MABALACAT CITY COLLEGE ENGLISH 101 | PURPOSIVE

COMMUNICATION
Teacher’s Guide Week No. 1-2

Lesson 1- 2: Communication Processes, Principles, and Ethics

Sustainable Development Goals: Learning Materials
SDG No. 4 – Quality Education https://www.managementstudyguide.com/com
SDG No. 14 – Life Below Water munication-theory.htm

SDG No. 15 – Life on Land

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Z1BIeje_ko
&list=RDLVCSiGs2Fnu38&index=12

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGTn1PZbK
zw&list=RDLVCSiGs2Fnu38&index=20

Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, student must be able to:

1.Describe the nature, elements, and functions of verbal and non-verbal communication in various
multicultural contexts.
1. Demonstrate several verbal and non-verbal communication skills in various contexts.
2. Explain and demonstrate principles of communication effectively.

Lesson Preview/Review
MCC Vision
Mabalacat City College envisions itself to be the top choice in the community it serves for quality
education and training by 2025.

MCC Mission
The Mission of Mabalacat City College is to meet the needs of its community as a center for learning
aiming for open admission policy.

Concept Notes/Teacher-Led Discussion

LESSON 1.1 THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS

1
 MABALACAT CITY COLLEGE ENGLISH 101 | PURPOSIVE
COMMUNICATION
Teacher’s Guide Week No. 1-2

COMMUNICATION

Everything that revolves around us

is communication. Spoken or not,
every act conveys meanings and
various interpretations because all of
us come from diverse backgrounds.
As such, we must give and provide
accurate messages to minimize
misinterpretation.

© hrasiamedia.com

So, what is communication?

Communication is the process of people reacting to other individuals' various attitudes and behaviors;
communication can be viewed as a personal process taking into the feelings, attitudes, and ideas so that their goals
are met. It compels people to be aware that communication events are not isolated but can be transmitted from
simple to very complicated situations.

All living beings existing on the planet communicate, although the way of communication is different. S. F.
Scudder proposed the Communication Theory Framework in the year 1980.

Examine more communication and communication theory through the following viewpoints through this link:

https://www.managementstudyguide.com/communication-theory.htm

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

Verbal Communication
refers to the production of spoken language to send an intentional message to a listener. It includes
using symbols that have universal meanings and can be classified as spoken or written.

Intrapersonal Communication
is communication through self-talk. This involves personal
thoughts and emotions. Feedback goes back to you.

Interpersonal Communication

2
 MABALACAT CITY COLLEGE ENGLISH 101 | PURPOSIVE
COMMUNICATION
Teacher’s Guide Week No. 1-2

It is communication between two people (dyadic) or a small

group of individuals (also known as small group discussion).
This type of communication allows speakers to discuss topics
that interest them or may share a common bond.

Public Communication
Where one person is speaking in front of an audience, the
magnitude or size may be limited or numerous. The speaker
delivers the message in a formal setting, giving a thematic
topic. Feedback from the audience may be available or not.

Mass Communication
Communication occurs through technology such as the
social network/internet, television, radio, and newspaper. Through these communication channels, the
message is replicated many times, resulting in a multiplier effect on the receivers. Speakers must be
very careful of the kind of information being disseminated. The messages conveyed must be screened
before public dissemination.

Non-verbal Communication
is an oversimplification to say that non-verbal communication is
communication without words because written words are perceived as
“verbal.” Still, there is a lack of sound elements attached to them. Hence,
words in non-verbal communication are still involved; speaking is
omitted.
Therefore, non-verbal symbols consist of gestures, eye movements, tone
of voice, and the use of space and touch. Because these non-verbal cues
are not shared universally, they may give a different meaning to another culture and thus, be
considered ambiguous.

“Nonverbal communication performs a third valuable social

function: conveying emotion that we may be unwilling or
unable to express-or, ones we may not even be aware of.
Nonverbal communication is much better suited to expressing
attitudes and feelings than ideas” (Adler & Rodman, 2006)

Non-verbal communication must repeat and ascent the verbal

message accompanied by gestures. It also regulates interaction
since non-verbal action may indicate who will speak or not. It
serves as a substitute in the absence of words.

3
 MABALACAT CITY COLLEGE ENGLISH 101 | PURPOSIVE
COMMUNICATION
Teacher’s Guide Week No. 1-2

TYPES OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

In the absence of written or spoken words, gestures and symbols
are a substitute to make non-verbal communication easier to
understand.

Silence conveys meaning to the spectators that can be seen in a

quiet yet busy person. This person is contemplating, grieving,
not being disturbed, or being in a difficult situation.
A silent reply in a conversation between two individuals may
signify that the receiver does not understand or may refuse to
answer.

Body language (gesture) is employed in two ways unconscious movement to tell the state of emotion
the person is undergoing, such as walking around for being bored, biting the fingernails for being
nervous or other activities done unconsciously.

On the other hand, conscious movement entails individuals rendering the designated action, such as
saluting the national flag or appropriate measures to be generated for specific activities.

Facial expression is manifested to evoke

certain emotions such as happiness, joy,
sadness, frustration, and many other facial
movements.

Paralanguage or the use of voice is detected in

loud or faint sounds to provide authority or
emphasis to the volume of words. You can see
Mathematics everywhere in this world
though you sometimes ignore its presence.
To be able to see Mathematics, you have to
observe to notice hints and clues: in nature,
in your daily routine, in your work, in people
and communities, and in events.

4
 MABALACAT CITY COLLEGE ENGLISH 101 | PURPOSIVE
COMMUNICATION
Teacher’s Guide Week No. 1-2

In some cultures, touch (hug, kiss, handshake) symbolizes affection but may not be allowed in
specific communities.

5
 MABALACAT CITY COLLEGE ENGLISH 101 | PURPOSIVE
COMMUNICATION
Teacher’s Guide Week No. 1-2

Space & distance indicate the importance of a person. Distance

signifies intimacy and personal acceptance in some cultures and others not.

Clothes and personal

appearance provide quick
private surveillance of the
person’s age, interest, personality, sex, attitude, social
standing, or religious affiliation.

Symbols are general graphical

presentations so that people will be guided accordingly,

such as traffic signs, mathematical problems, medical,
and other fields of specialty (Rasel, 2013).

FIVE THEORIES OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Semiotics (Sign Language)
 MABALACAT CITY COLLEGE ENGLISH 101 | PURPOSIVE
COMMUNICATION
Teacher’s Guide Week No. 1-2

FIVE THEORIES OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Semiotics (Sign Language)

© newsweek.com
Sign languages are used without the spoken word and have phonological, lexical, and even syntactic levels.

Kinesics (Body Language)

Kinesics comes from the word kinesis which means movement. Nonverbal communication is the study of
arm, body, and faces actions. Gestures are body movements classified into adaptors, emblems, and illustrators.

Adaptors pertain to the self, indicating internal states related to stress,

anxiety, or when things are not in control of the surroundings. Adaptors are
manifested through unconscious movements such as clicking of pens, shaking
of legs, and many others.

Emblems signify agreement, such as raising a thumb or a

hitchhiker or an OK sign with the thumb and index finger forming a
circle but vary from culture to culture.

Emblems are different from sign language. In addition, head

movements and posture among many cultures may provide various
meanings, such as head nodding, a bow, or a handshake. Human posture like standing, sitting, squatting, and lying
down also provide different interpretations in various societies. So is the ability to establish eye contact sets
interaction, relays information, and links interpersonal relationships. Eye contact is also cognitive activity,
expressing engagement and expressing intimidation. In addition, facial expression manifests happiness, sadness,
fear, disgust, anger, and many other emotions that will give information to the receivers from the person
conveying it (Communication in the Real World: An Introduction to Communication, 2016)

7
 MABALACAT CITY COLLEGE ENGLISH 101 | PURPOSIVE
COMMUNICATION
Teacher’s Guide Week No. 1-2

Haptics (Touch)
The study of communication by touch is known as Haptics. Touch is essential for social development,
which can be welcoming, threatening, or persuasive. Numerous kinds of contact include functional-professional,
social-polite, friendship-warmth, love-intimacy, and sexual-arousal communication.

A functional-professional level touch is associated with a professional routine, such as barbers,

hairstylists, doctors, nurses, tattoo artists, and security screeners whose communication is less
threatening. The social-polite level includes a handshake and a pat on the arm or shoulder. A handshake
is an abbreviated hand-holding gesture, but we know that prolonged hand-holding would be
considered too intimate and inappropriate at the functional-professional and social-polite levels; touch
still has interpersonal implications. The communication, although professional and not personal,
between hairstylist and client or between nurse and patient, has the potential to be therapeutic and
comforting. In addition, a social-polite touch exchange plays into initial impression formation, which
can have important implications for how interaction and a relationship unfold” (Communication in the
Real World: An Introduction to Communication, 2016, p. 176).

Meanwhile, at the friendship-warmth level, touch is significant since it serves a relational

continuance that will foster closeness, adoration, attention, and concern. Friends at times may negotiate
since being too touchy may signal sexual or romantic, or less touch may signal detachment or
disassociation. However, contact at the love-intimacy level, such as holding hands and full-frontal
hugging, is more personal and done through “significant other, best friends, close family members, and
romantic partners.” Nonetheless, this level of touch is not sexual since it only spurs emotional intimacy
but may lead to sexual-arousal communication.

Touch is also used in other contexts like wrestling, slapping, bumping into another person, and many
different scenarios.

Chronemics (Time)
Chronemics studies how time influences communication involving biological time, personal
time, physical time, and cultural time. Natural time is the rhythm of living things where the daily body
cycle affects our eating patterns, sleeping, and waking moments. When the biological clock is
disturbed (sleepless nights, jet lag, or other abnormalities in scheduling), our communication
proficiency and personal relationships will be significantly affected. Meanwhile, personal time is

8
 MABALACAT CITY COLLEGE ENGLISH 101 | PURPOSIVE
COMMUNICATION
Teacher’s Guide Week No. 1-2

associated with a person’s mood in a specific activity that defines their experience time. “People with
past-time orientations may want to reminisce, reunite with old friends, and spend considerable time
preserving memories and keepsakes in scrapbooks and photo albums. People with future-time
orientations may spend the same amount of time making career and personal plants, writing out to-
do lists or researching future vacations, potential retirement spots, or what book they’re going to read
next” (Communication in the Real World: An Introduction to Communication, 2016)

Physical time is the fixed cycle of days, weeks, months, years, and seasons that affect people’s mood
and psychological levels. Others are affected by seasonal disorders from “warm and bright to dark
and cold” and so forth, resulting in emotional tensions and worry. On the other hand, cultural time is
how a large group of individuals look at time. Polychronic individuals are flexible people who
engage in many activities since they refuse to look at the time as a linear development that requires
division into small units and the need to plan. In contrast, monochronic individuals prefer to schedule
their time strictly and do one task at a time (Communication in the Real World: an Introduction to
Communication, 2016).

Proxemics (Use of Space)

Proxemics is a theory of non-verbal communication introduced by Edward T. Hall in the 1960s
to explain how people understand and use space to attain communication purposes. In the silent
language, Hall outlines proxemic theory:

Distances should be the preference of the individuals and not forced closeness. However, the
study of distance varies from culture to culture. For instance, Americans prefer personal space of
18inches. According to Hall, following the use of space below will indicate the kind of relationship
people have.

9
 MABALACAT CITY COLLEGE ENGLISH 101 | PURPOSIVE
COMMUNICATION
Teacher’s Guide Week No. 1-2

Intimate (0-18 inches); Personal (18 inches to 4 feet); Social (4 feet – 10 feet); and Public (over 10 feet)
Proxemics will not only show relationships and objectives in communication but detail other cultural
undertakings like how the town is arranged and the living spaces therein. It is believed that how things are set
defines one’s region. Hence, territories are planned to create comfort for homeowners and keep away intruders.
Colors identify the types of parts and the behavioral expectations of the individuals in them.

For example, a bright violet sofa in a small apartment signifies a fun, carefree atmosphere, while a white
sofa indicates formality. Even restaurants in soothing pastels entice dinners to stay a little longer with their meals,
or those decorated with loud designs may prompt diners to leave immediately after eating.

Types of Territories in Proxemics

1. Body Territory refers to the personal space the individual maintains with other people.
2. Primary Territory refers to the person's home, vehicle, or other living spaces.
3. Secondary Territory refers to a school, office, or church, where entry is reserved for specific individuals and
norms are expected and looked upon.
4. Public Territory refers to the open space everyone visits, such as the part, market, shopping mall, and many
others.
Because people come and go, these territories may overlap with each other.

CYCLICAL FLOW OF THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS

The Source/Encoder holds the fulcrum of the communication since this individual determines whether
the purpose of the message is to inform, persuade, or entertain. The speaker begins by creating a message and
then passes the message to the receiver through a channel, whether personal or mass media. The speaker uses past
experiences, thoughts, perceptions, and feelings.
The Message is the second element of the communication process. The sender encodes an idea and then
decides whether or not to inform, persuade or entertain the receiver. After evaluating what message will be

10
 MABALACAT CITY COLLEGE ENGLISH 101 | PURPOSIVE
COMMUNICATION
Teacher’s Guide Week No. 1-2

conveyed, the sender will use symbols on how to get the news across. The receiver then decodes and interprets
the message.
The Channel is a pathway or device where messages are passed
from sender to receiver using verbal and nonverbal communication
channels. The five senses are essential in transporting these
messages to the receiver. Other methods of sending these messages
can be face-to-face communication, letter writing, telephone or
cellular phone, or a public address with an audience featured
through television, radio, or newspaper. Another is through social
media such as Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, Instagram, and many
others.

The Receiver/Decoder is the person(s) involved in the

communication process which receives (s) the message. The
decoder receives the message and then interprets the message. If the message is simple or complex, the ability of
the recipient to comprehend the message is a significant factor. Thus, the response of the decoder may be silent,
spontaneous, reluctant, or may have pauses in between, depending on the communicative situation.

The Feedback is the result of the interaction between the sender and the decoder. Here the decoder gives
a response to the message conveyed. As the communication process progresses, the speaker becomes the decoder
too. Each party in the communication process continuously sends a message to the other. Feedback serves as an
assessment of how the receiver interprets each message:
1. Negative feedback happens when there is a lack of understanding.
2. Positive feedback takes place when the receiver fully understands the message.
Although it may not fully agree with the source as the message is interpreted precisely.
3. Ambiguous feedback only occurs when the message relayed is not very clear, thereby
giving confusion to the receiver. Likewise, feedback is neither positive nor negative, like saying the
phrases “I see” and “mmm-hmm.”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Z1BIeje_ko&list=RDLVCSiGs2Fnu38&index=12

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGTn1PZbKzw&list=RDLVCSiGs2Fnu38&index=20

11
 MABALACAT CITY COLLEGE ENGLISH 101 | PURPOSIVE
COMMUNICATION
Teacher’s Guide Week No. 1-2

LESSON 1.2
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

In addressing a formal or informal speaking engagement, it is necessary to know the following:

• Know your audience is necessary to know whom you are talking to because your speech has to match
the listener’s interest. Your address is tailored perfectly to the discussion by gauging what they need.

• Know your purpose is also essential to know why you are placed in such a speaking engagement.
Knowing your purpose is critical since it will help you outline what you say.

• Know your topic is the key and heart of your discussion. The topic knits all the information
into a cohesive whole so that your speech will have significance to the listeners. Speaking without
preparation is like going to the war field and so having a topic enables you not to go off tangent from the
theme.

• Anticipate objections are challenging to handle but again, presenting an idea to

everyone does not necessarily give acceptance to the listeners. And so, during the open forum, be prepared
to answer challenging questions. Try to ask possible quarries before presenting your speech to an audience
and frame credible answers to the list of questions.

• Achieve credibility with your audience by sharing first-hand and factual information. Share
inspiring personal stories that will motivate the listeners and provide a lasting impression on themselves.
• Presenting information in several ways is the best technique in storytelling. As a speaker, you must be
creative and not follow the linear path of telling your tale. You may start to form the middle, beginning,
middle, end, and so forth. Be like a camera whose eyes can go 360 degrees, detailing all the angles and
knitting the illuminating parts of the storyline. Other ways can be performing a drama, singing a song, or
dance. Anything that is not predictable catches the attention of the listeners.

LESSON 1.3
COMMUNICATION ETHICS
What is Ethics?
As defined by Meriam Webster, ethics means:
- rules of behavior based on ideas about what is morally good and bad
- an area of study that deals with ideas about what is good and bad behavior; a branch of philosophy dealing
with what is morally right or wrong

12
 MABALACAT CITY COLLEGE ENGLISH 101 | PURPOSIVE
COMMUNICATION
Teacher’s Guide Week No. 1-2

What is Communication Ethics?

Communication Ethics takes place when the behavior of a person or group is subjected to their morals,
thereby affecting interpersonal, mass-mediated, and digital communication. There should be a balance between
speaking and listening, the validity of the emotional appeal, and the level between praise and criticism. The
communication imbalance results in unfavorable circumstances between two parties, so honesty in both groups
must be maintained.
Likely, understanding communication is manifested as an “interest in ethics.” In the sixth century B.C.,
Aristotle deliberated the significance of ethos and the personal attributes in touch like honesty and credibility.
This leads scholars to define ethics as examining personal morals, values, and choices. Moral choices and
consequent behaviors will result in disagreement when individuals are vexed with implementing people’s ethical
beliefs on others (Tubbs, 2013).

THE TRUTH STANDARD

“Communicators ought (expected) to be honest.”

ETHICAL ISSUES IN COMMUNICATION

1. Lying & Interpretation

He is telling a lie, and making it as truth is dangerous for people in providing information like James Frey
in A Million Little Pieces. They invented parts of his memoir and New Times reporter Jayson Blair’s plagiarism
case (Tubbs, 2013).

2. Secrets, Disclosures & Privacy

The issue in disclosure of the information is on a case-to-case basis. “For example, imagine yourself as a
reporter for the school newspaper. As part of your job, you interview a university official, and she gives you some
controversial information that you will not reveal as the source. The grades of several athletes have been altered
to raise their academic averages. Later a heated debate is stirred up by your article, and the dean of students
demands to know the source of your information” (Tubbs, 2013, pp. 204-205).
In the mass media, the ethical issue of the right to privacy is critical as journalists are confronted with the
case that the public has the right to know while their source has the right to be protected and the right to privacy.

3. Whistleblowing
It happens when someone from a group violates the group’s norm by revealing evidence or activity that
is considered dishonest, unethical, or forbidden by the organization, can be private or public. It requires

13
 MABALACAT CITY COLLEGE ENGLISH 101 | PURPOSIVE
COMMUNICATION
Teacher’s Guide Week No. 1-2

tremendous courage since the whistleblower speaks out about their status at a risk that will compromise their
safety (Tubbs, 2013).

4. Leaks
These are anonymous information shared with others, like information disclosed to the press by a
concealed identity who is a familiar source. It protects the head and avoids confirmation of the truth (Tubbs,
2013).

REFLECTION: Cite one concrete example of every real communication issue you
have experienced or witnessed. Explain and Upload your answer to your MS Team group.

Learning Activities
Developmental Activity (International/General Concepts)

SELF-EVALUATION # 1
1. How is your communication skill in English? Rate it from 1 to 5, with 5 being the highest and explain why you rated
your communication skill so.
2. If you rated yourself 3 or lower, what language skills do you think do you need improvements? How will you be able
to address such needs to improve?
3. Which of the principles should we never violate at all cost? Why

Guided Practice (National/Professional and Upright Citizens Values)

REFLECTION # 1 on ETHICAL ISSUES:

Cite 1 concrete example for every one Ethical Issue in Communication – you have experienced or you witnessed.
Explain and Upload your answer on your MS Team group.

RANDOM THOUGHTS on ETHICAL ISSUES

1. How do I check my stereotypes against the following: Members of the LGBTQA++, PWDs, Elderly et.al.

2. What steps may I take to check my prejudices/personal biases? Suggest 5 concrete steps to undertake.

3. Taking credit for others' work.

4. Harassment and discrimination are arguably the largest ethical issues that impact business owners today. Should
harassment or discrimination take place in the workplace, the result could be catastrophic for your organization both
financially and reputationally.

5. There are several ethical issues while I am conducting my research: access and acceptance, informed consent, privacy
and confidentiality, misinterpretation and misrepresenting of data. The first ethical issue is access and acceptance.

14
 MABALACAT CITY COLLEGE ENGLISH 101 | PURPOSIVE
COMMUNICATION
Teacher’s Guide Week No. 1-2

Independent Practice (National/Local Knowledge)

VERBAL and NON-VERBAL FORMS OF COMMUNICATION QUIZ on MSTEAMS 33points

REFERENCES

Sy Gaco, S. B. (2018). Principles & Competencies in Purposive Communication. Quezon City: Great Books
Trading.

Management Study Guide. (2020). Communication Theory. Retrieved:

https://www.managementstudyguide.com/Google Images

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Z1BIeje_ko&list=RDLVCSiGs2Fnu38&index=12

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGTn1PZbKzw&list=RDLVCSiGs2Fnu38&index=20

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Z1BIeje_ko&list=RDLVCSiGs2Fnu38&index=12

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGTn1PZbKzw&list=RDLVCSiGs2Fnu38&index=20

OFFICIAL MCC TEACHER’S GUIDE DISCLAIMER

This guide is only for the exclusive use of a bona fide student of Mabalacat City College and the author/s and/or
the publisher of this teacher’s guide have no monetary gain in using the textual information, imageries, and other
references used in its production.

In addition, this teacher’s guide or no part of it thereof may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, and/or otherwise, without the
prior permission of Mabalacat City College.

Prepared by:

ARCELYN M. ADRIANO
ENGLISH 101

15