Experience of Achieving Fourier's Law

Introduction
The Fourier's Law experiment is one of the most important experiments in thermal physics and is used to
understand how heat is transferred in solids, liquids and gases, and this experiment provides many valuable
information about the thermal conductivity in materials and how heat moves from a high-temperature area to
a low-temperature area.

- Main parts

Armfield HT10XC

figer 1

The device generates heat by electrical energy, and you can control the amount of heat by controlling the
voltage and works to measure temperatures accurately by thermal sensors and displays the reading of each
sensor on a screen installed on it as figer 1
Armfield HT11

Figure2

The device has a cooling section at the bottom and a heating section at the top insulated with an insulator to
It allows us to study heat transfer in different materials by conduction and has sensors to measure the
temperature passing inside it as it figure 2

Objective of the experiment:

1. Understand the basics of heat transfer in materials and how heat flows from a high-temperature area
to a low-temperature area,
2. Understand the way heat is transferred in materials, which helps design cooling and heating systems
and improve the efficiency of devices.
3. Improving the disease of new materials: This experiment can be used to study the performance of
materials and improve their thermal properties.
4. Measuring the thermal conductivity coefficient K of a substance

Experiment step
 1. Install the cooling system so that the pipe that enters the water is at inlet 13 and the pipe from which
the water will come out is at outlet 9.
2. Connect the sensor filaments of HT 11 in their places on the HT 10X No. 30 (plug each socket into the
one that suits it)
3. Connect the heat source to the HT 11
4. Turn on the HT 10XC from the Power button (21)
5. Set the socket (25) to work on (V) then set it to 5V via socket (23) then change the socket (25) to work
on (I) and record the readings (readings will appear on the screen (24))
6. The sensor reading will appear on the screen (27) Wait for a period of time about (20-30) minutes and
then record the temperature sensor readings You can switch between sensors using the socket (28)
7. Repeat step 5 with voltage 10V and record current strength then Repeat step 6.
8. Repeat step 5 again with a voltage of 15 volts, then repeat for step 6.

:Readings

‫ءات‬

Data set voltage Current Temperatures(c0)

--- 'V' 'I' T1 T2 T3 T6 T7 T8

1 5 0.49 25.2 24.6 26 19.4 19 18.4

2 10 0.96 49 46.9 48.1 26.5 24.7 22.8

3 15 1.43 82 77.6 78.3 36 32.2 28.3

Note that T3 gives illogical readings, and this may be for several reasons, including:

1. The device has not been cleaned in a role, which causes a lack of efficiency of
readings.
2. Wrong connection
3. The device needs maintenance.
 Calculations and results:

Quantity Formula Data set k(avg) units

1 2 3
2
Cross-sectional area if the bar πD 10-4*4.9087 m2
A=
4
heat flow Q=V*I 2.45 9.6 21.45 W

Temp.Diff.in the heated section ∆ T hot =T 1−T 2 0.6 2.1 4.4 ))c0

Conductivity in the heated section x 13 Q 124.7 139.6 148.9 137.8 w

K hot =
∆T hot A 8 9 7 1 Co m

Temp.Diff.in the cooled section ∆ T cold=T 6 −T 8 1 3.7 7.7 ))c0

Conductivity in the cooled section x 68 Q 149.7 158.5 170.2 159.5 w

K cold =
∆ T cold A 3 7 5 1 Co m

Hot Section

When it measured the value of thermal conductivity, used the difference between temperatures T 1,T 2 and
the distance( X) was equal to 0.015 meters, where the results showed that the value of thermal conductivity
is equal to 124.78 w/(C.m) and the second time it increased the thermal energy until it reached 9.6 (W) and
the difference between temperatures was 2.1 where the results showed that the value of thermal conductivity
increased to be 139.69 w/(C.m) due to this increase is the increase in thermal energy (Q) and the third time
it increased the thermal energy, which in turn led to an increase in the value of conductivity to 148.97 and
the average results were (137.81)

Cold Section
When it measured the value of thermal conductivity, used the difference between temperatures T 6,T 8 and the
distance( X) was equal to 0.03 meters, where the results showed that the value of thermal conductivity is
equal to 149.73w/(C.m) and the second time it increased the thermal energy until it reached 9.6 (W) and the
difference between temperatures was 3.7(k) where the results showed that the value of thermal conductivity
increased to be 158.57 w/(C.m) due to this increase is the increase in thermal energy (Q) and the third time it
increased the thermal energy, which in turn led to an increase in the value of conductivity to 170.25 and the
average results were (159.51).
Through our research, we find that the thermal conductivity in the cold section is greater than that in the hot
section and that the average thermal conductivity results between the hot and cold section is 148.66w/(C.m)
Chart showing the average values between X and T

‫ى‬
Conclusion:

1. The thermal conductivity coefficient of the material can be measured using ARMFIELD HT10X, HT 11
2. Heat flows from a high-temperature region to a low-temperature region.
3. understand the effect of temperature on heat flow,
4. The direction of the heat can be controlled by using insulators.
5. The temperature is inversely proportional to the distance through which the heat moves, as T 1 >T8