EAST AFRICAN AVIATION

OPERATIONS MANUAL
PART C
Manual No

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EAST AFRICAN AVIATION

Address:
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Tel: +251 114674000/ 911209421,
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EMAIL: contact@eastafricanaviation.com
SECOND REVISION
1 August 2019

1 August 2019
SECOND REVISION
 East African Aviation Second Revision
Operations Manual Part C 1 August 2019

Prepared by: Captain Girma Gebre__________________ Date: 01 August 2019

GENERAL MANAGER

Checked by: Captain Girmay Fessahaye_____________ Date: 10 August 2019

CHIEF FLIGHT OPERATIONS

Approved by: Captain Mulat Lemlemayehu______________ Date: 15 August 2019

MANAGING DIRECTOR

Approved by: _______________________ Date:_________________

ECAA

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RECORD OF AMENDMENTS

Amendments will be issued as and when need arises. It is the responsibility of the Managing Director
or his designated representative to issue amendments and to ensure distribution to all manual
holders who will then be responsible for amending their copies. The Managing Director will also
check, from time to time that the manual holders within the organization amend their copies.

AMEND- DATE OF SECTION AMENDED BY DATE ECAA

MENT NO ISSUE / PAGE NAME AMENDED SIGNATURE APPROVAL
NO.
1 09 June 2015 Capt. Girma Gebre 09 June 2017

01August 2019 Capt. Girma Gebre 01 August 2019

2

No hand written amendments are permitted. All amendments must be approved by the ECAA prior
to incorporation except in cases where the Quality Manager deems there is a significant safety risk.
East African Aviation will issue Temporary Revisions from time to time if the nature of the revision is
of an urgent nature and shall be recorded as an amendment and submitted to ECAA by the Director of
Flight Operations at earliest date possible for approval, once approved a normal revision shall be
incorporated.

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FOREWORD

This manual has been prepared in compliance with the requirements of ECAA and in conformity
with the Air Operators Certificate requirements. It provides the authorized policy for aircraft
operations in accordance with regulatory authority specifications and has been approved by the
Director General – Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority.

The aim of the Operations Manual is to show the administrative procedure for the issue, renewal and
validation of the Air Operator Certificate. It also indicates the requirements to be met by Operations
personnel in respect of equipment, organization, staffing, training and other matters for safe
operation of aircraft.

In order to keep the manual updated and because of the frequent changes in the aviation industry,
users of this manual may recommend amendments through the Chief Pilot.

The manual was compiled for the use and guidance of the operations personnel in the safe and orderly
performance of their duties. It contains information, instructions and procedures relative to the
manner in which the operations of East African Aviation are to be conducted. All personnel
concerned with the conduct of operations must keep themselves informed on policies and procedures
laid-down in the manual and apply them as required.

There is nothing contained in this manual that is intended to contravene the authority vested in the
Pilot-In-Command during flight and his right to apply higher standard than the minima presented in
the Operations Manual. The Operations Manual is to be used in conjunction with other authorized
documents namely; the Ethiopian AIP, Air Navigation Regulations (ANR), Approved Aircraft Flight
Manual etc which form an integral part of the Operations Manual.

Should any information contained in this Operations Manual contradict manufacturers’ approved
documents or ECAA publications, the latter will supersede.

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DISTRIBUTION LIST

DISTRIBUTION LIST

This Manual shall be distributed to the following:

Copy Form of
No. Holder Distribution
1 MANAGING DIRECTOR 1 Hardcopy

2 GENERAL MANAGER 1 Hardcopy (Soft Copy)

3 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY 1 Hardcopy(Soft Copy)

4 ETHIOPIAN CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY 1 Hardcopy

5 FLIGHT OPERATIONS 1 Hardcopy

6 ADMIN & FINANCE 1 Hardcopy

This manual is also posted on East African Aviation Website.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ITEM PAGE
Cover Page I
Approval Certificate II
Record of Amendment III
Foreword IV
Distribution List V
Table of Contents VI- XII
List of Effective Pages XIII
Glossary XVI

PART C

AREA, ROUTE AND AERODROMES

CHAPTER 1
1.0 Route Guide (ECARAS 9.3.1.20)…………………………………………………………………………………………………1
1.1 Route Operating Information………………………....................................................................................1
1.1.1 Company Policy on Routes……………………………………………………………………………………………………………1
1.1.2 Flight on and off Airways……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1
1.1.3 Nomination of Alternate Aerodrome………………………………………………………………………………………….1
1.1.4 Operation of VFR Flights…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2
1.1.5 Cancellation of IFR Flight Plans………………………………………………………………………………………………..2
1.2 Details of Air Operator Certificate area of operation shall contain…………………………………….2
1.2.1 Routes and Areas of Operation……………………………………………………………………………………………………2
1.2.2 Compliance with Visual and Electronic Glide Slopes…………………………………………………………..3
1.3.0 Details of Navigation Area Restrictions……………………………………………………………………………………3
1.3.1 Navigational Accuracy…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3
1.3.2 Prohibited Areas and Restricted Areas …………………………………………………………………………………….3
1.4 Procedure of Visual signals on intercept………………………………………………………………………………….3
1.5 Details of Radio Area Restrictions……………………………………………………………………………………………4

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1.6 Definition of Public Transport ………………………………………………………………………………………………..4

1.7 Flight Plan / Navigation forms – items to be provided for………………………………………………..4
1.7.1 To be retained for Six Months ………………………………………………………………………………………………..4
1.7.2 Exceptions to the above Requirements…………………………………………………………………………………4
1.8 Use of Prepared Navigation Flight Plans………………………………………………………………………………4
1.9 Long Range and ETOPS Procedures……………………………………………………………………………………..4
1.10 Navigational log forms for use by Navigators………………………………………………………………………4
1.11 Radio Equipment Required to be carried…………………………………………………………………………….4
1.12 Operations of Radio in Aircraft……………………………………………………………………………………………….5
1.13 Procedure for Pilot-in-command observing an Accident…………………………………………………..5
1.14 Radio Failure Procedures………………………………………………………………………………………………………….6
1.15 Minimum Safe Altitudes and Methods of Determining the MSA……………………………………6
1.16 Determining of Minimum En-route Flight Altitude ………………………………………………………….6
1.17 Procedures for Operating above 15000m (49000ft)……………………………………………………………7
1.18 Terrain Clearance following Loss of Engines……………………………………………………………………….7
1.19 Minimum Aerodrome Facilities for Approach and Landing…………………………………………….7
1.20 Methods of Determining Aerodrome Operating Minima………………………………………………….7
1.21 En-route Limitations – Airplane – all engines operating…………………………………………………..7
1.22 En-route Limitations – Airplane - One Engine inoperative …………………………………………….8
1.23 Documents to be carried on Commercial Air Transport Aircraft…………………………………..8
1.24 Details of Aircraft Library and Navigation Bag …………………………………………………………………..8
1.25 Flying Staff Instructions or Notices……………………………………………………………………………………….8
1.25.1 Operational………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….8
1.25.2 Technical……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..8
1.2.5.3 Administration……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………8
1.25.4 Time Limit after Issue ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….8
1.25.5 Requirements to Carry Life Rafts…………………………………………………………………………………………..8
1.25.6 Provision and use of Oxygen……………………………………………………………………………………………………9
1.25.7 Briefing of Passengers in use of Oxygen………………………………………………………………………………..9
1.25.8 Oxygen for Medical Use by Passengers…………………………………………………………………………………9
1.25.9 Crewmember Oxygen— Minimum Supply and Use………………………………………………………….9
1.26 Noise Abatement Procedures…………………………………………………………………………………………………..9
1.27 Allowable Deficiencies – Guidance to Pilots in command………………………………………………..9
1.28 Procedures for Operating in or Avoiding, and Reporting Potentially

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Hazardous Atmospheric Conditions Including…………………………………………………………………….….10
1.28.1 Operating in Thunderstorms…………………………………………………………………………………………………………10
1.28.2 Operating in Icing Conditions …………………………………………………………………………………………..10
1.28.2.1 Flight Procedures in Icing Conditions…………..………………………………………………………………...............11
1.28.2.2 Exposure to Severe Icing ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…12
1.28.2.3 Control Anomalies in Icing Conditions…………………………………………………………………………….............12
1 Turbulence…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...13
2 PIREP…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..14
3 Wind Shear…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..14
4 Precautions…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..16
1.28.3 Crosswind Operation …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….16
1.28.4 General Guidelines for Operation in Turbulence, Wind shear and near Thunderstorms……..16
1.28.5 Altitude………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………17
1.28.6 Airspeed/Power Setting………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….17
1.28.7 Attitude………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….17
1.29 Use of Autopilot and Flight Director…………………………………………………………………………………………….17
1.30 Jet streams……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………18
1.31 Volcanic Ash Clouds…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………18
1.32 Heavy Precipitation…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..19
1.33 Sandstorms………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….19
1.34 Mountain Waves……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….19
1.35 Significant Temperature Inversions………………………………………………………………………………………………20
1.36 Procedure for Familiarization with Area, Routes and Aerodromes……………………………………….20
1.37 Operating Restrictions…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….20
1.38 Take-off and Landing in Turbulence……………………………………………………………………………………………..21
1.39 Low-level Wind Shear Operations…………………………………………………………………………………………………..21
1.39.1 Go-Around…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….21
1.40 Cross-wind Operation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….22
1.41 High Temperature Operations…………………………………………………………………………………………………………22
1.41.1 High Altitude Operations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….22
1.42 Weather Reports and Forecasts………………………………………………………………………………………………………23
1.43 General Mass and Obstruction Clearance Limitations …………………………………………………………….23
1.44 Instrument Approach Operating Minima……………………………………………………………………………………..24
1.45 Restriction or Suspension of Operations: Commercial Air Transport…………………………………….24
1.46 Single Pilot Operations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………24

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1.47 Single Engine Airplane Operations…………………………………………………………………………………………………24
1.48 Airplane Operating Procedures for Rates of Climb and Descent…………………………………….25
1.49 Adequacy of Operating Facilities…………………………………………………………………………………………...25
1.50 Continuation of Flight When Destination Aerodrome is………………………………………………….25
Temporarily Restricted— Commercial Air Transport

CHAPTER 2
2.0 Aerodrome Operating Minima……………………………………………………………………………………………………26
2.1 Operating Minima………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….26
2.1.1 Take-off and Landing Minima…………………………………………………………………………………………………….26
2.1.2 Visual Maneuvering Minima………………………………………………………………………………………….26
2.1.3 Exceptions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….26
2.2 Runways not to be used ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….27
2.3 Conditions for Commencing a Flight and Departure Contingency Procedures……………..27
2.4 Required RVR/Visibility……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..27
2.5 Conditions for Commencing or Continuing and Approach………………………………………………….28
2.6 Definitions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….29
2.6.1 Decision Height……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..29
2.6.2 Approach to Landing…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….29
2.6.4 RVR (Run-away Visual Range)………………………………………………………………………………………………….29
2.7 Minima for Pilots-in-command with limited experience on type………………………………………..29
2.8 Take-off and Landing when RVR is reported…………………………………………………………………………..29
2.8.1 Take-off and landing when RVR is reported from more than one position on the
runway……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..29
2.9 Instructions Concerning Landing in Shallow fog …………………………………………………………………..29
2.10 Instructions for each Intended Destination to be specified………………………………………………….30
2.11 General Guidance Concerning, Selection of Alternate Aerodrome……………………………………..30
2.12 Guidance Concerning Selection of Return Alternate……………………………………………………………..30
2.13 Instructions concerning use of return Alternate-weather below Landing Minima………..30
2.14 Minima for Aerodromes without Approach Aids ……………………………………………………………………30
2.15 Special Minima for non-public Transport Flights…………………………………………………………………..31
2.15.1 Training Flights………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………31
2.15.2 Test Flights………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………31
2.15.3 Delivery Flights ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………31
2.15.4 Ferry Flights…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….31

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2.15.5 Demonstration Flights…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..31
2.15.6 Positioning Flights………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..........31
2.15.7 Special Rules for Aircraft with Performance C, D or E…………………………………………………………32
2.16 Calculation of In-flight Visibility for Maneuvering……………………………………………………….........32
2.17 Relationship between RVR and DH…………………………………………………………………………………........32
2.18 Conversion of reported MET visibility or RVR……………………………………………………………………..32
2.19 MET Forecasts and MET Reports Interpretation…………………………………………………………………32

CHAPTER 3

3.0 PERFORMACE DATA ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..35

3.1 Simplified Regulated take-off mass (RTOM) or landing mass data………………………………..35
3.2 Calculation of Vno, Vnc, etc……………………………………………………………………………………………………..35
3.3 Calculation of V1, V2 and Vref………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………35
3.4 En-route Performance. Limitations…………………………………………………………………………………………35
3.4.1 En-route Limitations (All Engine Operating)……………………………………………………………………….35
3.4.2 Route to be Flown…ECARAS……………………………………………………………………………………………………35
3.4.3 Inadvertent Changes…ECARAS………………………………………………………………………………………………35
3.4.4 ATC Clearance Intended Changes…ECARAS……………………………………………………………………….36
3.4.5 Position Reports…ECARAS……………………………………………………………………………………………………….36
3.4.6 Operation on or in the Vicinity of a Controlled Aerodrome…(ECARAS 8.82.8)…………..36
3.4.7 En-route Limitations (Egine In opérative)…………………………………………………………………………….37
3.4.8 Flights Over Water……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..37
3.5 Effect on Performance of take-off procedures ……………………………………………………………………..38
3.6 Effect of Noise Abatement Requirements ……………………………………………………………………………..38
3.7 Abnormal Pressurization Affecting Performance ………………………………………………………………..38
3.9 Definitions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..38
3.9.1 Landing Distance…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………38
3.9.2 Take-off Distance………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..38
3.9.3 Emergency Distance……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………38
3.10 Factors Arising for Runway Surface Conditions ………………………………………………………………..38
3.11 Minimum Strip Width after Snow Clearance ………………………………………………………………….....39
3.12 Cross-wind Limitations …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….39
3.13 Maximum Wind Velocity – Light Aircraft…………………………………………………………………………….39
3.14 Airworthiness or Flight Manual Approval ……………………………………………………………………………39
3.15 Flight Manual Performance Figures……………………………………………………………………………………..…39

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3.16 Compliance with any Special Handling Instructions not specified in Certificate
or Airworthiness or Flight Manual …………………………………………………………………………………………..39
3.17 Ferry Flights with one Engine Inoperative………………………………………………………………………………39
3.18 Handling Techniques – one engine Inoperative……………………………………………………………………..39
3.19 Weather and Route Limitations ……………………………………………………………………………………………….40
3.19.1 Weather Limitations……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………40
3.19.2 Route Limitations…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………40
3.20 Fuel Consumption……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………/….40

CHAPTER 4
4.0 Technical Information………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..41
4.1 Airframe Leading Particulars……………………………………………………………………………………………………41
4.2 Simplified Description of Systems…………………………………………………………………………………………..41
4.2.1 Air Conditioning and Pressurizations Systems……………………………………………………………………41
4.2.2 Oxygen Systems………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….41
4.2.3 Hydraulic System……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….41
4.2.4 Electric System …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..........41
4.2.5 System Pressures………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..41
4.2.6 Fuel System………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….42
4.3 Flight Controls ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….42
4.4 Airframe Limitations…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………42
4.5 Engine – Basic Detail…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………42
4.6 Engine Limitations…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….42
4.7 Engine Handling Procedures…………………………………………………………………………………………………..42
4.8 Types of Oils and Fuels…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….43
4.9 Replenishment of Systems………………………………………………………………………………………………………43
4.10 Operating Instructions – All systems …………………………………………………………………………………..43
4.10.1 Electrical……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..43
4.10.2 Hydraulic…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....43
4.10.3 Brakes…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..43
4.10.4 Anti-icing…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….43
4.10.5 Oxygen…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………43
4.11 Radio Equipment General Description………………………………………………………………………………..43
4.11.1 Radio Equipment – Operating Instructions………………………………………………………………………..43
4.12 Flight Manager Systems/ FD…………………………………………………………………………………………………..43
4.13 Operation of cockpit voice and Flight data Recorder………………………………………………………..44
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4.14 Special Navigation Equipment……………………………………………………………………………………………....44
4.15 Pre-flight Inspections by Crew……………………………………………………………………………………………….44
4.16 Abnormal Drills………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….44
4.16.1 Inverter Failure ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….44
4.16.2 Flight Systems Failure………………………………………………………………………………………………………………45
4.16.3 Aircraft Handling Techniques………………………………………………………………………………………………..45
4.16.4 Loss of an Engine……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….45
4.16.5 In Turbulence……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..45
4.16.6 Slippery Surfaces………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..45
4.16.7 Safety Precautions (No Smoking)………………………………………………………………………………………….45
4.16.8 Operation with Defective Fuel Tank……………………………………………………………………………………..45
4.17 Method of use of Oxygen………………………………………………………………………………………………………….45
4.18 CFIT ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..45
4.19 EGPWS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….46
4.20 TCAS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....46
4.21 Altimeter Setting…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………46
4.22 Aeronautical Data Control System………………………………………………………………………………………..46

CHAPTER 5
5.0 Route guidance …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………47
5.1 Aerodrome …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………47
5.1.1 Addis Ababa-HAAB_ADD (Category C)………………………………………………………………………. …..47
5.1.2 AXUM – HAAX – AXU…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..49
5.1.3 BAHRDAR – HABD-BJR…………………………………………………………………………………………………………50
5.1.4 GONDER – HAGN – GDQ………………………………………………………………………………………...51
5.1.5 MEKELE – HAMK – MQX………………………………………………………………………………………….51
5.1.6 DJIBOUTI - HDAM – JIB……………………………………………………………………………………………..52
5.1.7 NAIROBI (JOMO KENYATTA) - HKJK – NBO…………………………………………………….53
5.1.8 ENTEBBE-HUEN-EBB………………………………………………………………………………………………….54
5.1.9 JUBA-HSSJ-JUB …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….55
5.1.10 Non-Published airport/ LZ operations……………………………………………………………………….56
5.2 Meteorological observations and reports…………………………………………………………………..56
5.3 Aircraft reports required from operators…………………………………………………………………...58
5.4 Search and rescue………………………………………………………………………………………………………......58

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5.4.1 Responsible authority…………………………………………………………………………………………………….58
5.4.2 Area of responsibility……………………………………………………………………………………………………..59
5.4.3 Types of services………………………………………………………………………………………………………………59
5.4.4 SAR agreements ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………59
5.4.5 Conditions of availability……………………………………………………………………………………………….59
5.4.6 Alerting posts and rescue units…………………………………………………………………………………….60
5.4.7 Signals and communication…………………………………………………………………………………………..60
5.4.8 Emergency response plan for East African Aviation………………………………………………..63
5.4.9 Emergency telephone numbers ……………………………………………………………………………………65
5.5 Radio Navigation aids/system……………………………………………………………………………………….66
5.5.1 Radio Navigation aids /En-Route………………………………………………………………………………….66
5.5.2 Navigation Warnings………………………………………………………………………………………………………68
5.5.3 Air Navigation Obstacles (En-Route)………………………………………………………………………….68
5.6 En-route chart- ICAO Addis Ababa FIR…………………………………………………………………….70
5.7 Radio Facility Chart ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….71
5.8 Identifiers and Coordinates …………………………………………………………………………………………….72
5.9 Alternate airport……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….75

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LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES

PAGE NO. DATE REVISION NO PAGE NO. DATE REVISION NO
I 01/08/2019 2 31 01/08/2019 2
II 01/08/2019 2 32 01/08/2019 2
III 01/08/2019 2 33 01/08/2019 2
IV 01/08/2019 2 34 01/08/2019 2
V 01/08/2019 2 35 01/08/2019 2
VI 2 36 2
01/08/2019 01/08/2019
VII 2 37 2
VIII 01/08/2019 2 38 01/08/2019 2
IX 01/08/2019 2 39 01/08/2019 2
X 01/08/2019 2 40 01/08/2019 2
XI 01/08/2019 2 42 01/08/2019 2
XII 01/08/2019 2 42 01/08/2019 2
XIII 01/08/2019 2 43 01/08/2019 2
XIV 01/08/2019 2 44 01/08/2019 2
XV 01/08/2019 2 45 01/08/2019 2
XVI 01/08/2019 2 46 01/08/2019 2
XVII 01/08/2019 2 47 01/08/2019 2
1 2 48 2
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3 2 50 2
4 01/08/2019 2 51 01/08/2019 2
5 01/08/2019 2 52 01/08/2019 2
6 01/08/2019 2 53 01/08/2019 2
7 01/08/2019 2 54 01/08/2019 2
8 01/08/2019 2 55 01/08/2019 2
9 01/08/2019 2 56 01/08/2019 2
10 01/08/2019 2 57 01/08/2019 2
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12 01/08/2019 2 59 01/08/2019 2
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25 01/08/2019 2 73 01/08/2019 2
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GLOSSARY
ADF - Automatic Direction Finder
ADI - Altitude Director Indicator
ADs - Airworthiness Directives
AFCS - Automatic Flight Control System.
AFM - Aircraft Flight Manual
AGL - Above Ground Level
AIC - Aeronautical Information Circular
AIP - Aeronautical Information Publication.
AMO - Approved Maintenance Organization
AMSL - Above Mean Sea Level
ANR - Air Navigation Regulations
AOC - Air Operator’s Certificate.
AOM - Aircraft Operations Manual.
ATC - Air Traffic Control
ATPL - Airport Transport Pilots License
ATS - Air Traffic Services
ATSU - Air Traffic Service Unit.
AWOPS - All Weather Operations
B-RNAV - Basic Area Navigation.
CAT - Clear Air Turbulence.
CDL - Configuration Deviation List
DA - Decision Altitude (Minimum)
DH - Decision Height (Minimum)
DME - Distance Measuring Equipment.
EGT - Exhaust Gas Temperature.
ETOPS - Extended Twin Engine Operations
FAR - Federal Aviation Regulations
FD - Flight Director
FDP - Flying Duty Period
G/S - Glide Slope
GPWS - Ground Proximity Warning System
IAL - Instrument Approach Landing.
IAS - Indicated Airspeed
ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organization.
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IFR - Instrument Flight Rules
ILS - Instrument Landing System
IMC - Instrument Meteorological Conditions.
JAR - Joint Aviation Regulations.
ECAA - Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority
LOC - Localizer
MDA - Minimum Descent Altitude
MDH - Minimum Descent Height.
MEA - Minimum EN – ROUTE IFR ALTITUDE.
MEL - Minimum Equipment List
MNPS - Minimum Navigation Performance Specifications
MORA - Minimum OFF-ROUTE ALTITUDE
MORS - Mandatory Occurrence Reporting Scheme
MTOW - Maximum Take-off Weight
NDB - Non Directional Radio Beacon
NM - Nautical Mile
NOTAMS - Notice to Airmen
OAT - Outside Air Temperature.
OCH - Obstacle Clearing Height.
OCL - Obstacle Clearance Limit.
OPS - Operations.
PAPI - Precision Approach Path Indicator
PF - Pilot Flying.
PIC - Pilot in Command
PIREP - Pilots Reports on Weather
PNF - Pilot Not Flying
PRM - Person with Reduced Mobility.
QFE - Pressure Setting for Airfield Altitude
QNE - Sea Level Standard Atmospheric Pressure
QNH - Pressure Setting for En Route Altitude
QRH - Quick Reference Handbook
RA - Radio Altimeter
RA - Radio Altitude
RA - Redundancy Assurance
RAC - Rules of the Air and Air Traffic Control

SECOND REVISION XVI 1 August 2019

 East African Aviation Second Revision
Operations Manual Part C 1 August 2019
RNAV - Area Navigation
RNP - Radio Navigation Procedures.
RVR - Runway Visual Range.
SSR - Secondary+ Surveillance Radar.
TCAS - Traffic and Collision Avoidance System
TMA - Terminal Area.
VFR - Visual Flight Rules
VMC - Visual Meteorological Conditions
VOR - Very High Frequency Omni-directional Radio Range.
VORTAC - Visual Omni-Range Tactical Air Navigation

SECOND REVISION XVII 1 August 2019