3s Eng Gra PDF

GOVERNMENT FIRST GRADE COLLEGE
MALLESHWARAM 18TH CROSS BANGALORE

• DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
• TOPIC : AFFIXES
• BATCH : 5
• SUBMITTED TO : SAHANAPRIYA DARSHINI MAM
NAMES
• KADAMBARI
• ANKITHA
• BINDU
INTRODUCTION TO AFFIXES
• AFFIXES are letter / letters fixed before or after a root word to form a new word or to
alter it’s form.
• An affix is a word that can be added to a root word or base word to a new meaning.
• They also affect the meaning of the words.
• They may be called Prefixes and Suffixes depending upon whether fixture is added at
the beginning of the word or at the end.
TYPES OF AFFIXES
There are 2 types of AFFIXES
• Prefixes
• Suffixes
PREFIXES
Prefixes are fixed at the beginning of the words.
EX : Befriend, Co- curricular, Disagree, Encourage, Indirect
COMMON PREFIXES AND EXAMPLES
UN IM DIS PRE IN
Unable Imperfect Disadvantage Prepare Income
Unacceptable Impossible Disobedient Preference Incomplete
Undo Image Disrespect Preview Invoice
SUFFIXES
Suffixes are fixed at the end of the words.
EX : Artist, Beautify, Greatness, Hearty, Loyalty, Socialize.
COMMON SUFFIXES AND EXAMPLES

ABLE TION LY ING LESS
Stable Annotation Properly Doing Ruthless
Unable Creation Freely Working Useless
Lovable Assumption Slowly Parking Workless
EXAMPLES OF PREFIXES IN SENTENCES
• His Bicycle (cycle) tired got punctured during the race.

• I don’t like Irresponsible (responsible) parent and their children.
• His people loved him just for his Non-political ( political ) behaviour.
• He draws a Semicircle ( circle ) with this blue pencil.
• How can she become a Superstar (star) in just a few days.
EXAMPLES OF SUFFIXES IN SENTENCES
• I wore a Colourful ( colour) shirt to school for picture day.

• The Dancer ( dance ) performed a new more for the audience.
• I stopped Frequently ( frequent ) to take breaks during our test.
• This is an Acceptable ( accept) answer.
• I made a Wooden ( wood ) desk.
SUBJECT: ENGLISH: II SEM BA/BSW/BA (MUSIC) PAPER TITLE: GENERAL ENGLISH
3. Phrasal Verbs
Explanation with common examples
A phrasal verb is a combination of a verb and preposition or adverb or both

(a verb + a preposition or verb +adverb). A phrasal verb has a meaning which
is different from the meaning of its original verb.
A phrasal verb consists of a verb and words such as ‘up, on, in, over, out,
with, off, down, about, away, after’. A Phrasal verb consists of either two
words or three words.
E.g. bring up, give up, look after, put off, turn down, pass away, set off, call
off, break into, get up, deal in, step down, sort out, hold on, bring about,
looking forward to, look down upon, put up with.
Examples:
Phrasal verb has a meaning that is different to its original verb. Meaning of
each phrasal verb is mentioned for the sentence.
1. She was brought up by her aunt (bring up= to raise a child)
2. The patient passed away in the hospital at 2pm (pass away= to die)
3. He is trying to give up smoking (give up= to quit)
4. They had a discussion to sort out the problem (sort out= to resolve)
5. She looks after her child (look after= to take care)
6. She turned down his proposal (turn down= to reject)
7. They set off to Paris (set off= to start journey)
8. The game was called off due to bad weather (call off= to cancel)
9. He gets up early in the morning (get up= to rise from bed)
10. What brought about a change in your attitude? (bring about= to cause)
SUBJECT: ENGLISH: II SEM BA/BSW/BA (MUSIC) PAPER TITLE: GENERAL ENGLISH
There are also some phrasal verbs whose meanings may be closer to the
literal meaning of its individual words.
E.g. switch on, care for, call back, stay away, pick up, clean up, sit down,
throw away.
II SEMESTER BCOM LANGUAGE ENGLISH
UNIT 4
CARTOONING by R K Laxman
Session 26
REPORTED SPEECH
Quoting another’s words as they are to some other person is called the direct
speech. It is indicated by writing the quoted words within inverted commas.
Reporting someone else’s words in the reporter’s words i.e., not exactly as
stated by the original speaker, is called indirect speech or reported speech. For
instance,
Gandhiji said, “Truth is God” - Direct Speech
Gandhiji said that truth is God - Indirect Speech
While the direct speech is simple and expects sound retentiveness (memory
power), the reported speech follows certain rules so that the correct meaning
is conveyed and not distorted. The rules are as follows:
(a) Physical Changes: In indirect speech, the initial comma and the inverted
commas at both ends are deleted. Such punctuation marks as question
mark, exclamatory mark are not used as all kinds of sentences become
mere statements in the reported speech.
(b) Distance of Time: For our convenience – the words outside the inverted
commas may be called the reporting part/report verbs and the words
within the inverted commas may be called the report. Though the
reporting part is generally untouched, a few changes are made when
required. For instance, if the report is a question, then the outside verb
(reporting verb) is modified as – asked/enquired; if it is a request then
asked/requested; if it is an order – instructed, told him/her; in the case
of an exclamation – exclaimed/wondered and so on.
If the reporting verb is in the past tense, then while being reported the verbs in
the report (within the inverted commas) change as follows:
Present tense (goes/go) - past tense (went)

Future tense (will go) - past tense (would go)
Past tense (went) - past perfect tense (had gone etc.)
Digital Learning DCE

This rule does not apply if the report (the statement within the inverted
commas) is a universal truth – like ‘Man dies’, ‘The sunrises in the East’ etc.
Eg: The teacher said, ‘I will be on leave’.

The teacher said that he/she would be on leave.
The teacher said, ‘The earth moves round the Sun’.
The teacher said that the Earth moves round the Sun.
If the reporting verb (outside the inverted commas) is either in the present
tense or the future tense, then the verbs within the inverted commas remain
the same.
Eg: My father says, ‘I do not know philosophy’,

My father says that he does not know philosophy.
(c) Distance of relationship:

The pronouns in the report undergo changes relatively to the
reporting person. Whatever in the first person (I, we, me, mine, my, us etc.) in
the report has to change according to the speaker of the dialogue.
Sandhya said, ‘I know the thief’.

Sandhya said that she knew the thief.
Bheema said, ‘I don’t like this’.
Bheema said that he did not like that.
Likewise, anything in the second person (you, your etc.) has to be referred to
the listener of the dialogue.
Eg: Rama said to Sita, ‘I don’t want you to come with me’.
Rama said to Sita that he did not want her to go with him.
Thus, words like ‘this’ etc., change in the following manners:

this - that
now - then
today - that day
tomorrow - the next day
yesterday - the previous day
these - those
tonight - that night

here - there

UNIT 4
Session 27
REPORTED SPEECH
Continuation- Reported Speech
(d) Use or omission of ‘that’.
When the initial inverted commas are deleted, the reporting portion and
the report get mixed up. To demarcate them the following steps are
followed:
(i) If the report is a statement then ‘that’ should replace the inverted
commas.
Vanaja said, ‘I wrote the correct answer’.
Vanaja said that she had written the correct answer.
(ii) If the report is an order or a request, then ‘to’ replaces the

inverted commas:
The teacher said to the monitor, ‘Bring a few pieces of chalk’.
The teacher told the monitor to bring a few pieces of chalk.
(iii) If the report is a question then

a) for questions that expect the answer either yes or no –
replacethe inverted commas with ‘if’ or ‘whether’
b) for questions that expect descriptive answers (wh-
questions), begin (replace) with the same questioning word.
Eg: The teacher asked Manu, ‘Do you like sweets?’

The teacher asked Manu whether / if he/she liked sweets.
The teacher said to Manu, ‘How many jamoons can you eat?’
The teacher asked Manu how many jamoons he/she could eat.
Please note the questions turn into statements in the reported speech.
(iv) If the report is an exclamatory remark than the reporting verb
may be changed as ‘wondered’ or ‘exclaimed’ and an adjective
may be added instead of an interjection-like- ‘oh!’, ‘alas!’ etc. The
inverted commas are substituted by ‘that’.

Eg: Arjuna said, ‘What a great sight!’

Arjuna exclaimed that it was a great sight.
(e) There are other ways too of preparing the reported speech like
expressing the summary / the meaning of the report.
Eg: Sudha said to Suma, ‘Please have a cup of coffee.’
Sudha offered Suma a cup of coffee.
Exercises
I. Rewrite the following sentences in indirect/reported speech:
1. Our professor said, “Bring your texts tomorrow”.
2. Sudhir said to his friend, “Get me a cup of water”.
3. The Principal announced, “The valedictory function will be tomorrow”.
4. The candidate pleaded with the examiner, “I have forgotten my hall

ticket but allow me to write”.
5. The guide explained, “All these sculptures belong to the Hoysala period”.
6. The father asked the son, “Do you know how I brought you up?”
7. The mechanic explained to the customer, “Your car needs to be repaired

thoroughly”.
8. The customer said, “How much will it cost?”
9. Newton declared, “All things attract each other”.
10. The board says, “Anyone who enters this place should buy something”.
Answers:
1. Our professor asked us to bring our texts the next day.
2. Sudhir asked his friend to get him a cup of water.

3. The Principal announced that the valedictory function will be held the
next day
4. The candidate pleaded with the examiner to allow him to write the
examination even though he had forgotten to bring his hall ticket.
5. The guide explained that all those sculptures belonged to the Hoysala
period.
6. The father angrily asked his son if he knew how he had brought
him up.
7. The mechanic explained to the customers that his car needed to be
repaired thoroughly.
8. The customer wanted to know how much it would cost.
9. Newton declared that all things attracted each other.
10.The board wanted anyone who entered the place to buy something.

UNIT 4
Session 28
REPORTED SPEECH
Exercise: 2
I. Rewrite the following paragraphs in indirect/reported speech:
1. In the dining hall of a hotel, a lady met a stranger and became friendly with him.
On being asked about herself, the lady said, “I came in the train from Chennai to
Bangalore. I have no idea of Bangalore. This is the first time.” The stranger
offered to help. He said, “I will help you.” And continued, “Where do you exactly
want to go?” She replied, “I want to visit my aunt who lives in Rajajinagar.” He
said, “I will book an Ola cab for you. You will be there soon.” The lady thanked
the stranger for the help.
Ans: In the dining hall of a hotel, a lady met a stranger and became friendly with him.
On being asked about herself, the lady said that she had come in the train from
Chennai to Bangalore. So had no idea of Bangalore. This was the first time. The
stranger offered to help. He said that he would help her and asked when she exactly
wanted to go. She replied that she wanted to visit her aunt who lives in Rajajinagar.
He said that he would book an Ola cab for her and she will be there soon. The lady
thanked the stranger for the help.
2. Suddenly I felt a piercing pain in my left ear. The teacher was twisting it and at
the same time pulling me up by it! “You rascal,” he shouted, “making fun of me!
You will answer for this mischief!” “Where have I made fun of you, sir!” I moaned,
“Here!” He shouted shoving the exercise book in my face and pointing to a
creature like a tiger cub I had drawn.
Ans: Suddenly he felt a piercing pain in his left ear. The teacher was twisting it and at
the same time pulled him up by it. He called him rascal and exclaimed that he had
fun of him and he would answer for that mischief. He replied with respect where he
had made fun of him. The teacher shouted shoving the exercise book in his face and
pointing to a creature like a tiger cub he had drawn.

3. My mother wanted to buy potatoes. She asked the shopkeeper, “How much is
one kilogram of potatoes?” The shopkeeper replied, “Fifty rupees a kilogram,
madam.” My mother was slightly taken aback. She said, “I bought potatoes for
just 30 rupees a kilogram last week!” The shopkeeper explained, “The rains have
spoilt the crop madam, so the prices have gone high.”
Ans: His mother wanted to buy potatoes. She asked the shopkeeper how much one
kilogram of potatoes was. The shopkeeper replied that it was fifty rupees a kilogram.
His mother was shocked. She exclaimed that she had bought potatoes for just 30
rupees a kilogram the previous week. The shopkeeper exclaimed that the rains had
spoilt the crop so the prices had gone high.
4. The child pleaded with his mother, “Mother, please buy me a bicycle.” The
mother said, “I will buy you a bicycle after your exams.” The child was not so
happy. Looking at the dejected son, the mother’s heart melted and she said, “Ok,
come, let’s go to the nearest bicycle shop and buy a bicycle for you.” The child
became very happy and said, “You are the best mother in the world.”
Ans: The child pleaded with his mother and requested her to buy him a bicycle. The
mother promised him that she would buy him a bicycle after his exams. The child was
not so happy. Looking at the dejected son, the mother’s heart melted and she told that
they should go to the nearest bicycle shop and buy a bicycle for him. The child become
very happy and remarked that she is the best mother in the world.
5. “There are several means to make people happy”, said the Guruji. The disciple,
however, wanted to know the means and he asked the Guruji, “Can you specify
Guruji?” The Guruji replied, “Kindness and compassion is one way. Doing things
for others wholeheartedly is another. Being unselfish is also a way.” The disciple
understood the message and said to the Guruji, “Thank you so much, Guruji.”
Ans: Guruji said that there are several means to make people happy. The disciple,
however, wanted to know the means and he asked the Guruji if he could specify the
means. Guruji answered that kindness and compassion is one way. Doing things for
others wholeheartedly is another. Being unselfish is also a way. The disciple
understood the message and thanked the Guruji.

BNU BCOM/BBA II Sem Perceptions-II, Generic English, STUDY MATERIAL: Active & Passive Voice- Explanation
8. ACTIVE / PASSIVE VOICE
Introduction: In the active voice, the subject and verb relationship is straightforward. The subject
is a doer, and the verb moves the sentence along. In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence is not a
doer but is acted upon by some other agent or by something unnamed.
What is the Voice? The voice of a verb tells whether the subject of the sentence is the doer
of the action or receiving the action. If the subject is performing the action, then the sentence is
in an active voice. If the subject is simply receiving the action, then the sentence is in a passive
voice.
Why and When to Use Passive voice Structure?
1. When the subject/agent (=the person who does the action) is unknown, unimportant,
unnecessary or obvious from the context.
This temple was built five years ago.
The mirror was broken yesterday.
Jane was shot. (We don’t know who shot her.)
This church was built in 1815. (Unimportant agent)
He has been arrested.(Obviously by the police)
2. To make more polite or formal statements.
The car hasn’t been cleaned. (More polite) (You haven’t cleaned the car. Lesspolite)
3. When the action is more important than the agent, as in processes, instructions, events,
reports, headlines, new items, and advertisements.
30 people were killed in the earthquake.
4. Emphasizing the agent.
The new library will be opened by the Queen.
5. When it is necessary to give importance to the object. e.g.
(a) The story was written by Rameez.
(b) The tiger was killed by the experienced hunter.
6. The passive voice is especially helpful (and even regarded as mandatory) in scientific or
technical writing or lab reports, where the subject is not important but the process or
principle being described is of ultimate importance. e.g.
(a) Hydrochloric acid is produced when hydrogen and chlorine are mixed.
(b) The sewing machine was invented by Elias Howe.
7. We use the passive voice to avoid responsibility for actions taken. e.g.
Wine ads are designed to appeal especially to students.
(places the burden on the ads — as opposed to the burden on the designer/advertiser)
We designed wine ads to appeal especially to students.
('we’ accepts responsibility)
Types of voice:
Verbs are also said to be active or passive in voice. There are two types of voices: viz. Active and
Passive.
1. Active Voice: In active voice, the subject performs the action expressed by the verb. Active
voice can make it clear to the reader who is taking action in the sentence. In addition, the
active voice stresses that the actor/doer of the action (or grammatical subject) precedes the
verb again, emphasizing the subject. E.g. He sings a song.
2. Passive Voice: In passive voice, the subject receives the action expressed by the verb. Passive
voice construction leaves out the actor (subject) and focuses on the relationship between the
verb and object. e.g. A song is sung by him.
Prepared by: Prof.VENKATA RAMU.BR, GFGC, GUDIBANDE Page 1 of 3

Active & Passive verbs:
Active Verb: A verb is 'active' when its form shows that the subject does some work or the
subject is active.
Passive Verb: A verb is 'passive' when its form shows that something is done to the subject or
the subject is not active, but passive.
Observe these examples:
Tense / Time Active Voice Passive Voice

Present Simple He writes the letters. The letters are written.
Past Simple He wrote the letters. The letters were written.
Future Simple He will write the letters. The letters will be written.
Present
He is writing the letters. The letters are being written.
Continuous
Past Continuous He was writing the letters. The letters were being written
Going to He is going to write the letters. The letters are going to be written.
Present Perfect He has written the letters. The letters have been written.
Past Perfect He had written the letters. The letters had been written.
Infinitive He has to write the letters. The letters have to be written.
Modals He must write the letters. The letters must be written.
How to change a sentence from the active voice to the passive voice:
Active to Passive diagram

SUBJECT ACTIVE VERB OBJECT COMPLEMENT
Leslie took this photograph yesterday
This photograph was taken by Leslie yesterday

SUBJECT PASSIVE VERB AGENT OBJECT COMPLEMENT
1. The object of the active voice sentence becomes the subject of the passive voice sentence.
E.g.
Agatha Christie wrote this book.
This book was written by Agatha Christie.
2. We change the main verb of the active voice sentence into the passive voice. Always change
the verb in the passive voice into “past participle”.
3. The tense remains unchanged in passive voice.
4. Being: being is used with continuous tense forms (both present & past am, is, are, Was,
were )
5. Been: been is used with has, have, had.
6. Modals: “be” is used with the modals & infinitive forms like: can, could, shall, should, will,
would, may, might, must, has to, have to, had to.
7. The subject of the active voice sentence becomes the agent of the passive sentence. It is
placed after the past participle and it is preceded by the preposition by. E.g.
8. Change the subjective personal pronouns into the objective personal pronouns: If the
indirect object of the active voice sentence is a personal pronoun it has to be changed into a

subject pronoun to be the subject of the passive voice sentence.
Types Personal Pronouns

Subjective I We You He She It they
Objective me us You him her It them
9. Double Object Verbs: When we have verbs that take two objects like, give somebody
something, we can convert the active sentence into a passive one in two ways:
a. By making the indirect (animate) object the subject of the passive voice sentence, which
is also the way that we usually prefer.
b. By making the direct (inanimate) object the subject of the passive voice.
Rick gave me (indirect object) this book (direct object).
I was given this book by Rick.
This book was given to me by Rick.
Some of the verbs that take two objects are: give, tell, send, show, bring, write, offer, pay,
etc.
10. When the indirect object is alone after the verb in the passive voice sentence, it needs the
preposition to.
11. The passive of an active tense is formed by putting the verb to be into the same tense as the
active verb and adding the past participle of the active verb. The subject of the active verb
becomes the "agent" of the passive verb. The agent is very often not mentioned. When it is
mentioned, it is preceded by by and placed at the end of the clause.
Active: My grandfather planted this tree.
Passive: This tree was planted by my grandfather.
Use of agent ‘by’:
We use the preposition "by" to say who did the action that we are talking about, i.e. to refer to
the agent. E.g. the name (by Peter), noun (by the teacher) or a pronoun (by him) at the end of the
sentence. We usually only refer to the agent when it gives us important information which
would otherwise be missing from the sentence. E.g. Our house was designed by a famous architect.
We don’t mention the agent (doer of the action):
a. If we don’t know who the doer is. E.g.

Our car was stolen last night. (We don’t know who stole it)
b. If we are not interested in who has done what we are talking about or it is not important to
mention it. E.g. Hehasbeentakentohospital.
(Whatweareinterestedinisthefactthathehasbeentaken to hospital and not who has taken him.)
c. If it is easy to understand who did something without it being mentioned. E.g.
The murderer was arrested last night.
(It is not necessary to mention that he has been arrested by the police because it is self-evident.)
d. If the subject of the active voice sentence is something like somebody, people, they, you,
etc. e.g. Someone broke the window. → The window was broken.
Certain verbs cannot be transformed into passive:

a. Only transitive verbs (those that take objects) can be transformed into passive constructions.
b. Furthermore, active sentences containing certain verbs cannot be transformed into
passive structures. 'To have’ is the most important of these verbs. We can say "He has a new cycle," but we
cannot say "A new cycle is had by him."
c. Here is a brief list of such verbs: resemble, look like, equal, agree With, mean, contain, hold, comprise, lack, suit,
fit, become, etc. These verbs are intransitive.
*********

BNU: BCOM/BBA II Sem Perceptions-II, Generic English, STUDY MATERIAL: Active & Passive Voice- Exercises
8. Active / Passive Voice: SOLVED EXERCISES
1. Complete the sentences with the correct passive form of the verbs in brackets. Use
the Present Simple.
a. English……….. (speak) in many countries.
Ans: is spoken
b. The post …….. (deliver) at about 7 o’clock every morning.
Ans: is delivered
c. ………. (the building/use) anymore?
Ans: is the building used
d. How often ……….. the Olympic Games(hold)?
Ans: are Olympic games held
e. How ………. (your name/spell)?
Ans: Is your name spelled
f. My salary ………… (pay) every month.
Ans: is paid
g. These cars …………. (not make) in Japan.
Ans: are not made
h. The name of the people who committed the crime …… (not know).
Ans: are not known
i. His travel expenses. ……. (not pay) by his company.
Ans: are not paid
j. This programme …………….. (watch) by millions of people.
Ans: is watched
k. Paper……… (make) from wood.
Ans: Is made
l. Hundreds of people …………(kill) in accidents every year.
Ans: are killed
m. London……… (visit) by thousands of tourists every year.
Ans: is visited
n. The biology class …………(teach) by Mr Green.
Ans: is taught
o. English ………..(speak) all over the world.
p. Ans: is spoken
q. Lunch……….. (serve) at twelve o’clock.
Ans: is served
r. Books………. (write) by authors.
Ans: are written
2. Complete the sentences with the correct passive form of the verbs in brackets. Use
the Past Simple.
a. My car ……… (repair) last week.
Ans: was repaired
b. This song ………… (not write) by John Lennon.
Ans: was not written
c. ………. (the phone/answer) by a young girl?
Ans: was the phone answered
d. The film. …………… (make) ten years ago.
Ans: was made
e. When …….tennis/invent)?
Ans: was tennis invented
f. The car ………… (not damaged) in the accident.
Ans: was not damaged
g. The original building ………. (pull) down in 1965.
Ans: was pulled
h. Where …………. (this pot/make)?
Ans: was the pot made
i. When …….. (this bridge/build)?
Ans: was this bridge build
3. Read and complete. Use Past Simple.

a. The toothbrush / invent / in the 15th century.
Ans: was invented
b. The first public basketball game /play / in 1892.
Ans: was played
c. The first eyeglasses/wear / in the 1200s.
Ans: was worn
d. The first bicycle/ride in 1791.
Ans: was ridden
e. The first hot dog / eat / in the 1860s.
Ans: was eaten
f. The first CDs / sell / in 1980s.
Ans: were sold
g. The first electric guitar / play / in 1923.
Ans: was played
h. The first computer mouse / use / 1964.
Ans: was used
4. Change the following sentences into passive sentences using the words in brackets.
a. We sell tickets for all shows at the Box Office. (Tickets for all shows/sell/at the Box
Office)
Ans: Tickets for all shows are ssold at the Box Office.
b. Thomas Edition invented the electric light bulb. (The electric light bulb/invent/by
Thomas Edition)
Ans: The electric light bulb was invented by Thomas Edition.
c. Someone painted the office last week. (The office/paint/last week)
Ans: The office was painted last week.
d. Several people saw the accident. (The accident/see/by several people)
Ans: The accident was seen by several people.
e. Where do they make these video recorders? (Where/these video recorders/make)
Ans: Where are these video recorders made?
5. Rewrite these sentences in the passive voice.

a. Someone built this house 200 years ago.
Ans: This house was build 200 years ago.
b. A thief stole my purse.
Ans: my purse was stolen.
c. The police will arrest the robbers.
Ans: The robbers will be arrested.
d. They produce cars in this factory.
Ans: cars are produced in this factory.
e. They serve breakfast at eight o’clock every day.

Ans: Breakfast is served at eight o’clock every day.
f. People throw away tons of rubbish every day.
Ans: Tons of rubbish are thrown away every day.
g. They make coffee in Brazil.
Coffee is made in Brazil.
h. Someone stole Jim’s bike last night.
Ans: Jim’s bike was stolen last night.

a. They will build a new bridge next year.
Ans: A new bridge will be built next year.
b. Brian Brody directed The Ultimate Space Adventure.
Ans: The Ultimate Space Adventure was directed by Brian Brody.
c. Pierre Marie will design her costume.
Ans: Her costume will be designed by Pierre Marie.
d. Someone found my wallet.
Ans: My wallet was found.
e. One of the students broke the window.
Ans: The window was broken by One of the students.
f. They will deliver my computer on Monday.
Ans: My computer will be delivered on Monday.
g. Mary invited Paul to her birthday party.
Ans: Paul was invited by Mary to her birthday party.
h. British astronomers discovered a new planet.
Ans: A new planet was discovered by British astronomers.
7. Form the question.

e.g. Paper is made from wood. Is paper made from wood?
a. The telephone was invented by Mr Bell. ?
Ans: was the telephone invented by Mr Bell?
b. This picture was painted by Peter. ?
Ans: was this picture painted by Peter?
c. The thieves will be arrested by the police. ?
Ans: Will the thieves be arrested by the police?
d. Champagne is made in France. ?
Ans: Is Champagne made in France?
e. The letters will be sent next week. ?
Ans: will the letters be sent next week?
f. The animals are fed three times a day. ?
Ans: Are the animals fed three times a day?
g. This article was written by Stanley. ?
Ans: Was this article written by Stanley?
h. CDs are made of plastic. ?
Ans: Are CDs made of plastic?
i. The party was organised by Paul. ?
Ans: Was the party organised by Paul?
8. Rewrite the following passage in the Passive.

a) Somebody has stolen a bus from outside the school. Some children saw the thief. The
police are searching for the bus now. They will use the children’s descriptions to catch
the thief.
Ans: A bus has been stolen from outside the school. The thief was seen by some
children. The bus is being searched now by the police. The children’s descriptions will
be used to catch the thief.
b) Some people saw a UFO in the sky above London last night. They reported it to the
police. The army sent a helicopter to look at it closer. The UFO shot the helicopter
down and killed both men in it. People have given photographs of the UFO to the
police. Experts are looking at them now.
Ans: A UFO was seen in the sky above London last night by some people. It was
reported to the police. A helicopter was sent by the army to look at it closer. The
helicopter was shot down and both men in it were killed by the UFO. Photographs of
the UFO have been given by people to the police. They are now being looked at by
experts.
c) Someone broke into a local jewellery shop yesterday. The owner had just locked up
the shop when a robber with a gun threatened him. The robber told him to unlock
the shop and give him all the diamonds in the safe. Then the robber tied him up. The
police have organized a search for the robber. They hope they will find him in a few
days. Doctors are treating the owner of the shop for shock.
Ans: A local jewellery shop was broken yesterday. The shop had been locked up by
the owner when a robber with a gun threatened him. He was told by the robber to
unlock the shop and be given all the diamonds in the safe. Then he was tied up by
the robber. A search for the robber has been organized by the police. They hope he
will be found by them in a few days. The owner of the shop is being treated for shock
by doctors.
d) My uncle painted this picture. Someone has offered him a lot of money for it. He will
deliver the painting tomorrow. When they give him the money, he will tell them the
truth. He painted it one night while he was sleepwalking!
Ans: This picture was painted by my uncle. He has been offered a lot of money for it.
The painting will be delivered by him tomorrow. The truth will be told, when he is
given the money. It was painted one night while he was sleep walking!
e) Our school is organizing a contest. The teachers will choose the best project about
the environment. Students must include pictures and drawings in their projects. The
students will also have to do all the writing themselves. The school will give the
winner a set of encyclopedias.
Ans: A contest is being organized by our school. The best project about the
environment will be choosen by the teachers. Pictures and drawings must be included
by the students in their projects. All the writing will also have to be done by the
students themselves. The winner will be given a set of encyclopedias by the school.
9. Turn from Active to Passive in two ways.

a. He gave me a present.
Ans: I am given a present by him.
A present was given to me by him.
b. The waiter will bring us the bill.
Ans: We will be brought the bill by the waiter.
The bill will be brought to us by the waiter
c. Her mother bought Mary some sweets.
Ans: Mary was bought some sweets by her mother.
Some sweets were bought to Mary by her mother.
d. Bob has sold Ted a second-hand car.
Ans: Ted was sold a second-hand car by Bob.
A second-hand car was sold to Ted by Bob.

e. Larry is going to send a letter to Tom.
Ans: Tom is going to be sent a letter by Larry.
A letter is going to be sent to Tom by Larry.
10. Turn from Active to Passive.

a. Someone is helping her with the housework.
Ans: She is being helped with the house work.
b. The mail-order company sent Mrs. Green a parcel.
Ans: Mrs. Green was sent a parcel by the mail-order company
A parcel was sent to Mrs. Green by the mail-order company.
c. My friend sent me an invitation.
Ans: I was sent an invitation by my friend.
An invitation was sent to me by my friend.
d. The secretary has given Mrs. Jones some letters.
Ans: Mrs. Jones has been given some letters by the secretary.
Some letters have been given to Mrs. Jones by the secretary.
e. The traffic warden had already given him a ticket for illegal parking.
Ans: He had been already given a ticket by the traffic warden for illegal parking.
A ticket for illegal parking been already given to him by the traffic warden.
f. John gave Elizabeth that beautiful ring.
Elizabeth was given that beautiful ring by John.
That beautiful ring was given to Elizabeth by John.
g. Her students have sent her flowers.
She has been sent flowers by her students.
Flowers have been sent to her by her students.
h. He must give the message to the right person.
Ans: The message to the right person must be given.
i. We teach our students English and French.
Ans: Our students are taught English and French.
j. Someone bought flowers for the bride.
Ans: Flowers for the bride were brought.
k. They showed the tourists the sights of Athens.
The tourists were shown the sights of Athens.
The sights of Athens were shown to the tourists.
l. They pay her an excellent salary.
Ans: She is paid an excellent salary.
An excellent salary is paid to her.
m. They paid the artist £1,000 for his painting.
Ans: The artist was paid £1,000 for his painting.
£1,000 was paid to the artist for his painting.
1. They sell oysters in the shop next door.

2. They haven’t delivered the food yet.
3. Shakespeare wrote King Lear.
4. They have to answer the questions on this sheet.
5. Has anybody put the cases upstairs?
6. Someone should take this rubbish away.
7. They’ll ask you a lot of questions.
8. Someone’s going to send her some flowers.

9. They didn’t pay me much for that job.
10. Have they offered him a better job?
11. They told us a secret.
12. Would they lend me their car?
13. People should send their complaints to the head office.
14. They had to postpone the meeting because of illness.
15. They are going to hold next year’s congress in San Francisco.
16. The bill includes service.
17. People don’t use this road very often.
18. They cancelled all the flights because of fog.
19. Somebody accused me of stealing the money.
20. They are building a new ring road around the city.
21. I didn’t realize that someone was recording our conversation.
22. They have changed the date of the meeting.
23. Brian told me that somebody had attacked and robbed him in the street.
24. You should open the wine about three hours before you use it.
25. Somebody had cleaned my shoes and brushed my suit.
26. We use this room only on special occasions.
27. In some districts, farmers use pigs to find truffles.
28. John gave Elizabeth that beautiful ring.
29. They have offered Sarah a very good job.
30. The estate agent showed the house to the young people.
31. We will pay the gardener a lot of money.
32. Someone is going to repair the roof next week.
33. They can’t find Joanna.
34. They should decorate the room with flowers.
35. Archaeologists have discovered an ancient temple.
36. We will put all these things into boxes.
37. Firefighters rescued the teenagers from the burning building.
38. The youngest student in the class has written the best composition.
39. The children send me messages every day.
40. The villagers gave the travellers food and water.
41. A very talented young girl wrote the story.
42. They are going to finish the new road in a few days.
43. They cancelled the match because of the rain.
44. You must not cross this line.
45. They had picked the oranges before the storm.
46. Professor Smith should write the book.
47. Mr. Elliot will pay the workers.
48. Two men were following Tom.
49. Millions of people use the Internet every day.
50. They gave Bob a CD player for his birthday.

8. ACTIVE / PASSIVE VOICE
Introduction: In the active voice, the subject and verb relationship is straightforward. The subject
is a doer, and the verb moves the sentence along. In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence
is not a doer but is acted upon by some other agent or by something unnamed.
What is the Voice?
The voice of a verb tells whether the subject of the sentence is the doer of the action or
receiving the action. If the subject is performing the action, then the sentence is in an
active voice. If the subject is simply receiving the action, then the sentence is in a passive
voice.
Why and When to Use Passive voice Structure?
1. When the subject/agent (=the person who does the action) is unknown, unimportant,
not necessary or obvious from the context.
This temple was built five years ago.
The mirror was broken yesterday.
Jane was shot. (We don’t know who shot her.)
This church was built in 1815. (Unimportant agent)
He has been arrested. (Obviously by the police)
2. To make more polite or formal statements.
The car hasn’t been cleaned. (More polite) (You haven’t cleaned the car. – less polite)
3. When the action is more important than the agent, as in processes, instructions,
events, reports, headlines, new items, and advertisements.
30 people were killed in the earthquake.
4. Emphasizing the agent.
The new library will be opened by the Queen.
5. When it is necessary to give importance to the object. e.g.
(a) The story was written by Rameez.
(b) The tiger was killed by the experienced hunter.
6. The passive voice is especially helpful (and even regarded as mandatory) in scientific
or technical writing or lab reports, where the subject is not important but the process
or principle being described is of ultimate importance. e.g.
(a) Hydrochloric acid is produced when hydrogen and chlorine are mixed.
(b) The sewing machine was invented by Elias Howe.
7. We use the passive voice to avoid responsibility for actions taken. eg.
Wine ads are designed to appeal especially to students. (places the burden on the ads —
as opposed to the burden on the designer/advertiser)
We designed wine ads to appeal especially to students. ('we’ accepts responsibility)
Types of voice:
Verbs are also said to be active or passive in voice. There are two types of voices: viz. Active
and Passive.
1. Active Voice: In active voice, the subject performs the action expressed by the verb.
Active voice can make it clear to the reader who is taking action in the sentence. In
addition, the active voice stresses that the actor/doer of the action (or grammatical
subject) precedes the verb again, emphasizing the subject. E.g. He sings a song.
2. Passive Voice: In passive voice, the subject receives the action expressed by the verb.
Page 1 of 4
Passive voice construction leaves out the actor (subject) and focuses on the
relationship between the verb and object. e.g. A song is sung by him.
Active & Passive verbs:
Active Verb: A verb is 'active' when its form shows that the subject does some work or the
subject is active.
Passive Verb: A verb is 'passive' when its form shows that something is done to the subject
or the subject is not active, but passive.
Observe these examples:
Tense / Time Active Voice Passive Voice

Present Simple He writes the letters. The letters are written.
Past Simple He wrote the letters. The letters were written.
Future Simple He will write the letters. The letters will be written.
Present Continuous He is writing the letters. The letters are being written.
Past Continuous He was writing the letters. The letters were being written
The letters are going to be
Going to He is going to write the letters.
written.
Present Perfect He has written the letters. The letters have been written.
Past Perfect He had written the letters. The letters had been written.
Infinitive He has to write the letters. The letters have to be written.
Modals He must write the letters. The letters must be written.
How to change a sentence from the active voice to the passive voice:
Active to Passive diagram
SUBJECT ACTIVE VERB OBJECT COMPLEMENT

Leslie took this photograph yesterday
This photograph was taken by Leslie yesterday

SUBJECT PASSIVE VERB AGENT OBJECT COMPLEMENT
1. The object of the active voice sentence becomes the subject of the passive voice
sentence. E.g.
2. We change the main verb of the active voice sentence into the passive voice. Always
change the verb in the passive voice into “past participle”.
3. The tense remains unchanged in passive voice.
4. Being: being is used with continuous tense forms (both present & past am, is, are, Was,
were )
5. Been: been is used with has, have, had.
Page 2 of 4
6. Modals: “be” is used with the modals & infinitive forms like: can, could, shall, should,
will, would, may, might, must, has to, have to, had to.
7. The subject of the active voice sentence becomes the agent of the passive sentence. It
is placed after the past participle and it is preceded by the preposition by. E.g.
8. Change the subjective personal pronouns into the objective personal pronouns: If the
indirect object of the active voice sentence is a personal pronoun it has to be changed
into a subject pronoun to be the subject of the passive voice sentence.
Types Personal Pronouns

Subjective I We You He She It they
Objective me us You him her It them
9. Double Object Verbs: When we have verbs that take two objects like, give somebody
something, we can convert the active sentence into a passive one in two ways:
a. By making the indirect (animate) object the subject of the passive voice sentence,
which is also the way that we usually prefer.
b. By making the direct (inanimate) object the subject of the passive voice.
Rick gave me (indirect object) this book (direct object).
I was given this book by Rick.
This book was given to me by Rick.
Some of the verbs that take two objects are: give, tell, send, show, bring, write, offer,
pay, etc.
10. When the indirect object is alone after the verb in the passive voice sentence, it needs
the preposition to.
11. The passive of an active tense is formed by putting the verb to be into the same tense
as the active verb and adding the past participle ofthe active verb. The subject ofthe active
verb becomes the "agent" of the passive verb. The agent is very often not mentioned.
When it is mentioned, it is preceded by by and placed at the end of the clause.
Active: My grandfather planted this tree.
Passive: This tree was planted by my grandfather.
12. Use of agent: by to say who did the action that we are talking about, i.e. to refer to the
agent, we use the preposition by and the name (by Peter), noun (by the teacher) or a
pronoun (by him) at the end of the sentence. We usually only refer to the agent when
it gives us important information which would otherwise be missing from the
sentence. E.g. Our house was designed by a famous architect.
We don’t mention the agent (doer of the action):
a. If we don’t know who the doer is. E.g.

Our car was stolen last night. (We don’t know who stole it)
b. If we are not interested in who has done what we are talking about or it is not
important to mention it. E.g.
He has been taken to hospital. (What we are interested in is the fact that he has been taken to
hospital and not who has taken him.)
c. If it is easy to understand who did something without it being mentioned. E.g.
The murderer was arrested last night. (It is not necessary to mention that he has been
arrested by the police because it is self-evident.)
d. If the subject of the active voice sentence is something like somebody, people, they,
Page 3 of 4
you, etc. e.g.
Someone broke the window. → The window was broken.
Certain verbs cannot be transformed into passive:
a. Only transitive verbs (those that take objects) can be transformed into passive
constructions.
b. Furthermore, active sentences containing certain verbs cannot be transformed into
passive structures. 'To have’ is the most important of these verbs. We can say "He has a
new cycle," but we cannot say "A new cycle is had by him."
c. Here is a brief list of such verbs: resemble, look like, equal, agree With, mean, contain,
hold, comprise, lack, suit, fit, become, etc. These verbs are intransitive.
*********
Page 4 of 4
II Semester B Com Language English
UNIT 2 The Toys of Peace - H H Munro (SAKI)

Session 14
LETTER WRITING
ENQUIRIES
In business, an enquiry or a letter of enquiry implies:
a) A letter written to a supplier/manufacturer to know about the price of a product with
details of the terms and conditions of sale.
b) A letter written to a businessman or an agency to know about the financial
status/business status of another businessman.
Here the letters of enquiry have been used in the former sense.
A businessman writes an enquiry to another for the following reasons:
a) To know about the prices and the terms of conditions of sale or service one needs.
b) To be aware of the up-to-date market conditions with regard to certain
products/services
c) To tap new sources of supply
Such an enquiry generally has the following contents:
a) A sentence or two of self-introduction.
b) The details of the commodity/service required.
c) Concluding with a request for an early reply.
Further, these letters, being business letters, follow the formalities of – use of a letter head,
date, reference number, subject, salutation, inside address, courteous leave taking, etc,
typed in a specific style and at specific places.
The details to be mentioned in a letter are:

Printed Name of the Organization/Address
Phone: Fax/Email:
To address
-----------
-------------
Salutation Sir/ Madam,
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Sub:
Body --------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------
------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------
Thank You.
Yours faithfully
For _____________
_____________
(Signature)
(Designation)
Or a seal is used
In the present context, we are dealing with such letters as may be normally written by
educational institutions to business organisations to enquire after the services they may
need. Such issues may be:
a) Workshops/ Trainings / Services
b) Picnics/ Tours/ Industrial Visits
c) Items needed for labs/office etc
Let your letter be brief yet complete with the necessary details so that time need not be
wasted on further enquiries subsequently. Let it be courteous and let it suggest the
intention to continue the transaction of the terms and conditions/service are satisfactory.
a) An enquiry about conducted tours.
SMS Degree College
22, 6th Main, 2nd Phase, PMC Layout
Somanapura- 560070
Ref. No:22/SMS/2017-18 Date: 7 March
2018 The Manager
Goodwill Tours
16, 3rd Cross Market Road
Somanapura
Sir,
Sub: Enquiry about one-day picnic.
Ours is a ten-year old college offering degree courses to more than thousand students from
the middle class. We are organizing a day’s picnic for a few batches of students to nearby
places of historical interest. Please send us your detailed catalogue for one-day picnics to

such places of interest. Give us the details of the schedule, the places covered, the number
of students in a batch, the number of staff members permitted and offer your best
quotation as our students belong to the middle class income group. We will be happy to
conduct more such picnics if the terms and service are satisfactory.
We look forward to an early reply as we intend to conduct this before the semester closes
i.e. May 2018.
Thank you.
Yours faithfully
Signature
(Student Secretary)

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GOVERNMENT FIRST GRADE COLLEGE

MALLESHWARAM 18TH CROSS BANGALORE

COMMON PREFIXES AND EXAMPLES

COMMON SUFFIXES AND EXAMPLES

EXAMPLES OF PREFIXES IN SENTENCES

• His Bicycle (cycle) tired got punctured during the race.

EXAMPLES OF SUFFIXES IN SENTENCES

• I wore a Colourful ( colour) shirt to school for picture day.

A phrasal verb is a combination of a verb and preposition or adverb or both

1. She was brought up by her aunt (bring up= to raise a child)

3. He is trying to give up smoking (give up= to quit)

5. She looks after her child (look after= to take care)

6. She turned down his proposal (turn down= to reject)

7. They set off to Paris (set off= to start journey)

9. He gets up early in the morning (get up= to rise from bed)

Present tense (goes/go) - past tense (went)

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Eg: The teacher said, ‘I will be on leave’.

Eg: My father says, ‘I do not know philosophy’,

(c) Distance of relationship:

Sandhya said, ‘I know the thief’.

Thus, words like ‘this’ etc., change in the following manners:

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(ii) If the report is an order or a request, then ‘to’ replaces the

(iii) If the report is a question then

Eg: The teacher asked Manu, ‘Do you like sweets?’

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Eg: Arjuna said, ‘What a great sight!’

I. Rewrite the following sentences in indirect/reported speech:

1. Our professor said, “Bring your texts tomorrow”.

2. Sudhir said to his friend, “Get me a cup of water”.

3. The Principal announced, “The valedictory function will be tomorrow”.

4. The candidate pleaded with the examiner, “I have forgotten my hall

7. The mechanic explained to the customer, “Your car needs to be repaired

8. The customer said, “How much will it cost?”

9. Newton declared, “All things attract each other”.

2. Sudhir asked his friend to get him a cup of water.

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7. The mechanic explained to the customers that his car needed to be

8. The customer wanted to know how much it would cost.

9. Newton declared that all things attracted each other.

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Digital Learning DCE

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Why and When to Use Passive voice Structure?

Prepared by: Prof.VENKATA RAMU.BR, GFGC, GUDIBANDE Page 1 of 3

Observe these examples:

Tense / Time Active Voice Passive Voice

Active to Passive diagram

This photograph was taken by Leslie yesterday

Prepared by: Prof.VENKATA RAMU.BR, GFGC, GUDIBANDE Page 2 of 3

Types Personal Pronouns

We don’t mention the agent (doer of the action):

a. If we don’t know who the doer is. E.g.

Certain verbs cannot be transformed into passive:

Prepared by: Prof.VENKATA RAMU.BR, GFGC, GUDIBANDE Page 3 of 3

8. Active / Passive Voice: SOLVED EXERCISES

3. Read and complete. Use Past Simple.

5. Rewrite these sentences in the passive voice.

Prepared by: Prof.VENKATA RAMU.BR, GFGC, GUDIBANDE Page 2 of 6

6. Rewrite these sentences in the passive voice.