q = + . A [CBSE Delhi Set-III, 2019]
cos θ sin θ 2x
sin 2 q + cos2 q 1 1
= ...(ii) 1 Sol. sec q = x +
cos q sin q cos θ sin θ  4x
From (i) and (ii) we get 2 1 1
sec2 q = x + + 2·x
tan q + cot q = 2 1 16 x 2 4x
 1 1

2
1 + tan2 q = x + + æ sin 2 q + cos2 q ö
16 x 2 2 = (cos q + sin q) ç ÷
è cos q sin q ø
1 1
2
tan2 q = x + + -1 cos q + sin q
16 x 2 2 = = cosec q + sec q = RHS 1
cos q sin q
2 1 1 Hence Proved
tan2 q = x + -
16 x 2 2 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]
1 1 3 3 3 3

2
tan2 q = x + − 2·x· Q. 11. Prove that: cos θ + sin θ + cos θ - sin θ = 2.
16 x 2 4x cos θ + sin θ cos θ - sin θ

2
æ 1ö U [CBSE Board Term-1, 2015]
tan2 q = ç x - ÷ 1
è 4x ø cos θ + sin θ cos3 θ - sin 3 θ
3 3

Sol. LHS = +
Taking square root on both sides cos θ + sin θ cos θ - sin θ
 1 (cos θ + sin θ)(cos2 θ + sin 2 θ - sin θ cos θ)
tan q = ±  x − 
 4x  =
(cos θ + sin θ)

1
If tan q = x − (cos θ - sin θ)(cos2 θ + sin 2 θ + sin θ cos θ)
4x + 1
(cos θ - sin θ)
1
Given, sec q = x +
4x = (1 – sin q cos q) + (1 + sin q cos q) 1

Now, tan q + sec q = 2x = 2 – sin q cos q + sin q cos q1
 1 1 = 2 = RHS  Hence proved.
If tan q = −  x −  = − x + 1
 4x  4x Q
. 12. If bcos q = a, then prove that cosec q + cot q
b+a
1 = . U [CBSE Board Term-1, 2015]
Given, sec q = x + b−a
4x
1 1 1 Sol. A
Now, sec q + tan q = + = 1
4 x 4 x 2x 
Hence Proved.
2 cos2 q - 1
Q. 9. Prove that: cot q – tan q =
sin q cos q
B C
 U [CBSE SQP, 2018]
a
LHS = cot q – tan q
Sol. 1 Given, cos q =
b
cos q sin q AC2 = AB2 – BC2
= - ½
sin q cos q
AC = b2 − a2 k
cos2 q - sin 2 q
= 1 b a
sin q cos q cosec q = , cot q =
2 2
b -a b - a2
2
2 2
cos q - 1 + cos q
= ½ b+a b+a
sin q cos q cosec q + cot q = 3 =
2 2 b-a
2
b -a
2 cos q - 1
= = RHS Hence Proved [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
sin q cos q

1 − cos θ
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] Q. 13. Prove that: (cot q – cosec q)2 =
1 + cos θ
Q. 10. Prove that: sin q (1 + tan q) + cos q (1 + cot q) = sec q
+ cosecq U [CBSE SQP, 2018]  U [CBSE Board Term-1, 2015]
Sol. LHS = (cot q – cosec q)2
Sol. LHS = sin q(1 + tan q) + cos q(1 + cot q) 1
2
æ sin q ö æ cos q ö  cos θ 1 
=  -
= sin q ç 1 +
è cos q ÷ø
+ cos q ç 1 +
è sin q ÷ø  sin θ sin θ 

2
æ cos q + sin q ö æ sin q + cos q ö  cos θ - 1 
= sin q ç ÷ + cos q ç 1 = 
è cos q ø è sin q ø÷ 
 sin θ 
 (1 - cos θ)2 COMMONLY MADE ERROR
= (Q sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1)
sin 2 θ

(1 - cos θ)2  Some students tried to prove the identity

= 2 by getting
(1 - cos θ)
1 − cos θ
(1 - cos θ)(1 - cos θ) cot q – cosec q =
= 1 + cos θ
(1 - cos θ)(1 + cos θ)

1 - cos θ
= ANSWERING TIP
1 + cos θ

= RHS Hence proved.  Students must be advised not to change

[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 3 the form of a given identity.

Long Answer Type Questions 5 marks each

sin A - cos A + 1 1 = sec A + tan A 1

Q. 1. Prove that =
sin A + cos A - 1 sec A - tan A (sec A + tan A )
= ´ (sec A - tan A )
(sec A - tan A )
 A [CBSE Delhi Set-I, 2019]

sin A − cos A + 1 sec 2 A - tan 2 A

Sol. LHS = =
sin A + cos A − 1 sec A - tan A
Dividing num. & deno. by cos A, 1
= = RHS  Hence Proved. 1
tan A − 1 + sec A sec A - tan A
= 1
tan A + 1 − sec A Q. 2. Prove that:
tan A − 1 + sec A tan 2 A c osec 2 A 1
= 2 2 1 + =
(tan A − sec A ) + (sec A − tan A )
2
tan A - 1
2
sec A - cosec A 2
1 - 2 cos2 A
tan A − 1 + sec A  A [CBSE Delhi Set-II, 2019]
= 2
(tan A − sec A ) + (1 − sec A − tan A )
sin 2 A 1
−1 1 2 2
= = = RHS 1 Sol. LHS = cos A + sin A 1
tan A − sec A sec A − tan A 2
sin A 1 1
−1 −
Hence Proved cos2 A cos2 A sin 2 A
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019]
sin 2 A cos2 A
Detailed Answer : = + 1
sin 2 A − cos2 A sin 2 A − cos2 A
sin A - cos A + 1 1
LHS =
sin A + cos A - 1 = 1½
sin 2 A − cos2 A
sin A - cos A + 1 1 + sin A 1
= ´ 1 = Hence Proved 1½
sin A + cos A - 1 1 + sin A 1 − 2 cos2 A

(sin A − cos A + 1)(1 + sin A ) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019]
=
sin A + cos A − 1 + sin 2 A + cos A sin A − sin A Q. 3. Prove that:
(sin A − cos A + 1)(1 + sin A ) sin θ sin θ
= 1 =2+
2
−1 + cos A + (1 − cos A ) + sin A cos A  cot θ + cosec θ cot θ − cosec θ


(sin A − cos A + 1)(1 + sin A ) A [CBSE OD, Set-I, 2019]
= 2
cos A − cos A + sin A cos A Sol. No sequence
sin θ sin θ
(sin A − cos A + 1)(1 + sin A ) = −
= 1 cosec θ + cot θ cot θ − cosec θ
cos A(1 − cos A + sin A )

sin θ sin θ
1 + sin A 1 sin A = +
= = + cosec θ + cot θ cosec θ − cot θ
cos A cos A cos A
 sin θ[cosec θ − cot θ + cosec θ + cot θ] = 2 2
=  1+1 sin θ
cosec 2 θ − cot 2 θ sin θ
Hence =2+ 1
cosec θ + cot θ cot θ − cosec θ

sin θ ( 2cosec θ)
=  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019]
1

Q. 4. Prove that:
1 1 1 1
2
+ 2
+ 2
+ 2
=2 A [CBSE Delhi, Region, 2019]
1 + sin θ 1 + cos θ 1 + sec θ 1 + cosec θ 

Topper Answer, 2019

Sol.

sin A - 2 sin 3 A sin A(1 - 2(1 - cos2 A ))

Q. 5. Prove that: 3
= tan A. = 1
2 cos A - cos A cos A( 2 cos2 A - 1)

U [CBSE Delhi/OD, 2018] [Board Term-I, 2015]
2
3
= tan A ( 2 cos A - 1) 1½
sin A - 2 sin A ( 2 cos2 A - 1)
Sol. LHS =
2 cos3 A - cos A
= tanA = RHS Hence Proved 1½
sin A(1 - 2 sin 2 A )
= 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]
cos A( 2 cos2 A - 1)

Detailed Solution:

Topper Answer, 2018

Sol.




(1 + p2)sin2 q + 2 sin q + (1 – p2) = 0

COMMONLY MADE ERROR D = 4 – 4(1 + p2)(1 – p2)
= 4 – 4(1 – p4) = 4p4 1
 Some common errors observed were: 4
(i) Working with both sides together. -2 ± 4 p -1 ± p 2
sin q = 2 = ½
(ii) Skipping of necessary steps so as to get 2(1 + p ) (1 + p 2 )

the answer.
(iii) Some opened the LHS expression but p2 - 1
= ,–1
failed to simplify and come to the RHS. p2 + 1

p2 + 1
\ cosec q = 2 , – 1 Hence Proved 1
p -1
ANSWERING TIP
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]
 Ensure that while proving identities Alternative Method:
students proceed with either LHS or Given sec q + tan q = p...(i)
RHS but must not work with both sides we know sec2 q – tan2 q = 1
simultaneously. (sec q + tan q)(sec q – tan q) = 1
p(sec q – tan q) = 1
Q. 6. If sec q + tan q = p, then find the value of cosec q. 1
\ sec q – tan q = ...(ii)
 U [CBSE SQP-2018] p

Add (i) and (ii) we get
Sol. sec q + tan q = p
1 p2 + 1
1 sin q 2 sec q = p + =
= + p p
cos q cos q

= 1 + sin q = pcos q p2 + 1
sec q =
2p
p 1 - sin 2 q
= 1
Subtract (ii) from (i)
(1 + sin q)2 = p2(1 – sin2 q) ½ 1 p2 − 1
2 2
1 + sin q + 2 sin q = p – p sin q 2 2
1 we get 2 tan q = p − =
p p
 p2 − 1 2 cot θ (cot θ + cosec θ)
\ tan q =
= 1
2p 2 cosec θ ( cosec θ + cot θ)
1 cos θ
= × sin θ
1 cos θ sin θ
cosec q = =
sin θ sin θ
= cos θ = LHS. Hence proved. 1
cos θ [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
sec θ
cosec q = Alternative Method:
tan θ
cosec q + cot q = p(given)
p2 + 1 We know cosec2 q – cot2 q = 1
2p (cosec q + cot q)(cosec q – cot q) = 1
= p(cosec q – cot q) = 1
p2 − 1
2p 1
\ cosec q – cot q = ...(i)
p
p2 + 1
\ cosec q =
. cosec q + cot q = p...(ii)
p2 − 1
from eq. (i) and (ii)
cos θ − sin θ + 1 p2 + 1
Q. 7. Prove that: = cosec θ + cot θ cosec q =
cos θ + sin θ − 1 2p
[CBSE SQP, 2017-18]
p2 − 1
cos θ − sin θ + 1 and cot q =
Sol. LHS = 2p
cos θ + sin θ − 1
sin θ(cos θ − sin θ + 1) cos θ
= cos q = × sin θ
1 sin θ
sin θ(cos θ + sin θ − 1)

1
2
sin θ cos θ − sin θ + sin θ = cot θ ×
= cosec θ
sin θ(cos θ + sin θ − 1)
p2 − 1 2p
sin θ cos θ + sin θ − (1 − cos2 θ) = × 2
= 1 2p p +1
sin θ(cos θ + sin θ − 1) 
sin θ(cos θ + 1) − [(1 − cos θ)(1 + cos θ)] p2 − 1
= \ cos q =

sin θ(cos θ + sin θ − 1) p2 + 1

(1 + cos θ)(sin θ − 1 + cos θ)  Hence Proved

= 1 1
sin θ(cos θ + sin θ − 1) 
. 9. If sec q + tan q = p, show that sec q – tan q = p .
Q
(1 + cos θ)(cos θ + sin θ − 1) 1 + cos θ
= = Hence, find the values of cos q and sin q.
sin θ(cos θ + sin θ − 1) sin θ
 A [Board Term-1, 2015]
1 cos θ
= + 1
sin θ sin θ  1 1 (sec θ - tan θ)
Sol. = × 1
= cosec q + cot q = RHS Hence Proved 1 p sec θ + tan θ sec θ - tan θ

Q. 8. If cosec θ + cot θ = p, then prove that 1 sec θ - tan θ
= 2
= sec q – tan q 1
p2 - 1
p
sec θ - tan 2 θ
cos θ = . U [Board Term-1, 2016]
p2 + 1 1
Solving, sec q + tan q = p and sec q – tan q =
p
p2 - 1
Sol. RHS = 2
p +1 1 1 p2 + 1
We get sec q = p +  = 1
2 p 2p
( cosec θ + cot θ)2 - 1
= 1
( cosec θ + cot θ) + 1 1 1
2
p2 - 1
and tan q = p -  = 1
cosec 2 θ + cot 2 θ + 2 cosec θ cot θ − 1 2 p 2p

= 1
cosec 2 θ + cot 2 θ + 2 cosec θ cot θ + 1 2p p2 - 1
\ cos q =
2 and sin q = 1
1 + cot 2 θ + cot 2 θ + 2 cosec θ cot θ − 1 p +1 p2 + 1
= 1
cosec 2 θ + cosec 2 θ − 1 + 2 cosec θ cot θ + 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
 2 2 2 2 2 2
Q. 10. Prove that b x – a y = a b , if :
Q. 11. If cosec q – cot q = 2 cot q, then prove that
(i) x = a sec q, y = b tan q, or
cosec q + cot q = 2 cosec q.
(ii) x = a cosec q, y = b cot q.
 U [Board Term-1, 2015]
U [Board Term-1, 2015]
Sol. Given, cosec q – cot q = 2 cot q
x2 y2
Sol. (i) = sec2 q, = tan2 q ½ Squaring both the sides,
a2 b2
cosec2 θ + cot2 q – 2 cosec q cot q = 2 cot2 q
x2 y2 or, cosec2 θ – cot2 θ = 2 cosec θ cot θ 1½
or, 2
- = sec2 q – tan2 q = 1.
a b2 [ a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)]

or, (cosec q + cot q)(cosec q – cot q) = 2 cosec θ cot θ
\ b2x2 – a2y2 = a2b2. Hence Proved. 2
1
x 2
y2 Given : (cosec q – cot q = 2 cot q)
(ii) = cosec2 q, = cot2 q ½
a2 b2 2 cosec θ cot θ
or, cosec q + cot q = 1
2 cot θ
x2 y2
or, 2
- = cosec2 q – cot2 q = 1 cosec q + cot q = 2 cosec q 1½
a b2
Hence Proved.
\ b2x2 – a2y2 = a2b2 Hence Proved. 2 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]

Visual Case Based Questions 4 marks each

Note: Attempt any four sub parts from each ⇒ 2q = 60°

question. Each sub part carries 1 mark ⇒ q = 30°. 1
Q. 1. 'Skysails' is that genre of engineering science that (ii) The value of tan 30°. cot 60° is:
uses extensive utilization of wind energy to move 1
(a) 3 (b)
a vessel in the sea water. The sky sails technology 3
allows the towing kite to gain a height of anything 1
(c) 1 (d)
between 100 m to 300 m. The sailing kite is made 3
in such a way that it can be raised to its proper Sol.
Correct option: (d).
elevation and then brought back with the help of
Explanation:
a telescopic mast that enables the kite to be raised
1 1
properly and effectively. tan 30° × cot 60° = ×
3 3
Based on the following figure related to sky sailing
answer the questions: C + AE 1
= . 1
3 
(iii) What should be the length of the rope of the kite
sail in order to pull the ship at the angle q and be
at a vertical height of 200 m ?
A
(a) 400 m (b) 300 m
Rope (c) 100 m (d) 200 m
Sol. Correct option: (a).
Explanation: In DABC, we have
C 
B q = 30°, AB = 200 m
Perpendicular AB
Then, sin 30° = =
Hypotenuse AC
(i) In the given figure, if tan q = cot (30° + q), where q
and 30° + q are acute angles, then the value of q is: 1 200
⇒
=
(a) 45° (b) 30° 2 AC
(c) 60° (d) None of these
⇒
AC = 400 m. 1
Sol. Correct option: (b).
Explanation: Given, tan q = cot(30° + q) 1 2
(iv) If cos A = , then the value of 9 cot A – 1 is :
= tan[90° – (30° + q)] 2
= tan(90° – 30° – q) (a) 1 (b) 3
⇒ tan q = tan(60° – q) (c) 2 (d) 4
⇒ q = 60° – q
Sol. Correct option: (c).
 1 1 4
Explanation: Given, cos A = ⇒
=
2 2 AB
⇒ cos A = cos 60°
⇒ AB = 8 m. 1
⇒
A = 60° 2 2
(ii) The value of sin 30° + cos 60° is:
Then, 9 cot2 A – 1 = 9(cot 60°)2 – 1 1 1
(a) (b)
2 4 2
 1 
= 9  −1
 3  (c)
3
(d)
3
4 2
1 Sol. Correct option: (b).
= 9 × −1 = 3 – 1
3 Explanation:
= 2 1  1  1
2 2
sin2 30° + cos2 60° =   +  
(v) In the given figure, the value of (sin C + cos A) is:  2  2
(a) 1 (b) 2 1 1
(c) 3 (d) 4 = +
4 4
Sol.
Correct option: (a). 2 1
= = . 1
Explanation: We have, 4 2
AB = 200 m and AC = 400 m 1
(iii) If cos A = , then the value of 12 cot2 A – 2 is:
 [Proved in Q.3] 2
AB AB (a) 5 (b) 4
Then, sin C + cos A = +
AC AC (c) 3 (d) 2
AB Sol. Correct option: (d).
= 2 ×
AC 1
Explanation: since, cos A =
2
200
= 2 × = 1 1 ⇒ cos A = cos 60°
400
⇒ A = 60°
Q. 2. Authority wants to construct a slide in a city park 2
Then 12 cot A – 2 = 12(cot 60°) – 2
for children. The slide was to be constructed for
2
children below the age of 12 years. Authority  1 
= 12  −2
prefers the top of the slide at a height of 4 m above  3 
the ground and inclined at an angle of 30° to the
ground. 1
= 12 × −2
Based on the following figure related to the slide 3
answer the questions: C + AE = 4 – 2 = 2. 1
A (iv) In the given figure, the value of (sin C × cos A) is:
1 1
(a) (b)
3 2
1 1
(c) (d)
4 5
Sol. Correct option: (b).
Explanation: Since, AC ^ BC,
30° then ∠C = 90°
B C AC
sin C × cos A = sin 90° ×
AB
(i) The distance of AB is :
4
(a) 8 m (b) 6 m = 1 ×
8
(c) 5 m (d) 10 m
1
Sol.
Correct option: (a). = 1
2 
Explanation: We have, ∠B = 30° and
(v) In the given figure, if AB + BC = 25 cm and AC =
AC = 4 m 5 cm, then the value of BC is:
AC (a) 25 cm (b) 15 cm
Then, sin 30° =
AB (c) 10 cm (d) 12 cm
Sol. Correct option: (d).
INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES [ 257
Explanation: We have, ∠C = 90° ⇒
625 – 50x + x2 = x2 + 25
AB + BC = 25 cm and AC = 5 cm ⇒ 50x = 600

Let BC be x cm, then AB = (25 – x) cm 600
By using Pythagoras theorem, ⇒
x = = 12
50
AB2 = BC2 + AC2
⇒ (25 – x2) = x2 + (5)2 Hence, BC = 12 cm. 1