Soue etHA PACrERISICS af eREonE A MMAR, vocABULARY

MODULE2LANGUAGE AND COMIMUNITY POnloLOGY

sOURCE- WEST AFRICAN LANGUAGES
Palatalisation- kyat(cat), gyap(gap)
Calques- iteraB translation from native to target language- sweet rmotth,
door moth, eye water, bad month, boy child
Reduced consonant clusters- tin(thin), tory(story), top(stop)
Second person plural pronoan-unu, allyuh
Reduplication- big big, fas fas, poto poto, soft and goey

WHAT ARE CALQUES?

COMPOUND NOUNS IMPORTED FROMONE LANGUAGE TO
ANOTHER-court martial, god horse, bad eye, force ripe
EXPRESSIONS - il y a(french) and (hay)- now it have in Creole-creolet
making hot. He have twelve years. Standard- It is hot. He is twelve years old.

UNMARKED VERBS-verbs that do not change to indicate person, tense -I/ah/mih eat,
yuh eat, he/him/she eat.we eat, allyuh eat, dey/dem eat.

CONTINUOUS ACTION IN THE PRESENT TENSE-Creole-Ah eatin/dem eatin de

plum. Standard-I am eating/They are eating the plums

PREVERBAL MARKERS(PARTICLES) TO INDICATE TENSE

Bin/does/dah/did/go/done/woulda/had was to
Creole_We bin eat/Ah does watch dem/de plum tree o bear/she did promise. Standard
We had caten/ look at them/he plum tree will bear/she promised
the
NEGATTVE PARTIcLES- EH,DOHDOESN,NA,No. MIH EHGOMIH EH
MINE. SHE NAH/EH DEAD.

DOUBLE NEGATIVES- me eh want none, doh tell she nutten

cOPULAS- subject-adjective structures used as complete sentences. The copula is often

not used-He sick/dey dead/here good: Dere better/under de bed well dusty
SERIAL VERBS-verbs oftenused in series without to or and. E.g. Run go tell him/I go
carry it give them/Bring it come
UNMARKED NOUNS-nouns and pronouns used without change to show singular and
phural- a dog/four dog, di dog/di dog dem, dem dog
Class nouns are often unmarked-mango nice, buy bread
FRONT FOcUsSING-highlighting one element of the sentemce by placing it at the

beginning.
Creole-is lie he lyin/a kill de kill itis dead he dead/is eat yuh eat
e
REDUPLICATION- repition for emphasis- He sick sick, It col col
QUANTIFIER
Creole
allT have
set-It have plenty rain/she take all the mango/he finish
a
Fenty/al/a couple/ a
there
couple of books/He have a set of friends/it have a set a water down
Standardd
friends
E a 1ot
ofrain/She took all the mangoes/ I have a few books/he has many

INTENSIFIER
PLENTY/BAD/TOO AD/QUITE/WELL- he plenty taller dan she/ I tired too badi
she too bad/she went quite in the country/he well sick
nke

Standard-He is much taller than she is/Tm very tired/she went all the way to the
country/he is quite ill

REDUCED cONSONANT CLUSTERS-Initial and final double consonants(voiced

and voiceless) are rednced to one sound

TH to
T tin, ting- initial-voiceless
TH to D
(dis,dat,dey,dese)-initial-voiced
TH to T (baat/bat, ifth/fif- final-voiceless
ST to T
(top/stop,tory.story)-initial-voiceless
ST/FT/EDto S/F (last/las,best/bes missed/miss,left/lef-final-voiceless
NDNTLD to NL (bcnd/ben,wouldn't/wudn,cold/col) final-yoiced
SK/CT to S/K ( mask/mas, respect/respect) -final-voiceless

vOICEDcONSONANTS-use the voice, vbration on throat-B/D/VL/R

VoICELESS CONSONANTS- DO NOT USE THE voICE, No vIBRATrION-
SH/CH/TH
P/fs|+