620 Thermal Engineering

the basis
of
=
hg +
CpsT up- or
capacityof a
boiler c a n be expressed
on

are
steam
supene.
time, heating
area, or fuel burned.
These
h,=Enthalpy ofwater at feed ten
Evaporation rate m=Mass of fuel burned Der hour
Mass of steam generaC (kg/h) m. Equivalent mass of dry
hours steam generated from and and Satiuor
Time period in at le
. .(19.27) The evaporation per kg of fue!

steam/h/m* Mass of steam generated

or Evaporation
rate in kg of per our
Mass of fuel
Mass of steam generated per
hour burned perh
in m
Heating area of grate 193
..(19.28)
mf
The total heat supplied to water in the boiler
bil
Evaporation rate in kg of steam/kg of fuel
or

generated per hour

ma(h-h,
Mass of steam and the equivalent evaporation
Mass of fuel burned per hour
..(19.20) me
ma(h-hp) ma (h-h)
h@100°C 2257
19.4.2 Equivalent Evaporation kg of steam/kg of fuel)..(1931
The quantity of steam generated by a boiler depends
19.4.3 Factor of Evaporation
on the following four important parameters:
i) feed-water temperature, (ii) working pressure, It is defined as the ratio of heat received by 1kg
(ii) fuel used, and (iv) quality of steam generated. of feed water for evaporation under actual working
In practical situations, the different boilers use feed conditions to that received by 1 kg of water
water at different temperatures, operate at different evaporated from and at 100°C. It is denoted by F
pressures and generate different qualities of steam. and expressed as
Therefore, such boilers cannot be compared unless
some standard parameters are adopted. Hence feed Fe (h-h) h-h (19.32)
water is taken at 100°C and
working pressure is h@100°C 2257
at 1.01325 bar. At this state, water
evaporates at It can also b expressed as
100°C and requires 2257
kJ/kg of latent heat to
convert it into steam at 100°C. Fe =
ma
Equivalent evaporation is defined as the amount
of dry and saturated steam generated Equivalent evaporation from and at100
water at 100°C at
from feed =

normal atmospheric In Evaporation per kg of fuel..(19.3)

pressure.
short, it is defined as the amount of steam 19.33)
from and at 100°C. generated
Let m, =
Mass of steam 19.4.4 Boiler Efficiency
P and
generated at
pressure
temperature T per hour in the Although the equivalent evaporation ofsteam in tihe

boiler
h
Enthalpy of steam
boiler is a fair indication
of the performanceofthe
boiler, it does not take into account tne ntityof
h txh for wet steam Tuel burned in the the
=

hg for dry and furnace of the boiler. Henofthe

saturated steam term boiler
efficiency is used for compari
performance of boilers.
 621
Boiler Draught and Performance

efficiency
The boiler efic
is defined as the ratio 19.4.6 Percentage Heat Utilised in
utilized in producin steam to the the Superheater
o fa c t u a l h e a t

amounto fheat
orated by burning of fuel. The percentage heat utilised in the superheater 1s
to produce steam
Heat required defined as the ratio of heat absorbed by the steam
from feed water
in the superheater for its superheating to
the heat
boiler Heat librated by burning of fuel liberated by combustion of fuel. Mathematically;
m,(h-h,) ...(19.34)
% heat utilised in superheater
mxCV Heat utilised in superheater
steam of fuel
= Rate ofmasS of generation, Heat liberated by combustion
where
kg/h m,sup-h) u h ) ..(19.38)
n = Rate of mass of fuel firing, kg/lh m CV CV
h Total enthalpy of steam, kJ/kg
h =
Enthalpy of water at feed Where
temperature m,= Rate of mass of steam generation, kg/h
CV= Calorific value of fuel in kJ/kg
m Rate of mass of fuel
=
firing, kg/h
entering the
ms h= Total enthalpy of steam

InEq. (19.34), the quantity ma (evapora- superheater, kJ/kg

m
= ht xh
the boiler efficiency can
tion per kg of fuel). Hence,
Enthalpy of superheated steam leaving
also be expressed as h sup
the super-heater, kJ/kg;
m, (h-h) .(19.35)
lboiler
CV
=
h + Cps (7sup- sa1)
CV calorific value of fuel in kJ/kg.
19.4.5 Economiser Efficiency
19.4.7 Overall Efficiency of Boiler
It is defined as the ratio of heat absorbed by the feed
water in the economiser to the heat available to flue
It is expressed as
gases in the economiser.
Heat utilised in boiler plant
Heat utilised in economiser loverall
leconomiser
Heat available of flue gases Heat produced by burning of fuel
.(19.36) ...(19.39)
More often, it is necessary to obtain the per
19.4.8 Boiler Power
centage heat utilised in an economiser rather than
the economiser efficiency. The percentage heat
According to the American Society of Mechanical
Sed the economiser is defined as the ratio
in
Engineers (ASME), the boiler power is expressed
O heat absorbed by the feed water in the econo- as
1serto the heat liberated by combustion of fuel.
Equivalent evaporation from and at
Mathematically;
9heat
100°C per hour
utilised in economiser 21.296
Heat utilised in economiser
Heat liberated by combustion of fuel
.(19.40)
m,(Ah) feed water Example 19.12 Calculate the equivalent evaporation

m CV ofa boiler per kg of coal fired, if the boiler produces

50,000 kg of wet steam per hour with a dryness fraction
m,(Ah) feed water ..(19.37)
CV
622 Thermal Engineering
x = 9.6

at 10 bar: 7he
coal burnt per hour
of0.95 and operating temperature is m= 10 lit= 10x 10 m
furnace is 5500 kg and feed-water
in the SG = 0.85

40°C Af2 -11 min., 25 s

Solution T35°C CV 43125 kJkg
generation in boiler
Given Steam a
To find Thermal eftcCiency of boiler,
p =10 bar
x = 0.95
boiler
m =5500 kg/h Analysis The absolute pressure of
m
40°C
=50,000 kg/h
P generated steam
PatmtPg=6+1 7bar
generate.
=

Density of fuel
Tofind Equivalent evaporation of the boiler per kg of PrSG XPwater0.85 x 1000
coal fired
850 kg/m
Analysis Properties of steam at 10 bar (1000 kPa) Properties of steam at 7 bar
Tsat179.91°C
h = 762.79 kJ/kg
hy=697.20 kJ/kg, hg 2064.85 kJkg
Enthalpy of water at 35°C
hie 2015.29 kJ/kg
Enthalpy of feed water at 40°C;
h =146.66 kJ/kg
The specific enthalpy of steam at 7 bar
h=167.54 kJ/kg h hyt xhg
The mass of steam generated per kg of coal fired
697.20 + 0.96 x 2064.85
=

50000 = 2763.01 kJ/kg

ma =9.09 kg/kg of fuel
mf 5500 Rate of steam generation
The specific enthalpy of steam at 10 bar 75
h hyt xh m,= 9.5 x 60 = 0.1315 kgs

762.79 +0.95 x
At
2015.29 =2677.31 kJ/kg Rate of fuel
The equivalent evaporation consumption
me m Ch-h nf= m(10x10 m')x (850 kgm'
2257 Af2 (11 min.x 60 s/min + 25 s)
9.09x (2677.31-167.54) = 0.0124 kg/s

2257 Thermal efficiency of boiler

=
10.1 kg/kg of fuel
m,(h-h )
Example 19.13 In an experiment on a small m CV
boiler, the steam produced is at 6 bar oil-fired
gauge. The quality 0.1315x (2763.01-146.66)
of steam
produced is found out to be 0.96 dry. 75 litres 0.0124 x 43125
ofwater is converted into steam in 9.5 minutes.
is a light diesel oil The fuel =
0.6429 or 64.29%
with specific gravity
rific value of 43125 kJkg. 10 litres ofis0.85 and calo-
11 minutes and 25 of oil consumed in Example 19.14 Calculate the equivalent evap0oration
seconds. The
is 35°C. Determine the boiler feed-water temperature Jrom and at 100°C for a boiler, which receives er at
ic
pressure as
efficiency. Take
I bar. atmospher- G0°C
and produces steam 1.5 MPa and 300C.
at
he

Steam-generation rate is 16000 kg/h. Coal

B
burnt

Solution at the rate of 1800 kg/h. The orific value of coal

34750 kJ/kg. Also calculate the thermal yfhe
Given Steam generation in small boiler efficle
P 6 bar
a
oil-fired boiler
Patm1bar If the thermal efficiency of the boiler increases by
m, =
75 litres 75 kg At =9.5 min
=
Coal
o due to use
of an economiser, find the Savis
consumption per hour.
 623
Performance
Boiler Draught and

The saving in fuel consumption

1682 =118 kg/h
m - mh =
1800-
omiion
F

Gven Steamgeneration ion in a boiler

Tsu 300°C A boiler generates

8 kg of steam per
Example 19.15 water
p =1.5MPa
of 12 bar from feed
1800 kg/h g O Juel burnt at a pressure
= 16000 kg/h m The boiler is 75% efficient
and ts

CV 34750 kJ/kg entering at 80°C.

=60°C
Jactor ofevaporation is 1.15. Calculate steam
temperature of
superheat and
0.05
+
2
11 (Degree of
generated,
in kJkg,
To
find evaporation.
from and at 100°C (b) Calorific value of fuel kg J
Equivalen

in kg of steam per

)Thermal
effciency of boiler,7 (C)Eguivalent evaporation

consumption,
when boiler effciency fuel. 2.3 kIkg K.
in fuel steam as

(11)
Savi
increases by 5%.
Take specific heat of superheated
steam at 1.5 MPa
Properties
of superheated Solution
Analvsis
and 300°C
A boiler with a superheater
(1500kPa) h 3038.9 kJ/kg Given Cps2.3 kJ/kg K
ma =8 kg/kg of fuel
at 60°C
of water lboiler 0 . 7 5
Enthalpy Fe = 1.15
hs =251.1 kJ/kg p =12 bar
generated per kg
of coal fired
)The mass of steam T 80°C

16000 8.89 kg/kg of fuel

ma 1800 To fina temperature
of steam
m (1) Degree of superheat
and

evaporation from and at 100°C

generated,
The equivalent and
value of fuel in kJ/kg,
ma h-hg) i) Calorific kg of
evaporation in kg of steam per
me 2257 ii) Equivalent
8.89 x (3038.9- 251.1) fuel.

The properties of
steam
2257 Analysis
= 10.1 kg/kg of fuel Tsat188°C
At 12 bar:
2784.83 kJ/kg
i) Thermal efficiency of
boiler hh 334.88 kJ/kg
At 80°C:
m,m(h-h) Degree of superheat
and temperature of steam
CV )
generated
16000 x (3038.9-251.1)
Factor of evaporation
1800 x 34750

0.7131 or 71.31%
Fe=
h-h + Cp (Tau-Tsur)-hy,
2257 2257
when boiler effciency
1 Savinginfuel consumption,
2784.83+2.3x(Tsup -1sat)-334.88
increases by 5% of 1.15
thermal effciency 2257
With use of economiser,
2595.55 2452.25
+2.3 x
(Tsup-1sar)
boiler; =0.7631
0.7131 +0.05 (sup-sat)=62.3°C
1 +0.05
=

2 steam is
superheated
The temperature of
T'hen n2 = m,Ch-h) Tsup=188+ 62.3 =
250.3°C
m CV
of superheated steam;
16000 x (3038.9-251.1) Specific enthalpy
or mf h hsuph, + Cps(Tsup Tsar)
0.7631x34750

= 1682 kg/h
 AnalysiS
188)
=2784.83+2.3 x (250.3 i) Heat produced by complete burn
2928.12 kJ/kg K ing of fuel
m x CV
(ii) Calorific vahue offuel 227x 30,000=
681x
given generation of steam10k
as
The boiler efficiency is Heat utilized in
m,(h-h,)_ma(h-h Q2 ms (h -hs)
1boiler CV 2060
m X CV x
(2750- 4. 187 x 1051
8 x(2928.12-334.88)
-
475.93 x 10* kJ/h
0.75 The efficiency of boiler
CV
Calorific value of fuel; Heat utilised in generation
boiler of stex
Heat produced by steam
C V = 2 0 7 4 5 . 9 2

27661.22 kJ/kg burning of fuel

0.75 475.93 x10* kJ/h
boiler
(ii) Equivalent evaporation 681x10* kJ/h
ma h-hf) =0.6988 or 69.88%
2257 (ii) Heat utilized by economiser
8x (2928.12-334.88) =
Heat used to raise the temp. of water from 159c
2257 to 105°C.
=9.19 kg/kg of fuel O3 m, Cp(Th-Ti)
2060 x 4.187 x (105 -15)
Example 19.16 Calculate the eficiency of (a) boiler;
(b) economiser. and (c) whole plant having the following
=
77.62 x 10* kJ/h
data: Heat available in flue gases passing to economiser
(a) Boiler Mass o f the feed water = 2060 kg/h O4 Heat of flue gases above atmospheric
Mass ofthe coal burnt 227 kg/h temperature
Calorific value ofcoal =30,000 k/kg mgX Cpgx (T,-Ta)
Enthalpy of steam produced = 2750 kJ/kg =
4075 x 1.30 x (370- 18)
b) Economiser 147.74 x 10* kJ/h
=

Inlet temperature of feed water 15°C The efficiency of economiser

Exit temperature of feed water = 105°C Heat utilised in economiser
Atmospheric air temperature = 18°C economiser Heat available of flue gases
Temperature of fhue gases entering = 370°C
Mass of fue gases =
4075 kg/h
77.62
x10 kJ =
52.53%
Specific heat offue gases = 1.3 kJ/kg. °C
147.74 x 10 kJ
(i) Overall eficiency of plant
Solution Heat utilised in boiler plant
Given A boiler plant with an economiser
overall Heat produced by burning of fuel

m-227kg/h m, = 2060 kg/h

475.93 x 10+ 77.62 x10*
CV 30,000 kJ/kg C h =2750 kJ/kg
T =15°C
681x10
=105°C
T =370°C =0.8128 or 81.28%
mg4075kg/h
Cpe=1.3kJ/kg,°C Example 19.17 A boiler generates steam a
rale

Tofind of 6000 kg/h at a pressure of 800 kPa wIin uK dryness

i) Efficiency of boiler, fraction of 0.98. The feed waterissuppliedat 40°C.fthe

etheiency coal
(ii) Efficiency of economiser, and ofthe boiler is calculate the
75%, ruteo.
(ii) Efficiency of boiler plant. consumption, which has a calorific value of 310
What is equivalent evaporation from this bouer