NF 0150/1

 
 


Radiography

Specification for radiographic examination

Approved by: Inspection & Progress (non-Destructive Testing) Section, Risley

Published by: Technical Standards Group, Risley

Any comments relating to this Standard should be addressed to Technical Standards Group, Risley

The content of this document is the confidential property of British Nuclear Fuels
plc and may not without the express written consent of the Company be copied
in whole or in part or passed to a third party or used for any purpose other than
that for which it is supplied. On completion of the contractual obligations for
which it is supplied this document and any copies must be returned immediately
to the Company".

British Nuclear Fuels plc, 1993

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 NF 0150/1 Issue 1

CONTENTS

Page

FOREWORD v

Section one: General

1 SCOPE 1

2 DEFINITIONS 1

3 RELATED DOCUMENTS 1

4 APPROVAL OF RADIOGRAPHIC PERSONNEL 2

5 SAFETY LEGISLATION 2

Section Two: Equipment, records, preparation and identification

6 EQUIPMENT 3

7 RADIOGRAPHY RECORD 3

8 PREPARATION OF WELD FOR RADIOGRAPHY 4

9 MARKING 4

10 IDENTIFICATION OF RADIOGRAPHS 4

Section three: X–radiography

11 X-RADIOGRAPHY REQUIREMENTS 5

11.1 Type of film. 5

11.2 Intensifying screens 5
11.3 Cassettes 5
11.4 Interception of unwanted and scattered radiation 5
11.5 Image quality indicators and sensitivity 5
11.6 Focus to film distance 6
11.7 Object to film distance 6
11.8 Density of radiograph 6
11.9 Tube voltage and exposure 6
12 X-RADIOGRAPHY OF BUTT WELDS IN PLATES AND LARGE DIAMETER
COMPONENTS 6

12.1 Alignment of X-Ray beam 6

12.2 Diagnostic length of radiographs 7
12.3 Junction of welds 7
13 X-RADIOGRAPHY OF BUTT WELDS IN PIPES 7

13.1 Techniques 7
13.2 Direction of beam for single wall, single image techniques 7
13.3 Direction of beam for double wall, single image techniques 7
13.4 Direction of beam for the double wall, double image techniques 7
13.5 Diagnostic length of radiographs 8

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CONTENTS (cont’d)

Page

Section four: Gamma–Radiography

14 X-RADIOGRAPHY OF WELDS BETWEEN BRANCH PIPES AND VESSELS 8

14.1 Assemblies using external compensating rings 8
14.2 Direction of beam 8
14.3 Diagnostic length of radiographs 8
15 GAMMA-RADIOGRAPHY REQUIREMENTS 8
15.1 Type of film 8
15.2 Intensifying screens 9
15.3 Cassettes 9
15.4 Interception of unwanted and scattered radiation 9
15.5 Image quality indicators and sensitivity 9
15.6 Source to film distance 10
15.7 Object to film distance 10
15.8 Density of radiograph 10
15.9 Sources 10
16 GAMMA-RADIOGRAPHY OF BUTT WELDS IN PLATES AND LARGE
DIAMETER COMPONENTS 11
16.1 Alignment of gamma-ray beam 11
16.2 Diagnostic length of radiographs 11
16.3 Junction of welds 11
17 GAMMA-RADIOGRAPHY OF BUTT WELDS IN PIPES 11
17.1 Techniques 11
17.2 Direction of beam for single wall, single image techniques 11
17.3 Direction of beam for double wall, single image techniques 1
17.4 Diagnostic length of radiographs 12
18 GAMMA-RADIOGRAPHY OF WELDS BETWEEN BRANCH PIPES AND
VESSELS 12
18.1 Assemblies using external compensation rings 12
18.2 Position of the source and alignment of the beam 12
18.3 Diagnostic length of radiographs 12

Section Five: Processing and examination

19 PROCESSING AND EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS 13

19.1 Processing and storage of film 13
19.2 Examination of radiographs by the Inspector 13

TABLES

Table 1 Metallic lead screen thickness normally used for X-radiography 5

Table 2 Metallic lead screen thicknesses normally used for gamma-radiography 9

Table 3 Recommended sources 10

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CONTENTS (cont’d)

Page

FIGURES

Figure 1 Maximum tube voltage for titanium, aluminium and it's alloys 14

Figure 2 Maximum tube voltage for stell, zirconium, copper nickel and their alloys 14

Figure 3 Single wall, single image technique for butt welds in pipes,
film inside and radiation source outside 15

Figure 4 Double wall, double image technique for butt welds in pipes,
film and radiation source outside 16

Figure 5 Method of marking welded seams for radiography 17

Figure 6 Double wall, single image technique for butt welds in pipes, film and radiation source outside 18

Figure 7 Identification of radiographs for butt welds in pipes, double wall, double image technique 19

Figure 8 Method of marking large areas for radiography 20

Figure 9 IQI sensitivity BS 3971 21

Figure 10 IQI sensitivity DIN 54109 22

Figure 11 Minimum values of focus to film distance for X-Ray sets 23

Figure 12 Minimum values of source to film distance for iridium 192 gamma source 24

Figure 13 Sensitivity for steels using iridium 192 source 25

Figure 14 Sensitivity for copper/nickel and their alloys using iridium 192 source 26

Figure 15 Sensitivity for copper/nickel and their alloys using iridium 192 source 27

Figure 16 Sensitivity for aluminium and its alloys using ytterbium 169 or thulium 170 sources 28

Figure 17 Sensitivity for single wall radiographs of steel alloys using ytterbium 169 source 29

Figure 18 Panoramic technique for butt welds in pipe 30

Figure 19 Double wall, single image technique for covering tee butt welds in pipes with 4 exposures 31

Figure 20 Radiographic examination of branch welds 32

Figure 21 Requirement for source size needed with panoramic single wall technique using ytterbium 169 33

Figure 22 Requirement for source size needed with panoramic single wall technique using ytterbium 169 34

Figure 23 Minimum values of source to film distance for normal applications

(based on Ug of 0.08mm) using ytterbium 169 or thulium 170 35

Figure 24 Minimum values of source to film distance for concessional applications

(based on Ug of 0.25mm) using ytterbium 169 or thulium 170 36

APPENDICES

Appendix A Recommended image quality indicators (IQIs) for the more common metals used in industry 37

Appendix B Typical radiological data sheet 38

Appendix C Image quality indicators (IQI) 39

Appendix D Nomogram for determining diagnostic length of radiograph for curved surfaces
when using the single wall, single image technique 40

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NF 0150/1 Issue 1

FOREWORD

This Specification conforms generally to the appropriate British Standards but includes requirements essential
to BNFL. Assessment of radiographic techniques is based on the use of an image quality indicator (penetrameter) of
the multi-wire type with the intension of assisting uniformity in the interpretation of radiographs.

Where detailed information is required on the radiography of metals other than those given in Section 1,
Clause 1, advice should be sought from I&P NDT Section, Risley.

This Specification sets a standard for radiographic technique only. No recommendations are made concerning
acceptance standards, as such information is considered more appropriate to drawings or fabrication specifications.

This Specification replaces Atomic Energy Standard Specification AESS 6001 Radiography of welds and plate,
sheet, tube or bar, September 1983, for use throughout BNFL.

PRINCIPAL CHANGES FROM AESS 6001 (dated September 1983)

(a) Format amended in line with BNFL NF Standards

(b) Technical content updated to reflect current practices

(c) Information concerning ziconium and titanium added

(d) Real-time radiography (Radioscopy) added

(e) Figure 20 radiographic examination of branch welds added

(f) Safety Legislation clause updated

(g) Appendix B Radiological Data Sheet revised

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Section one: General

1 SCOPE

1.1 This Specification, to be used in conjunction with BS 2600 and BS 2910, sets out the techniques for the
radiographic examination of fusion welded joints of vessels and pipelines fabricated from:-

(a) Carbon steel, stainless steel and nickel chromium iron alloy up to and including 50 mm thick.

(b) Aluminium and aluminium alloys up to and including 150 mm thick.

(c) Copper and copper alloys, nickel and nickel alloys (excepting nickel chromium iron) up to and including
38 mm thick.

(d) Zirconium and titanium.

1.2 The techniques described are based upon those used industrially with adaptations to meet BNFL requirements.

1.3 Although this Specification is primarily aimed at the radiography of welds the general principles contained within
may be applied to the examination of plate, sheet, bar, tube, sections, forgings and castings where welding is not
necessarily involved.

1.4 Recommendations regarding maximum tube voltages and sources for gamma radiography are included for
those metals given in Section 1, Clause 1. However, the geometric conditions and the Image Quality Indicator sensitivity
will apply to all of Appendix A.

2 DEFINITIONS

BNFL: British Nuclear Fuels plc

BNFL Relates to a procedure or technique that has been approved by the relevant BNFL technical
Approved: authority

Inspector: The person appointed by BNFL to be responsible for inspection under the terms of the
contract and for obtaining BNFL approval where required in this Specification

IQI: Image quality indicators

RTR: Real-time radiography (Radioscopy)

3 RELATED DOCUMENTS

The following documents are referred to in this Specification. Unless agreed otherwise, the edition of related
documents and amendments thereto, current at the date of contract shall apply.

British Standards

BS 499: Welding terms and symbols.

Part 1. Glossary for welding, brazing and thermal cutting

BS 2600: Radiographic examination of Fusion welded butt joints in steel.

Part 1. Methods for steel 2 mm up to and including 50 mm thick.
Part 2. Methods for steel over 50 mm up to and including 200 mm thick.

BS 2910. Methods for radiographic examination of Fusion welded circumferential butt joints in steel
pipes.

BS 3683: Glossary of terms used in non-destructive testing.

Part 3. Radiological flaw detection

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BS 3971. Specification for image quality indicators for industrial radiography (including guidance on
their use)

BS 5230. Method for the measurement of speed and contrast of direct type films for industrial
radiography

BS 5650/ Specification for apparatus for gamma radiography

ISO 3999.

BS 7009. Application of real-time radiography to weld inspection (Radioscopy)

BS EN 25580. Minimum requirements for industrial radiographic illuminators for non-destructive testing

Other documents

M&FTD 003. Non-destructive testing of set-through nozzle welds.

ISO 1027. Radiographic image quality indicators for non destructive testing - Principles and
identification.

DIN 54109. Non-destructive testing. Image quality of radiographs.

Part 1. Terms, Image Quality indicators, determination of image quality value.

The Ionising Radiations Regulations Act 1985 (SI 1985/1333)

The Protection of Persons against Ionising Radiation arising from any work activity (Approved Code of Practice)
1985

The Radioactive Substances Act 1960

Health and Safety at Work Act 1974

Radiation Safety for Site Radiography 1986

4 APPROVAL OF RADIOGRAPHIC PERSONNEL

Radiographic personnel shall have the relevant approval acceptable to BNFL eg.

Certification Scheme for Weldment Inspection Personnel (CSWIP)

Personnel Certification in Non-Destructive Testing (PCN)

5 SAFETY LEGISLATION

5.1 Legislation in the form of (a) the Ionising Radiations Regulations 1985 (SI 1985/1333) and (b) The Radioactive
Substances Act 1960 place a statutory requirement on companies using sealed sources and/or operating machines or
apparatus intended to produce ionising radiations to ensure their safe operation.

5.2 For practical guidance with respect to the 'Ionising Radiations Regulations Act' see 'The Protection of Persons
against Ionising Radiation arising from any work activity', approved by the Health and Safety Commission.

5.3 The provisions of the Health and Safety at Work Act, in defining the duties for the control of dangerous substances,
plant and equipment, include those of Purchasers, Suppliers, Operators, Inspectors and Maintenance personnel in
addition to those of Management.

5.4 Whilst primarily intended for site radiographers, the publication 'Radiation Safety for Site Radiography' provides
useful guidance on safety aspects of radiography which are also relevant to factory premises and personnel.

5.5 The Contractor shall comply with BNFL's own Health and Safety requirements when operating on BNFL owned
sites.

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Section two: Equipment, records, preparation and identification

6 EQUIPMENT

6.1 A suitable industrial X-ray apparatus will be used wherever practicable. The same equipment shall, unless
otherwise agreed by the Inspector, be used throughout any series of tests on a particular weld. The exposure
characteristics of alternative equipment shall be related to the original equipment to the satisfaction of the Inspector.
Where specifications permit gamma-radiography, Yb 169 is the preferred low energy source for the examination of a
metal thickness range of 1.5 mm to 12 mm. The holders and containers shall comply with BS 5650/ISO 3999. The use
of isotopes shall require the approval of the BNFL Inspector.

6.2 For equipment for non-destructive testing of set-through nozzle welds see M&FTD 003.

6.3 For guidance on the use of equipment for real-time radiography (radioscopy) applied to weld inspection in which
the image is presented on a television monitor, see BS 7009. The use of RTR (radioscopy) requires the written approval
of the BNFL Inspector.

7 RADIOGRAPHY RECORD

7.1 The radiographer shall submit all radiographs including those taken before and after weld repair, to the BNFL
Inspector. The film of the repair shall carry the symbols R1 for the first repair, R2 for the second repair etc.

7.2 A radiological record data sheet (A typical sheet is shown at Appendix B) shall be completed by the radiographer
and signed by the BNFL Inspector. This sheet shall record the following:-

(a) details of plant, components and weld being radiographed including location, material and its thickness,
etc;

(b) fabrication specification;

(c) welding method;

(d) radiograph identity (including repair number when applicable);

(e) type and make of X-ray set or source;

(f) technique;

(g) angle of beam to film;

(h) voltage (when X-rays are used);

(j) exposure time;

(k) current (when X-rays are used) or source strength;

(m) focus size or source size;

(n) focus to film distance (FFD) or Source to film distance (SFD);

(p) object to film distance (OFD);

(q) Filter details;

(r) details of film;

(s) screen details;

(t) processing details;

(u) density range;

(v) type of IQI and % sensitivity claimed;

(w) radiographic analysis and sentence.

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7.3 The radiographic analysis of the weld, etc. using terminology and abbreviations in accordance with BS 499:
PartĂ1 or BS 3683: Part 3 shall include details of any images which may have arisen by chance in the handling, exposure
and processing of the radiograph. These chance indications shall also be identified and marked on the radiograph to
facilitate interpretation during viewing.

7.4 The actual radiographs will be retained by the BNFL Inspector. Alternatively, arrangement may be made with
BNFL for the Contractor to retain the radiograph for an agreed period. It is the BNFL Inspectors responsibility to ensure
radiographs are viewed and any difference in sentencing resolved.

8 PREPARATION OF WELD FOR RADIOGRAPHY

To prevent radiographic misinterpretation, weld reinforcement may have to be removed or made smooth as
stipulated in the relevant fabrication specification or drawings.

9 MARKING

9.1 The preferred method of marking is by vibro-engraving.

9.2 The method and location of identification markings on fabrications will be shown on the relevant fabrication
specification or drawings.

9.3 Stamping or centre punching shall not be permitted unless specifically indicated on the relevant fabrication
specification, when low stress stamps shall be used. Stamping or centre punching shall not be permitted on material
under 10 mm thick.

9.4 Marking of highly stressed areas is not desirable and, if necessary, shall be carried out with the approval and in
the presence of the Inspector.

9.5 Surfaces likely to be in contact with any corrosive medium shall not be used for identification marking.

10 IDENTIFICATION OF RADIOGRAPHS

10.1 The weld region shall be divided into sections; each section and its radiographs shall be marked so that any point
on the weld can be located precisely with the corresponding point on its radiograph.

10.2 If these identification markings are not certain to show up on the radiograph, lead markers or numerals shall be
superimposed over them in order to record their location on the radiograph. The location of the weld image on the
radiograph shall be assisted by placing lead markers or numerals equi-distant on each side of the weld, clear of the weld
edges and heat affected zone (see Figures 5 and 7).

10.3 Where large areas are required to be radiographed, the area shall be divided into sections and each section
marked with a serial number to facilitate identification of each radiograph with its correct location. The marking of each
section shall be as Clause 9. If these markings are not certain to show up on the radiograph, corresponding lead markers
shall be placed over the engraved symbols (see figure 8). Two IQI's should be used where possible (as specified in
Clause 11.5) and positioned near opposite corners in the overlap areas.

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Section three: X–radiography

11 X–RADIOGRAPHY REQUIREMENTS

11.1 Type of film.

11.1.1 The film shall be fine or ultra fine grain having a high contrast as determined in accordance with BS 5230 (for crack
sensitive/exotic materials ultra fine grain film shall be used). Particulars of the film to be used shall be submitted to the
Inspector for his written approval.

11.1.2 In special circumstances other films may be used with the written approval of the Inspector.

11.1.3 For film processing temperature and its effect upon film selection see Clause 19.1.2.

11.2 Intensifying screens

Radiation Screen Front Screen Back

Material Screen
(minimum)
mm mm
X-RAYS
Below 100 kV Lead None 0.1
100 to 250 kV Lead 0.1 to 0.125 0.1
250 to 400 kV Lead 0.1 to 0.15 0.15

Table 1 Metallic lead screen thickness normally used for X–radiography

11.2.1 Subject to the written agreement of the Inspector, Fluorometallic screens may be used.

11.2.2 Salt screens shall not be used.

11.3 Cassettes

Cassettes shall have sufficient compression to ensure positive film-to-screen contact. Rigid or flexible cassettes
may be used.

11.4 Interception of unwanted and scattered radiation

11.4.1 The cassette shall, unless it is impracticable, be shielded from all back scatter radiation by at least 2.5 mm
thickness of lead for all materials referred to in this Specification. Masking shall be arranged so as not to cause any
obscuring of radiographic detail in the area under examination.

11.4.2 Shielding lead should be completely protected with a covering of tape or some other suitable material to prevent
lead contamination of the material under examination.

11.5 Image quality indicators and sensitivity

11.5.1 IQI's used for all X-ray work shall be of the wire type complying with ISO1027 and BS 3971 or DIN 54109: Part
1 (see Appendix C).

11.5.2 The sensitivity shall be assessed by the diameter of the thinnest wire visible of the appropriate IQI across the weld
area. Where practicable the sensitivity shall be 1% or better. The sensitivity may be calculated by means of the formula:-

Dia of thinnest wire visible x 100

% sensitivity =
Thickness of specimen

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NF 0150/1 Issue 1

or it can be obtained direct from the graphs at Figures 9 and 10.

11.5.3 In cases where it has been demonstrated to the Inspectors satisfaction, that it is not possible to obtain a sensitivity
better than 2% a concession shall be obtained. The radiological data sheet shall be endorsed with the concession
reference by the Inspector.

11.5.4 IQI's designated 'FE', 'AL' or 'CU' shall be used for metals referred to in appendix A. The IQI's shall be placed,
where possible, so that the relevant wire appears at the extremity of the field under examination on the radiograph. A
lead marker, if practicable, shall be placed in line with the wire which will represent the required sensitivity (see FigureĂ5).
A second IQI shall if reasonably possible be placed at the opposite end of the section to the first. Figures 3 to 8 illustrate
suitable positions for IQI's. The sensitivity charts at Figure 9 and 10 are applicable to wire type IQI's complying with BS
3971 Type 1 and DIN 54109: Part 1.

11.5.5 For butt welds in plate, the IQI's shall be placed across the weld at the extreme ends of the field to be examined
as shown in Figure 5.

11.5.6 For butt welds in pipe when double wall techniques are used, the specimen thickness shall be taken as twice the
wall thickness of the pipe, for both single and double image techniques. In the single image technique the IQI shall be
placed between the film and the pipe surface; in the double image technique it shall be placed on the surface of the pipe
nearest the focus. (see Figures 4 and 6).

11.5.7 Where a panoramic X-ray set is employed to radiograph an entire circumferential weld by single exposure, not
less than four IQI's shall be used. The IQI's shall be placed across the weld seam equally spaced apart and on the
surface of the weld nearest the focus. If this is not practicable then the Inspector shall be consulted to allow alternative
IQI positions.

11.6 Focus to film distance

The minimum focus to film distance for different object to film distances and focal spot dimensions may be
determined from the graph at Figure 11.

11.7 Object to film distance

The distances given in Figure 11 under this heading are taken from the surface of the weld (or object) nearest
the X-ray focus to the surface of the film. The distance between the under surface of the weld (or object) and the film
shall be as short as possible. Where practicable, the cassette shall be on the surface which will be exposed to the
process liquor or gas.

11.8 Density of radiograph

The photograpic density of the image of sound weld metal and the heat affected zone shall be not less than 2.0
and not greater than 3.5 unless special arrangements are made for the adequate viewing of higher density film to the
satisfaction of the Inspector. These density values are inclusive of the fog density of the processed unexposed film which
shall not exceed 0.3.

11.9 Tube voltage and exposure

The tube voltage shall not exceed the values shown in Figures 1 and 2.

12 X–RADIOGRAPHY OF BUTT WELDS IN PLATES AND LARGE DIAMETER

COMPONENTS

12.1 Alignment of X–Ray beam

The beam of radiation shall be directed to the middle of the section under examination and normal to the plate
surface at that point except in special circumstances such as the examination of fusion faces and tube shift radiography.

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12.2 Diagnostic length of radiographs

The length of weld to be examined for defects in a single exposure shall not exceed that given in (a) to (d) below
and an overlap of 35 mm shall be provided at each end of the radiograph wherever possible (see Figure 5).

(a) Longitudinal welds:- 2/5 of the focus to film distance.

(b) Vessels or large pipes:- Circumferential welds, X-ray focus inside vessel - 2/5 of the focus to film
distance. Where a panoramic X-ray tube is used along the axis of the vessel, the whole of the
circumferential weld may be radiographed in one exposure.

(c) Vessels or large pipes:- Circumferential welds, X-ray focus outside vessel: The length of weld shall be
controlled by the thickness of metal traversed by the incident radiation beam at either end of the length,
compared with the thickness of metal measured normal to the surface at that point. This variation shall
not exceed 10%. (See the nomogram at Appendix D).

(d) Special applications shall be subject to agreement between BNFL and the Contractor.

12.3 Junction of welds

The division of welds into sections shall be arranged so that each weld junction (e.g. between a longitudinal and
circumferential seam) appears at the centre of a radiograph, and each weld shall be identified on the radiograph. Where
this is not convenient, a separate radiograph shall be taken.

13 X–RADIOGRAPHY OF BUTT WELDS IN PIPES

13.1 Techniques

Single wall techniques shall be used whenever practicable. Generally this will be the single wall, single image
technique as in (Figure 3), but the panoramic technique as in (Figure 18) using a suitable rod anode X-ray set may be
used where appropriate. When this is not practicable, the double wall single image technique (Figure 6) is
recommended. The double wall, double image technique (Figure 4) shall only be used with the permission of the
Inspector and will not normally be used on pipes greater than 50 mm diameter. It shall not be used on pipes greater than
90 mm diameter. Written approval by the Inspector must be given for each technique used.

13.2 Direction of beam for single wall, single image techniques

For single wall techniques, the beam centre line shall be in the plane of the weld. This is illustrated in (Figure 3)
for the single wall, single image technique with the film inside and radiation source outside, and (Figure 18) for the
panoramic technique.

13.3 Direction of beam for double wall, single image techniques

13.3.1 The beam centre line shall be aligned so that it passes through the centre of the weld on the side of the pipe remote
from the X-ray focus and shall be off-set so as to separate the two weld images but not to exceed one fifth of the focus
to film distance. Only the image of the section of the weld remote from the X-ray focus shall be used for examination
(Figure 6).

13.3.2 For square-edge butt welds, correct alignment of the X-ray beam is critical and in double wall techniques the
beam shall be in the plane of the weld. If difficulty is experienced in interpreting the radiograph particularly of an 'orbital'
butt weld, the beam should be offset the minimum amount possible to alleviate the problem. An angle of 2o to 5o is usually
sufficient.

13.3.3 For thick wall small bore pipe butt welds, the weld separation by off setting is not practical. The X-ray beam shall
be in the plane of the weld.

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13.4 Direction of beam for the double wall, double image techniques

13.4.1 The beam centre line shall be aligned so that it passes through the centre of the pipe at the weld.

13.4.2 The images of both sections of the weld which appear on the radiograph shall be used for examination
(see Figure 4).

13.5 Diagnostic length of radiographs

Sufficient radiographs shall be taken to cover the weld completely. Due regard shall be made to the sensitivity
(Clause 11.5) and density (Clause 11.8) at the extremities of the diagnostic lengths of the radiographs. The minimum
number for double wall techniques are as illustrated in Figure 7 and shall be as follows:-

Single image techniques - Six taken at 60o to each other.

Double image techniques - Three taken at 120o to each other with the pipe marked at 60o intervals. Where this
is impracticable three taken at 60o may be permitted with the Inspector's agreement.

14 X–RADIOGRAPHY OF WELDS BETWEEN BRANCH PIPES AND VESSELS

14.1 Assemblies using external compensating rings

Only the weld exposed to the process shall be radiographed. Completion of the external compensating ring shall
only be made after the acceptance of the main shell/branch weld radiograph.

14.2 Direction of beam

The X-ray beam centre line shall be aligned so that it bisects the angle formed by the weld preparation for each
shot. (see Figure 20).

14.3 Diagnostic length of radiographs

Sufficient radiographs shall be taken to cover the weld completely.

Section four: Gamma–Radiography

15 GAMMA–RADIOGRAPHY REQUIREMENTS

15.1 Type of film

15.1.1 The film shall be fine or ultra fine grain having a high contrast as determined in accordance with BS 5230. (For
crack sensitive/exotic materials ultra fine grain film shall be used). Particulars of the film shall be submitted to the
Inspector for his written approval.

15.1.2 In special circumstances other films may be used with the written approval of the Inspector.

15.1.3 For film processing temperature and its effect upon film selection see Clause 19.1.2.

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15.2 Intensifying screens

Radiation Screen Front Back Screen

Material Screen mm
mm
Iridium 192)
Caesium 134) Lead 0.1 to 0.15 0.15 min
Caesium 137)

Thulium 170 Lead 0 to 0.1 0 to 0.15

Ytterbium* 169 Lead 0 to 0.1 0 to 0.1

* See Figure 21 when screens are to be used for ytterbium 169 panoramic exposures on steel pipes

Table 2 Metallic lead screen thicknesses normally used for gamma–radiography

15.2.1 Subject to the written agreement of the Inspector, Fluorometallic screens may be used.

15.2.2 Salt screens shall not be used.

15.3 Cassettes

Cassettes shall have sufficient compression to ensure positive film to screen contact. Rigid or flexible cassettes
may be used.

15.4 Interception of unwanted and scattered radiation

15.4.1 The cassette should be shielded from all back scatter radiation by at least 2.5 mm thickness of lead. However,
backing material may not be required with low energy gamma applications involving non-screen techniques. If backing
material is required a low 'z' material such as aluminium may be used.

15.4.2 Shielding lead should be completely protected with a covering of tape or some other suitable material to prevent
lead contamination of the material, under examination.

15.5 Image quality indicators and sensitivity

15.5.1 The IQI's used and their positioning for gamma-radiography shall be as specified for X-radiography in Clause
11.5.

15.5.2 The sensitivity shall be assessed by the diameter of the thinnest wire of the appropriate IQI across the weld area
and shall not normally exceed that shown in Figures 13 to 17.

15.5.3 In cases where it has been demonstrated, to the Inspectors satisfaction, that it is not possible to obtain the
sensitivity shown in Figures 13 to 17, the Inspector shall record his agreement by endorsing the radiological data sheet.

15.5.4 IQI's designated 'FE', 'AL' or 'CU' shall be used for metals referred to in Appendix A. The IQI's shall be placed
where possible, so that the relevant wire appears at the extremity of the field under examination on the radiograph. A
lead marker, if practical, shall be placed in line with the wire which will represent the required sensitivity (see Figure 5).
A second IQI shall if reasonably possible be placed at the opposite end of the section to the first. Figures 3 to 8 illustrate
suitable positions for IQI. The sensitivity charts at Figure 9 and 10 are applicable to wire type IQI's complying with BS
3971 Type 1 and DIN 54109: Part 1.

15.5.5 For butt welds in plate, the IQI shall be placed across the weld at the extreme ends of the field to be examined
as shown in Figure 5.

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15.5.6 For butt welds in pipe when double wall techniques are used, the specimen thickness shall be taken as twice the
wall thickness of the pipe, for both single and double image techniques. In the single image technique, the IQI shall be
placed between the film and the pipe surface; in the double image technique it shall be placed on the surface of the pipe
nearest the source (see Figures 4 and 6).

15.5.7 Where a source is employed to radiograph an entire circumferential weld by single exposure, not less than four
IQI's shall be used. The IQI's shall be placed across the weld seam equally spaced apart and on the surface of the weld
nearest the focus. If this is not practicable then the Inspector shall be consulted to allow alternative IQI positions.

15.6 Source to film distance

15.6.1 The minimum source to film distance for different object to film distances and the maximum effective source
dimension shall normally be determined from the following figures:-

Iridium 192: Figure 12

Ytterbium 169 and thulium 170: Figure 23

15.6.2 For requirements for double wall, single image and panoramic radiography of pipewelds using ytterbium 169
(see Figures 21 and 22).

15.6.3 In special circumstances and then only if agreed with the Inspector the requirements for unsharpness may be
relaxed as shown in Figure 24.

15.7 Object to film distance

The distances given in Figure 12 under this heading are taken from the surface of the object (or weld) nearest
to the radiating source to the surface of the film. The distance between the under surface of the weld and the film shall
be as short as possible. Where practicable the cassette shall be on the surface which will be exposed to the process
liquor or gas.

15.8 Density of radiograph

The photographic density of the image of sound weld metal and the heat affected zone shall be not less than 2.5
and not greater than 3.5 unless special arrangements are made for the adequate viewing of higher density film to the
satisfaction of the Inspector. These density values are inclusive of the fog density of the processed unexposed film which
shall not exceed 0.3.

15.9 Sources

15.9.1 The recommended sources are indicated in Table 3.

Table 3 Recommended sources

Material Thickness Range Source

of Metal (mm)
Carbon steel, stainless 1.5 to 12 (Ytterbium 169
steel and nickel- (Thulium 170
chromium-iron-alloy 10 to 50 Iridium 192

Aluminium and 3 to 50 (Ytterbium 169

aluminium alloys (Thulium 170
Titanium 12 to 150 Iridium 192

Copper and nickel 1.5 up to 12 (Ytterbium 169

and their alloys (Thulium 170
Zirconium 10 up to 38 Iridium 192

 
 !   %   !!        !    ! ! "!
!     $!  !!   #"  !!    ! #

10
 NF 0150/1 Issue 1

15.9.2 Written approval from the Inspector is required if any alternative source to that shown is used. For metals not
included in Table 3, the source and technique must also have the written approval of the Inspector.

16 GAMMA–RADIOGRAPHY OF BUTT WELDS IN PLATES AND LARGE

DIAMETER COMPONENTS

16.1 Alignment of gamma–ray beam

The beam of radiation shall be directed to the middle of the section under examination and normal to the plate
surface at that point except in special circumstances such as the examination of fusion faces and source shift
radiography.

16.2 Diagnostic length of radiographs

The length of the weld to be examined for defects in a single exposure shall not exceed that given in (a) to (d)
below and an overlap of 35 mm shall be provided at each end of the radiograph wherever possible (see Figure 5).

(a) Longitudinal welds:- 2/5 of the source to film distance.

(b) Vessels or large pipes:- Circumferential welds, source inside vessel - 2/5 of the source to film distance.
Where the source is used along the axis of the vessel, the whole of the circumferential weld may be
radiographed in one exposure.

(c) Vessels or large pipes:- Circumferential welds, source outside the vessel: The length of weld shall be
controlled by the thickness of metal traversed by the incident radiation beam at either end of the length,
compared with the thickness of metal measured normal to the surface at that point. This variation shall
not exceed 10%. See the nomogram at Appendix D.

(d) Special applications shall be subject to agreement between BNFL and the Contractor.

16.3 Junction of welds

The division of welds into sections shall be arranged so that each weld junction (e.g. between a longitudinal and
circumferential seam) appears at the centre of a radiograph, and each weld shall be identified on the radiograph. Where
this is not convenient, a separate radiograph shall be taken.

17 GAMMA–RADIOGRAPHY OF BUTT WELDS IN PIPES

17.1 Techniques

17.1.1 Single wall, single image techniques (including panoramic exposures) shall be used where practicable.
Elsewhere double wall, single image techniques are recommended. The double wall, double image technique
(Figure 4) shall only be used with the permission of the Inspector and will not usually be used on pipes of greater diameter
than 50 mm. It shall not be used on pipes of diameter greater than 90 mm. Written approval by the Inspector must be
given for each technique used.

17.1.2 Any other technique shall be the subject of a written application to the Inspector for his agreement.

17.2 Direction of beam for single wall, single image techniques

For single wall techniques the beam centre line shall be in the plane of the weld. This is illustrated in Figure 3 for
the single wall, single image technique, with film inside and source outside, and Figure 18 for the panoramic technique.

11
NF 0150/1 Issue 1

17.3 Direction of beam for double wall, single image techniques

17.3.1 The beam centre line shall be aligned so it passes through the centre of the weld on the side of the pipe remote
from the source and shall be off-set so as to separate the two weld images but not to exceed one-fifth of the source to
film distance. Only the image of the section of the weld remote from the source shall be used for examination
(see Figure 6).

17.3.2 Where it is impracticable to position the source as in 17.3.1 the source should be placed on the side of the pipe
remote from the film so that the source to film distance is approximately the same as the pipe outside diameter, as
illustrated in Figure 6.

17.3.3 For square-edge butt welds, correct positioning of the source is critical and in double wall techniques the beam
shall be in the plane of the weld. If difficulty is experienced in interpreting the radiograph,particularly of an 'orbital' butt
weld, the source should be off-set the minimum amount possible to alleviate the problem. (An offset of 2o to 5o is usually
sufficient).

17.3.4 For thick wall small bore butt welds, the weld separation by off setting is not practial. The source shall be in the
plane of the weld.

17.4 Diagnostic length of radiographs

Sufficient radiographs shall be taken to cover the weld completely. Due regard shall be made to the sensitivity
(Clause 15.5) and density (Clause 15.8) at the extremities of the diagnostic lengths of the radiographs. The number of
radiographs to be taken are as follows:-

Single wall, single image technique - See Figure 3, 6 shots minimum

Double wall, single image technique - See Figure 6, 3 shots minimum

Double wall, single image technique - See Figure 19, 4 shots minimum
alternative

Panoramic technique - See Figure 18, 1 shot minimum

18 GAMMA–RADIOGRAPHY OF WELDS BETWEEN BRANCH PIPES AND

VESSELS

18.1 Assemblies using external compensation rings

Only the weld exposed to the process shall be radiographed. Completion of external compensating rings shall
only be made after the acceptance of the main shell/branch weld radiograph.

18.2 Position of the source and alignment of the beam

The source shall, wherever practicable, be positioned externally to the branch and vessel with the beam centre
line aligned so that it bisects the angle formed by the weld preparation, see Figure 20. Figure 19 illustrates a double wall,
single image technique using four exposures for tee butt welds.

18.3 Diagnostic length of radiographs

Sufficient radiographs shall be taken to cover the weld completely.

12
 NF 0150/1 Issue 1

Section Five: Processing and examination

19 PROCESSING AND EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS

19.1 Processing and storage of film

19.1.1 Films shall be processed and stored in accordance with the film manufacturer's instructions. Under no
circumstance shall the development time be varied to compensate for density variations due to incorrect exposure.
Particular attention shall be paid to the washing time, the object being to secure for the film a storage life of twenty years.
Routine precautions shall be taken to ensure that the processing solutions are maintained in an efficient working
condition. All radiographs shall be free from imperfections due to processing or other artefacts which would interfere
with their interpretation.

19.1.2 In general where temperatures of developer solutions are in excess of 21oC, for both automatic and manual
systems, the use of ultra fine grain film is required.

19.2 Examination of radiographs by the Inspector

19.2.1 The critical examination of radiographs with an illuminator shall take place in a room from which all extraneous
light has been excluded. The Contractor shall provide, in addition to a suitable room, the following:-

(a) An illuminator in accordance with BS EN 25580 whose luminance can be varied between 3,000 cd/m2
and 30,000 cd/m2. The light shall be evenly diffused over the illuminated area which shall have a masking
device to restrict the illuminated area to the size of radiograph being examined.

(b) A high intensity illuminator, fitted with a masking device capable of being reduced to zero area.

(c) Instrumentation suitably calibrated for measuring the density ranges specified in Clauses 11.8 and 15.8.

19.2.2 When tube or source shift radiography is used to demonstrate fault location to the Inspector for his verdict, the
two lead marker method shall be employed.

19.2.3 Radiographs (complete with data sheets) offered to the Inspector shall not bear sentencing marks which obscure
any part of the weld zone or area under scrutiny where welding is not involved.

13
NF 0150/1 Issue 1

Titanium
400

300
Aluminium
MAXIMUM kV

200

100

1 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240

MATERIAL THICKNESS mm

Figure 1 Maximum tube voltage for titanium, aluminium and it’s alloys

Copper
Nickel

Zirconium
400
Steel

300
MAXIMUM kV

200

100

10 20 30 40 50

MATERIAL THICKNESS mm

Figure 2 Maximum tube voltage for steel, zirconium, copper nickel and their alloys

14
 NF 0150/1 Issue 1

Radiation
source
SFD or FFD

L of radiation

IQI X
C

Film
OFD

Radiation
shield

Section XX

Figure 3 Single wall, single image technique for butt welds in pipes,
film inside and radiation source outside

15
NF 0150/1 Issue 1

SFD or FFD (maximum)

5
Offset

Radiation Radiation
source source

X
IQI

Radiation
shield

Film X

Section XX

Figure 4 Double wall, double image technique for butt welds in pipes,
film and radiation source outside

16
 NF 0150/1 Issue 1

Indication details shall include the fabrication reference number and sufficient information to enable the precise
location of the length of weld under examination to be determined, the date of exposure and the welders reference shall
also be given. Each radiograph must show a number at each end.

Identification numbers or symbols must not be obscured by lead markers.

Full length of radiograph 3-4

length of weld for examination A

Lead *
3 Identification details
4 numeral

Plate
Lead
marker
Weld identification
numbers engraved on plate

Film cassette
Welded
IQI
seam

Wire of IQI corresponding

to required sensitivity Lead
4 numeral
3

Plate
A

* When engraved numbers are not certain to

Section
show clearly on the radiograph lead numerals on A-A
must be superimposed over them in order to
record their location on the radiograph

radiograph 2-3 radiograph 4-5

radiograph 3-4

Length of weld
35 mm 35 mm
minimum for examination minimum

Diagram to illustrate overlap of adjacent radiographs

Figure 5 Method of marking welded seams for radiography

17
NF 0150/1 Issue 1

SFD or FFD (maximum)

5

Offset

Radiation Radiation
source source

Alternative positions
of source in confined
space applications
(see clause 17.3.2)

Radiation
shield

IQI

Film
X
Film cassette
Section XX shown as
flexible

Figure 6 Double wall, single image technique for butt welds in pipes, film and radiation source outside

18
 NF 0150/1 Issue 1

Radiation beam
IQI

Lead numeral Section

placed over positions
engraved
3 4
4 number

2 5
5

Number Film if
engraved in flexible
cassette
.... this side
1 6
6

Lead Film
numeral &
marker

3 4
1

3
4
6

Typical radiograph showing No.'s at each end.

Note: Identification numbers must not be Position of IQI
obscured neither must the lead numbers (see clause 11.5.4)
project into the weld image

Figure 7 Identification of radiographs for butt welds in pipes, double wall, double image technique

19
NF 0150/1 Issue 1

A method of marking large areas to ensure identification of each radiograph with its associated section is detailed
below. These areas do not necessarily involve welds. This method will enable full coverage to be achieved including
the radiography of areas covered by the Fabrication-Identification number, radiograph serial numbers and IQI when
radiographing adjacent sections.

As shown in the diagram, this method utilises one serial number for each section located in diagonally opposite
corners.

1A 2A 3A

Radiograph IQI
serial
number

1B 2B 3B
1A 2A

Fabrication identification number

1A

1C 2C 3C
1B 2B

2D 3D
1D
1C 2C

Each film shall overlap its neighbour by at least 35mm. The overlap shall be sufficient to ensure the material on
the side of the object wall remote from the film is not projected off both films due to the different angulation of two adjacent
exposures at the junction of the two films.

Characters that cause confusion due to similarity shall not be used.

Accurate sketches shall be made for record purposes showing positions of serial numbers to facilitate matching
of each radiograph with its location.

The surface bearing the lead symbols and IQI shall face the source of radiation.

Figure 8 Method of marking large areas for radiography

20
 10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0
Sensitivity %
Figure 9 IQI sensitivity BS 3971

1.0
0.9
0.8
21

0.7
0.6
0.5

0.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
0.3
Wire number

0.2

NF 0150/1 Issue 1
0.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 100 200 300 400 500 1000

Material thickness mm
 NF 0150/1 Issue 1
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0
Sensitivity %
Figure 10 IQI sensitivity DIN 54109

1.0
0.9
0.8
22

0.7
0.6
0.5

0.4
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
0.3
Wire number

0.2

0.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 100 200 300 400 500 1000

Material thickness mm
 NF 0150/1 Issue 1

250

200

150

100
Minimum focus to film distance (mm)

50

0
0 10 20 30 40 50

700

600

500

400

300

200
50 70 90 110 130 150

Object to film distance (mm)

NOTE: 1 The lines are based on a maximum effective focus dimension of 1mm.
2 For a focus with maximum effective dimension of `S' mm the focus to film distance (F2 ) shall be
calculated from the formula F2 = F1 x S where F1 is the focus to film distances from the above
graphs.
3 The maximum effective focus dimension is the greatest projected dimension of the focus,
eg. for 1 x 1 mm focus size it is 1.41mm.

Figure 11 Minimum values of focus to film distance for X–Ray sets

23
NF 0150/1 Issue 1

250

200

150
Minimum source to film distance (mm)

100

50

0
0 10 20 30 40 50

600

500

400

300
50 70 90 110 130 150

Object to film distance (mm)

NOTE: 1 The lines are based on a maximum effective source dimension of 1mm.
2 For a source with maximum effective dimension of `S' mm the source to film distance (F2 ) shall be
calculated from the formula F2 = F1 x S where F1 is the source to film distances from the above
graphs.
3 The maximum effective dimension of a source used in the `side on' position is the diagonal length,
eg. for 1 x 1 mm source it is 1.41mm.

Figure 12 Minimum values of source to film distance for iridium 192 gamma source

24
 NF 0150/1 Issue 1

50

40

30
Material thickness (mm)

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Sensitivity %

Figure 13 Sensitivity for steels using iridium 192 source

25
NF 0150/1 Issue 1

50

40

30
Material thickness (mm)

20

10

0
0 1 2 3

Sensitivity %

Figure 14 Sensitivity for copper/nickel and their alloys using iridium 192 source

26
 NF 0150/1 Issue 1

150

100
Material thickness (mm)

50

Iridium 192

0
0.6 1.0 1.5 2.0
Sensitivity %

Figure 15 Sensitivity for copper/nickel and their alloys using iridium 192 source

27
NF 0150/1 Issue 1

15

10
Material thickness (mm)

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Sensitivity %

Figure 16 Sensitivity for aluminium and its alloys using ytterbium 169 or thulium 170 sources

28
 NF 0150/1 Issue 1

12

11

10

9
Steel thickness (mm)

With lead screens

3

2
Without lead screens

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Sensitivity %

In double wall techniques, a sensitivity of 4% should be achieved

Figure 17 Sensitivity for single wall radiographs of steel alloys using ytterbium 169 source

29
NF 0150/1 Issue 1

IQI
Finish of film

Overlap region
(minimum 15mm)
Marker strip
with weld
identification Overlap marker
date etc. required

Start of film

Radiation
Source

The source must be

accurately located on
the pipe axis and the
weld centreline.
Maximum permissible
deviation is 5% of IQI
dimension `R' in
any plane. Film

Radiation
Source
Marker strip

Figure 18 Panoramic technique for butt welds in pipe

30
 NF 0150/1 Issue 1

`A'

Source

EXPOSURE 1

EXPOSURE 2
As exposure 1 with position
of source and position of film Film IQI
and IQI reversed
Source

Exp. 3 Exp. 4
EXPOSURE 3

IQI IQI
Exp. 4

Exp. 3 Film
Film
EXPOSURE 4

As exposure 3 with position

of source and position of film
and IQI reversed

View on arrow `A' IQI

Film

Enlarged view showing

position of IQI and film

Figure 19 Double wall, single image technique for covering tee butt welds in pipes with 4 exposures

31
NF 0150/1 Issue 1

Beam direction

Set in branch weld

Film

ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ Lead
backing

ÉÉ
ÉÉ
ÉÉ
ÉÉ
ÉÉ
Film

ÉÉ
ÉÉ
ÉÉ Beam direction

ÉÉ
ÉÉ
Lead

ÉÉ
backing

ÉÉ Set on branch weld

ÉÉ
ÉÉ
ÉÉ
ÉÉ
ÉÉ
ÉÉ
ÉÉ
ÉÉ
ÉÉ
ÉÉ
ÉÉ
Figure 20 Radiographic examination of branch welds

32
 NF 0150/1 Issue 1

1.0 mm φ
source 0.6 mm φ
source

100

80
Pipe bore diameter (mm)

60

40

20 lead screens
may be used
lead screens
not to be used

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Single pipewall thickness plus weld bead (mm)

         "   &  $ !    % "   
 !   
 # !  $  & !
 ! &         !     ! # !  
!     ! # !

Figure 21 Requirement for source size needed with panoramic single wall technique using ytterbium 169

33
NF 0150/1 Issue 1

120

1.0 mm φ
source
100

80
Pipe outer diameter (mm)

0.6 mm φ
source
60

40

20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Single pipewall yhickness plus weld bead (mm)


  #!"# #  # %!#  !)# '" $"#   ! !!( % #  !
# "$! #!  & $" # '# "! ") "$!

  "!" (  $" !  #"""   &

 $! ") " # # #!  ! # $" ! " !  $## &" $# " #
"$  !"#!#  $ & # $"

Figure 22 Requirement for source size needed with panoramic single wall technique using ytterbium 169

34
 NF 0150/1 Issue 1

170

160

150

140

130

120

110
Minimum source to film distance (mm)

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Object to film distance (mm)

NOTE: 1 The lines are based on a maximum effective source dimension of 1mm.
2 For a source with maximum effective dimension of `S' mm the source to film distance (F2 ) shall be
calculated from the formula F2 = F1 x S where F1 is the source to film distances from the above
graphs.
3 The maximum effective dimension of a source used in the `side on' position is the diagonal length,
eg. for 1 x 1 mm source it is 1.41mm.

Figure 23 Minimum values of source to film distance for normal applications

(based on Ug of 0.08mm) using ytterbium 169 or thulium 170

35
NF 0150/1 Issue 1

60
Minimum source to film distance (mm)

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Object to film distance (mm)

NOTE: 1 The lines are based on a maximum effective source dimension of 1mm.
2 For a source with maximum effective dimension of `S' mm the source to film distance (F2 ) shall be
calculated from the formula F2 = F1 x S where F1 is the source to film distances from the above
graphs.
3 The maximum effective dimension of a source used in the `side on' position is the diagonal length,
eg. for 1 x 1 mm source it is 1.41mm.

Figure 24 Minimum values of source to film distance for concessional applications

(based on Ug of 0.25mm) using ytterbium 169 or thulium 170

36
 NF 0150/1 Issue 1

APPENDIX A
Recommended image quality indicators (IQIs) for the more common metals used in industry

Material Density x 103 kg/m3 IQI

Aluminimum and aluminimum alloys
Aluminimum (99.99%) 2.7 )
Wrought alloys 2.7 to 2.8 ) AL
Casting alloys 2.7 to 3.00 )
Copper and copper alloys
Copper (pure) 8.97 )
Wrought alloys )
Commercial bronze 90% 8.80 )
Brass 70/30 8.80 )
Manganese bronze 8.36 )
Phosphor bronze 8.77 to 8.89 ) CU
Aluminimum bronze 7.58 to 7.69 )
Casting alloys )
Manganese bronze 7.75 to 8.30 )
Aluminimum bronze 7.47 to 7.75 )
Iron and iron alloys
Wrought iron 7.75 )
Grey cast iron 7.14 )
Malleable iron 7.25 ) FE
Carbon steel 7.86 )
Incoloy 8.03 )
Magnesium and magnesium alloys
Magnesium (99.8%) 1.74 )
Wrought alloys 1.77 to 1.80 ) AL
Casting alloys 1.80 to 1.86 )
Nickel and nickel alloys
NIckel (99.5% + Cu) 8.91 )
Cast nickel 8.33 )
Monel 8.83 ) CU
`K' Monel 8.47 )
Hastelloy 7.8 to 9.2 )
Stainless steels
Corrosion resistant steel castings 7.53 to 8.00 )
Heat resistant alloy castings 7.53 to 8.14 )
Wrought stainless and heat )
resistant steels 7.47 to 8.03 ) FE
Nimonic 90 8.28 )
Inconel 8.50 )
Tin and tin alloys
Tin (pure) 7.31 ) FE
Pewter 7.28 )
Titanium and titanium alloys
Titanium (99.9%) 4.51 ) AL
Titanium alloys 4.43 to 4.73 )
Zinc
Zinc (pure) 7.13 ) FE
Commercial rolled zinc 7.14 )
Zirconium alloys
Zirconium 6.49 ) CU
Zircallay II 6.55 )

37
NF 0150/1 Issue 1

APPENDIX B
Typical radiological data sheet

BNFL RADIOLOGICAL DATA

Contact No. Job No. & Plant Item No. Component Details Fabrication Spec. Sheet No.

Welder Identification Local QA or inspection Instructions

Contactor

Weld Ref. No. ............... Material ............... Material Thickness/Pipe Size ................ Welding Method ..................

Technique* SWS/DWS/DWD/PAN Type & Make of Set/Source ..................... Focus/Source Size ..................

kV .......... Current/Source Strength (mA/mCi) ............... Exposure Time ........ (secs) Filter Details ................

Angle of Beam to film ............. FFD/SFD ............... OFD .............. Film Type .............. Density Range ..................

Screen Details ................. TYPE OF IQI ....................... % Sensitivity ................. Processing *AUTOMATIC/MANUAL

RADIOGRAPH
RADIOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
 VERDICT









 
Date Contractors Radiologist
BNFL 1st Inspectors View .........................

............................... ................................................................... BNFL 2nd Inspectors View .......................

SM - Surface Marks LF - Lack of Fusion P - Porosity

XP - Excess Penetration LSF - Lack of Side Fusion WH - Worm Hole Pipes
RC - Root Concavity LIF - Lack of Inter Run Fusion EC - Elongated Cavities
UC - Under-cut RP - Incomplete Root Penetration OX - Oxidation
KL - Cracks Longitudinal IL - Inclusion Linear NVD - No Visible Defects
KT - Cracks Transverse IS - Inclusion Slag
IT - Inclusion Tungsten

38
 CONSTRUCTION: Wires 30mm long spaced approximately 5mm apart,
mounted in optically transparent low X–ray absorbent flexible material
BS 3971
IDENTIFICATION: Thinnest wire No. – Material – Thickest wire No. e.g. 9FE 15

0.040

0.050

0.080

0.200

0.250

0.400

0.500

0.800
0.032

0.063

0.100

0.125

0.160

0.320

0.630
Wire Dia.

2.00

2.50
1.00

1.25

1.60

3.20
(mm)

Wire No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

1 3
Model
5 2

Image quality indicators (IQI)

No. 4

APPENDIX C
39

CONSTRUCTION: Wires 25 or 50mm long on FE 6/12, FE 10/16 and AL 10/16

Wires 50mm long only on FE 1/7, CU 1/7, CU 6/12, AL1/7 and
DIN 54 109 AL 6/12 spaced approx. 5mm apart in weakly absorbing material

IDENTIFICATION: Thinnest wire No. – ISO – Thinnest wire No. – DIN 62 – Material eg. 10 ISO 62 – Material eg. 10ISO 62 – DIN 62 FE
0.040

0.050

0.080

0.200

0.250

0.400

0.500

0.800
0.032

0.063

0.100

0.125

0.160

0.320

0.630

2.00

2.50
1.00

1.25

1.60

3.20
Wire Dia.
(mm)

Wire No. 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

NF 0150/1 Issue 1
10 ISO 16
Model
6 ISO 12

No. 1 ISO 7
NF 0150/1 Issue 1

APPENDIX D
Nomogram for determining diagnostic length of radiograph for curved surfaces
when using the single wall, single image technique

Inside Diagnostic (Source outside - film inside)

Diameter (D) Length (L)
(mm) (mm) F
Ratio = =R
D
2000 750
1800 5
600 4

1500 3
2.5
450
400 2
1200 350
1.5

300 1.25
900
800 250
1
700 200
0.9
600
150 0.8
550
500 125 0.7
450 100
400 0.6

350 75
0.5
300

250 50
225
200 0.4

175

150 25
0.3
125

100
15

Inside
75 Diameter
(D)
Focus to film distance (F)
Length (L)

NOTE: 1. The nomogram is based on the approximate formula

0.413D
LĂ Ă
1Ă
1
2R
2. Join given inside diameter and ratio of focus to film distance/inside diameter.
Read off diagnostic length at intersection with middle line.

40