Pak. J. Agri. Sci., Vol.

60(1), 1-8; 2023

ISSN (Print) 0552-9034, ISSN (Online) 2076-0906
DOI:10.21162/PAKJAS/23.92
http://www.pakjas.com.pk1

Effects of rapeseed cake fertilizer on soil bacterial diversity and community

structure in peach orchards
Ping Sun1, Jiaqi Wu 1, Xianrui Lin1, Yi Wang1, Jianxi Zhu1, Chenfei Chen1, Huijuan Jia2, Xinwei
Wang3 and Jiansheng Shen1,*
1
Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhejiang Institute of Agricultural Machinery, 321000 ,Jinhua, Zhejiang,
China；2Zhejiang University, 310012，Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China；3Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese
Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 450009，Zhengzhou, Henan, China
*Corresponding author’s e-mail:sjsjhnky@163.com

In the cultivation process, the application of organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers can effectively improve soil
structure, soil fertility, nutrient absorption, and fruit quality. In this study, the effects of potassium fulvic acid and compound
microbial inoculant in rapeseed cake fertilizer on soil bacteria in peach orchard were investigated. The results showed that the
application of rapeseed cake fertilizer significantly increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the soil. The results of
functional prediction showed that rapeseed cake fertilizer and potassium fulvic acid used in conjunction could improve nitrogen
fixation and carbon sequestration rates in soil. This study can provide a theoretical basis for the application of rapeseed cake
fertilizer in peach tree cultivation.
Keywords: Rapeseed cake fertilizer, peach orchard, microbial diversity, high-throughput sequencing, bacterial community.

INTRODUCTION China's main peach producing areas have been experiencing

The peach tree (Prunus persica) is an important economic
fruit tree native to China. Its fruit is sweet and juicy, and it is
widely cultivated all over the world. China's peach cultivation
area and national export volume are the largest in the world.
The physicochemical properties of the soil are important
factors in maintaining the output rate and quality of Chinese
peaches. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers, continuous
cropping obstacles, and heavy metal pollution will reduce soil
quality, which in turn affects the yield and quality of peaches
(Jia et al., 2006; Jiao et al., 2017). The incidence of soil-borne
diseases (such as Xanthomonas arboricola pv. Pruni (XAP)
bacterial spot and Cytospora cankers) is directly related to soil
microbial content (Jiao et al., 2017; Ji et al., 2020). The
pathogenic bacteria responsible for the main diseases of peach
trees will overwinter in the soil, germinate in spring, and
invade through openings in the peach tree bark, causing
brown rot, anthracnose, and other conditions, which seriously
reduce the profits of fruit farmers (Iqbal et al., 2020).
Therefore, improvements to soil structure, soil fertility, and
the soil microbiome are particularly important in peach tree
cultivation.
a number of problems due to improper fertilization
techniques. Nitrogen fertilizer, the main fertilizer in use,
reduces soil quality and subsequent peach harvest yields. In
recent years, researchers have begun to focus on the effects of
organic fertilizer use. Fan et al. studied soil organic matter
content under the wheat-maize intensive planting system and
found that the application of organic fertilizer can
significantly increase the soil’s organic matter content (Fan et
al., 2014). Bhattacharya et al. found that the use of
vermicompost can increase the availability of soil nutrients
and reduce the solubility of heavy metals (Pb, Cr, and Cd)
(Bhattacharya et al., 2012). Yan et al. demonstrated that
organic fertilization was most effective in maintaining soil
organic matter and unstable organic matter fractions, and soils
treated with manure alone had the highest microbial biomass
and mineralization of C and N (Yan et al., 2007). On peach
trees, seaweed organic fertilizer and bean cake organic
fertilizer have been demonstrated to significantly increase the
content of soil organic matter and nutrients, leaf nutrition,
photosynthetic pigments, and fruit quality (Zhang, 2016).
Rapeseed cake is a by-product of rapeseed oil extraction. It is
rich in amino acids, proteins, and other substances, which can
improve the soil microbiome, increase soil fertility, and

Sun, P., J. Wu, X. Lin, Y. Wang, J. Zhu, C. Chen, H. Jia, X. Wang and J. Shen. 2023. Effects of rapeseed cake fertilizer on soil bacterial diversity and
community structure in peach orchards. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 60:1-8.
[Received 6 Jul 2022; Accepted 27 Dec 2022; Published 31 Mar 2023]
Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
 Sun, Wu, Lin, Wang, Zhu, Chen, Jia, Wang & Shen
promote plant growth (Qiao et al., 2021). In recent years, the
application of rapeseed cake fertilizer is concentrated in
tobacco planting, where it has been shown to increase total
organic carbon content, soluble organic carbon content,
available phosphorus, available potassium, and soil urease
activity (Tian et al., 2017; Wu et al., 2019; Wu et al., 2020).
In tea leaf production settings, rapeseed cake fertilizer has
been observed to effectively increase soil pH value, NH 4-N
content, NO3-N content, and leaching resistance (Xie et al.,
2020). In banana cultivation, the application of rapeseed cake
fertilizer was also observed to alter the soil’s bacterial
content, with a corresponding reduction in the incidence of
banana wilt (Qiao et al., 2021).
In this study, the effects of rapeseed cake fertilizer on soil
bacteria in peach orchard were analyzed using 16S rRNA
gene amplicon sequencing, both with and without potassium
fulvic acid and bacterial inoculant.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental design and sampling: The experiment was
carried out in the peach planting experimental area of
Yuandong Township Fruit and Flower (Provincial)
Agricultural Science and Technology Park, Jindong District,
Jinhua City, from January to July 2020. All tested peach trees
were of the "Yulupantao" variety. A total of four treatments
were set up in the experiment: Group 1 (the control group):
1.5 kg ordinary compound fertilizer (N:P:K=15-15-15) plus
0.5 kg urea; Group 2: 5 kg rapeseed cake(35 percent protein,
12 percent crude fiber, 9.7 percent fat, and 8 percent ash);
Group 3: 5 kg rapeseed cake plus 250 g potassium fulvic acid;
and Group 4: 5 kg rapeseed cake plus 100 g compound
microbial inoculum(effective viable count >2×10 10 cfu/g).
Nine trees were selected for each treatment group, five holes
(depth of 15 ± 5 cm and diameter of 15 ± 5 cm) were dug at a
distance of about 70 cm from the trees, and the fertilizer was
spread into the holes, then holes were covered with the
excavated soil.
Soil samples were collected from each group after six months.
Two points were taken about 75 cm from each tree, 30 cm
above the fertilizer application point, and the top 5 cm of soil
was removed with a sterilized spade. The undecomposed litter
layer on the soil surface was removed, and a sterilized shovel
was used to remove 5 cm of soil on the surface. Samples of
10–15 g were obtained from the uncovered soil, put into a
sterile plastic bag, and combined. The collected samples were
marked, placed in an ice box, and brought back to the
laboratory, where they were mashed, passed through a 2 mm
sieve, and distributed into 2 mL EP tubes. Processed samples
were then snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored in a
refrigerator at −80°C. Three parallel samples were taken from
each combined batch for DNA extraction.
DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and sequencing: The
TGuide S96 magnetic bead method soil/fecal DNA kit from
2
Tiangen Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China)
was used to extract DNA from all soil samples. These DNA
extracts were sent to Beijing Biomaike Biotechnology Co.,
Ltd. for library construction, where an Illumina Novaseq 6000
System was used for high-throughput sequencing. PCR
amplification was performed using bacteria-specific primers
338F (5'-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCA-3') and 806R (5'-
GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3') in the variable region
of 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 to amplify the target gene.
Sequencing libraries were quantified using the Qubit 4.0
Fluorometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Shanghai, China).
Sequencing with 300-base pair paired-end reads was
performed on Illumina Novaseq 6000 System at Biomarker
Technologies (Beijing, China).
Bioinformatics analysis: Trimmomatic v0.33 software was
used to filter the raw reads obtained by sequencing, and then
cutadapt 1.9.1 software was used to identify and remove
primer sequences. Usearch v10 software was used to splice
these sequences, with the length of the spliced data then
filtered according to the length range of different regions.
UCHIME v4.2 software (Edgar et al., 2011) was used to
identify and remove chimera sequences to obtain the final
effective data. Reads were clustered at a similarity level of
97.0% using Usearch software to obtain OTUs. Species
annotation and taxonomic analysis of bacteria were
performed using QIIME software, and the alpha diversity
indices of samples were evaluated using QIIME2 software
(Bolyen et al., 2019). Beta diversity analysis was performed
using QIIME software, using principal coordinate analysis
(PCoA) and the unweighted group average method (UPGMA)
to compare the difference and similarity of the composition of
different samples’ OTUs. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA)
effect size (LEfSe) was employed to identify statistically
different biomarkers among groups. Bacterial functions were
predicted using FAPROTAX (Louca et al., 2016; Nguyen et
al., 2016).
Statistical analysis: SPSS version 24.0 was used to conduct
statistical analysis. Continuous variables such as bacterial α-
diversity are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD)
unless otherwise noted. A paired Student’s t-test was used
when comparisons between the two groups followed a normal
distribution. The non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis sum-rank
test was used for non-normally distributed data. All of the
statistical tests were two-tailed, and p < 0.05 was defined as
the margin of significance.
RESULTS
OTU analysis of soil bacterial community: A total of
959,372 pairs of sequences were obtained by high-throughput
sequencing. A total of 943,391 valid sequences were
generated after double-end sequence quality control and
splicing. At least 78,346 valid sequences were generated for
each sample, with an average of 78,616 valid sequences and
 Soil bacterial diversity and community structure
an average sequence length of 416/417/418 bp. A total of
2174 OTUs were obtained by clustering the sequences at a
similarity level of 97.0%. The number of OTUs in different
processes is ranked as Group 3 > Group 4 > Group 2 >
Group 1.
Figure 1. The number of bacterial OTUs in different
treatments.
To more intuitively display the unique and shared OTUs
among different samples, Venn diagrams were drawn
according to the analysis results of OTUs. The total number
of OTUs among the four treatments was 1786, accounting for
91.22%, 87.81%, 86.78%, and 87.38% of the total OTUs
among the four treatments in sequence. The number of OTUs
unique to each treatment was 6, 8, 15, and 15, accounting for
0.31%, 0.39%, 0.73%, and 0.73% of the total OTUs in each
treatment.
Figure 2. Venn diagram of OTU distribution of soil
bacteria in different treatments.
Simultaneously analyzing the dilution curves obtained from
the samples of different treatments, it can be seen that
between 20,000 and 50,000 sequences were sampled, and the
dilution curves of the soil samples of each treatment were
3
asymptotic (Figure 3), indicating that the majority of useful
genetic material present in the samples was isolated.
Figure 3. Dilution curves of soil samples with different
treatments at a similar level of OTU of 97%.
Diversity analysis of soil bacterial community: The α-
diversity index can reflect the diversity and richness of
microbial communities. Based on the Chao1 and ACE
indices, bacterial richness can be arranged in order as Group
4 > Group 2 > Group 3 > Group 1. Compared with Group 1
(control), the Chao1 and ACE indices of Group 4 and Group
2 are significantly higher, and the ACE index of Group 3 is
significantly higher as well. Compared with Group 1, the
Chao1 index of Group 3 is not significantly different from that
of Group 1, indicating that the application of rapeseed cake
fertilizer significantly increased the number of bacteria in the
soil.
Shannon and Simpson indices were used to measure species
diversity, bacterial abundance, and evenness in the sample
community. The results showed that the Shannon and
Simpson indices were ordered as Group 4 > Group 2 > Group
3 > Group 1, but without a significant difference among the
four treatments, indicating that the application of rapeseed
cake fertilizer could effectively improve the diversity of
bacterial colonies in the soil, but the effect was not significant.
To further understand the effects of different treatments on
soil bacterial community structure, principal coordinate
analysis (PCoA) and permutation multivariate analysis of
variance (PERMANOVA) were performed on all soil
samples. The first principal component (PC1) and the second
principal component (PC2) with the largest contribution rate
for plotting were selected (Figure 4). The first and second
axes explain 25.10% and 21.07% of the overall variation,
respectively. Among them, Group 1 and Group 2 are
distributed in the positive direction of PC1, and Group 3 and
Group 4 are distributed in the negative direction. At the same
time, it can be clearly seen that the distance between Group 2
and Group 4 is relatively small, indicating that the bacterial
community structure between the two is similar. In addition,
 Sun, Wu, Lin, Wang, Zhu, Chen, Jia, Wang & Shen
Table 1. Changes in bacterial diversity index of soil samples with different treatments.
Samples Shannon Simpson
Group 1 8.972±0.1528a 0.993±0.0016a
Group 2 9.346±0.0092a 0.995±0.0001a
Group 3 9.047±0.1494a 0.994±0.0009a
Group 4 9.370±0.0241a 0.996±0.0002a
there is a significant distance between Group 4 and Group 1,
indicating that soil bacterial content was significantly
influenced by the treatment. Permutation multivariate
analysis of variance (PERMANOVA, p = 0.001) further
indicated that there were significant differences in soil
microbial content after different treatments.
Figure 4. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and
permutation multivariate analysis of variance
(PERMANOVA) of soil samples with different
treatments.
Soil bacterial community: For soil bacterial phyla at the
taxonomic level, it can be seen that the bacterial species
contained in all samples were comparable, but there were
differences in species distribution. The 10 phyla with the
highest average abundance in all treatments were
Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria,
Planctomycetes, Gemmatimonadetes, Verrucomicrobia,
Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, and WPS-2.
Compared with the control group (Group 1), the proportion of
Verrucomicrobia in Groups 2, 3, and 4 was significantly
increased, and the relative abundances reached 6.34%, 4.30%,
and 6.23%, respectively, becoming the dominant phylum in
all three groups. In addition, the proportion of Planctomycetes
in Group 2 and the proportions of Acidobacteria and
Gemmatimonadetes in Group 3 were significantly increased.
Due to the low reliability of species annotation at the genus
4
ACE Chao1
1820.34±16.88b 1869.65±17.03b
1942.48±9.828a 1973.22±10.15a
1934.57±30.60a 1952.34±31.15ab
1967.10±7.828a 1984.88±6.412a
level in this experiment, the analysis was carried out at the
taxonomic level to further analyze the differences between
bacterial community components. The relative abundances of
Solibacteraceae Subgroup 3, Gemmatimonadaceae,
Acidobacteriales, SC-I-84, Xanthobacteraceae,
Chthoniobacteraceae, and the WD2101 soil group in Groups
2 and 3 all increased in comparison to the control group
(Group 1). The relative abundance of Sphingomonadaceae,
Acidobacteriaceae Subgroup 1, and Rhodobacteraceae
decreased; the proportions of Acidobacteriales, SC-I-84,
Xanthobacteraceae, uncultured_bacterium_c_Subgroup_6,
Chthoniobacteraceae, Chitinophagaceae, and the WD2101
soil group of Group 4 were larger, while the rest of the
sampled populations declined.
The relative abundance of bacterial content in each group was
calculated and compared using LefSe analysis. Bacteria with
an LDA score greater than 3.5 were analyzed, and it was
found that there were significant differences between all
treatment groups. Bacterial phylum, class, order, family,
genus, and species branch were analyzed (Figure 5). There
were a total of 57 species with significant differences in
different treatment groups, of which Group 3 had the highest
number, including 1 class Acidobacteriia, 2 orders
Solibacterales, Betaproteobacteriales, SC-I-84,
Flavobacteriaceae (Xanthobacteraceae) and 4 other families,
Candidatus and other 5 genera, and 5 unnamed species.
Group 4 had the second highest total, with 16 characteristic
groups: Alphaproteobacteria (Alphaproteobacteria) 1 class,
Flavobacteriales (Flavobacteriales), Elsterales and 4 other
orders, Flavobacteriaceae (Flavobacteriaceae),
Nitrosomonadaceae (Nitrosomonadaceae) and 4 other
families, Flavobacterium (Flavobacterium), 4 other genera,
and 3 unnamed species). Group 2 was next, with 13
characteristic populations (namely, 1 phylum Patescibacteria,
1 class Thermoleophilia, 2 orders Micropepsales and
Gaiellales, 2 families including Micropepsaceae, 4 genera
including Gemmatimonas, and 3 unnamed species). Group 1
(the control) had the fewest characteristic populations, 11 in
total: Actinobacteria (Actinobacteria) 1 phylum,
Actinobacteria (Actinobacteria) 1 class, Xanthomonadales
(Xanthomonas spp.) order, Sphingomonadales
(Sphingomonadales), Frankiales, Micrococcales
(Micrococcus) 4 orders, Rhodanobacteraceae,
Sphingomonadaceae (Sphingomonadaceae),
Xanthomonadaceae (Xanthomonadaceae) 3 families,
Rhodanobacter 1 genus, and 1 unnamed species.
 Soil bacterial diversity and community structure

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 6. Bacterial linear discriminant analysis (LDA)

score histogram from LEfSe analysis.

Functional prediction: Differences in bacterial populations

(d)
Figure 5. Phylum-level distribution (A) and phylum-level
relative abundance (C), family-level distribution
(B), and family-level relative abundance (D) of
soil bacteria in different treatments.
lead to differences in bacterial function. To further evaluate
the effect of different organic fertilizers on the potential
function of bacteria, FAPROTAX was used to predict the
function of bacteria in each treatment group (Fig. 7). The
proportion of chemoheterotrophic bacteria (including aerobic
and anaerobic species) represented the majority of bacteria in
all analyzed soil samples. The relative abundance of ureolytic

5
 Sun, Wu, Lin, Wang, Zhu, Chen, Jia, Wang & Shen
bacteria was the highest in Group 3 (5.09%) and the lowest in
Group 1 (2.78%). The relative abundance of fermenting
bacteria in Group 2 and Group 4 was significantly higher than
that in Group 1 and Group 3. The relative abundance of
nitrogen-fixing bacteria had little difference between groups,
with the highest in Group 4 (3.11%) and the lowest in Group
2 (2.25%). The relative abundance of predatory or
exoparasitic bacteria in Group 4 was significantly higher than
that in Group 2 but did not show a significant trend across all
groups. Nitrifying bacteria had the lowest relative abundance
in Group 2 (1.15%). The relative abundances of other groups
were greater than 2%; these “other” bacterial species did not
have a role clearly defined by FAPROTAX.
Figure 7. Functional annotation of soil bacteria under
different fertilization treatments.
DISCUSSION
Bacteria are an important part of soil health, accounting for
approximately 70–90% of all soil microorganisms. They play
an important role in soil nutrient cycling, with a direct
relationship between bacterial content and available soil
nutrients (Diane et al., 2017). The main components of
rapeseed cake are protein, crude fiber and crude fat, which are
comprehensive in nutrients and can provide microorganisms
with carbon sources and other substances required for growth,
and can effectively promote the reproduction of
microorganisms (Qiao et al., 2021). This study found that
beneficial soil bacteria content was significantly higher in the
groups treated with rapeseed cake fertilizer than in the groups
treated with compound fertilizer and urea. This result is
consistent with the results of studies using rapeseed cake
fertilizer on bananas and flue-cured tobacco (Qiao et al.,
2021; Tian et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2011). Microbial
inoculation also significantly improved soil bacterial content,
6
even in conjunction with organic fertilizer improvements.
There were no significant differences in Shannon and
Simpson indices among the four treatment groups, indicating
that rapeseed cake cannot produce a long-term increase in
bacterial diversity in soil. (It is possible that some short-term
increase in bacterial diversity did occur but had normalized
between treatment application and sampling.) The results of
PCoA and PERMANOVA showed that microbial inoculants
had little effect on soil bacterial community structure. When
potassium fulvic acid and rapeseed cake were used together,
the richness and diversity of bacterial communities were
lower than those in the treatment group using only rapeseed
cake, and the β-diversity analysis also showed that there were
significant differences between the two. Therefore, in this
experiment, potassium fulvic acid mixed with rapeseed cake
fertilizer did not show a significant improvement over
rapeseed cake used alone.
The bacterial species observed under different fertilization
treatments were similar, with the dominant flora being species
from the Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria,
Planctomycetes, and Bacillus phyla, which were similar to the
reported soil microorganisms under fertilization management.
Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria accounted for more than
50% of the total relative abundance in each group.
Proteobacteria are widely present in soil and play an
important role in the decomposition and transformation of
organic matter. Studies have shown that an increase in the
abundance of Proteobacteria can improve nitrogen
transformation rates (Liu et al., 2014; Moulin et al., 2001).
Acidobacteria are mostly acidophilic bacteria, and the
application of nitrogen fertilizer will reduce the relative
abundance of Acidobacteria in soil (Wang et al., 2016). This
experiment was performed in acidic soil with low nutrient
content, so the relative abundance of Acidobacteria was, as
expected, high. Among the four treatments, the control group
had the lowest relative abundance of Acetobacter, possibly as
a result of urea administration.
Chemical fertilizers play an important role in fruit tree
cultivation, but the excessive application of fertilizer can
cause environmental pollution (Havens et al., 2009). The
application of organic fertilizer can greatly improve the
physical and chemical properties of the soil, reduce the
harmful flora in the soil, speed up the activation of nutrients,
increase the content of soil nutrients, and keep the supply of
available nutrients in a balanced state (Huang et al., 2010).
Rhodanobacter is a heavy metal-susceptible flora, and it has
a very significant negative correlation with exchangeable
organic matter and a significant positive correlation with
pineapple heart rot and watermelon fusarium wilt, but
whether it will affect peach trees has not been reported (Hu et
al., 2022; Tian et al.,2018; Guo et al., 2017). The relative
abundance of Rhodanobacter in the control group was
significantly higher than that in the other groups, indicating
that the application of rapeseed cake could reduce its relative
 Soil bacterial diversity and community structure
abundance in the soil and increase exchangeable organic
matter content in affected soil.
Xanthomonas is a gram-negative, disease-causing genus of
bacteria that can infect more than 400 different plant hosts and
can cause XAP bacterial spot in peach trees (Timilsina et al.,
2020; Bardsley et al., 2013). In this study, Xanthomonas
species were more abundant in the control group, indicating
that rapeseed cake fertilizer could significantly reduce the
relative abundance of Xanthomonas in Taoyuan and reduce
the occurrence of diseases. Flavobacterium, Bacillus, and
Acidobacter are beneficial soil bacteria that can improve the
physical and chemical properties of soil (Shi et al., 2020;
Saleem et al., 2019). In each group treated with rapeseed cake
fertilizer, these genera were present in greater quantities.
Changes in soil microbial content can be used to predict soil
nutrient availability (Li et al., 2022). Potassium humate, as a
humic acid, can fix nitrogen, dissolve phosphorus, reduce
ammonia volatilization, and promote peach tree growth and
nitrogen fertilizer absorption (Zhang et al., 2017). In this
study, the relative abundance of metabolic pathways related
to the nitrogen cycle (such as urea hydrolysis, nitrogen
fixation, and ammonia oxidation) in the group treated with
rapeseed cake and potassium fulvic acid was higher than that
observed in other treatment groups, indicating that potassium
fulvic acid can effectively increase nitrogen cycling.
Chemoheterotrophic bacteria are mainly involved in the soil
carbon cycle, and fertilization can increase soil organic matter
and nitrogen content, resulting in an increase in the relative
abundance of chemoheterotrophic bacteria (Zhang et al.,
2018). Rapeseed cake in conjunction with potassium fulvic
acid added more carbon and nitrogen sources to the soil than
other treatments, resulting in the largest increase in
chemoheterotrophic activity. This allowed the fertilization
effect of rapeseed cake and potassium fulvic acid to last
longer. In the future, combined with the physiological
indicators of peach trees, we can further explore the effect of
this combination on improving the soil ecology of peach
orchards.
Conclusion: In this study, we used 16S rRNA gene amplicon
sequencing to investigate the changes in soil bacterial
community structure after the application of rapeseed cake as
a basal fertilizer. It was found that the application of rapeseed
cake fertilizer as a substrate in peach cultivation changed the
community structure of soil bacteria and could significantly
increase the soil bacterial richness. The dominant soil
bacterial phyla in peach orchard were Proteobacteria,
Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria. Application of rapeseed
cake fertilizer effectively reduced the relative abundance of
harmful bacteria such as Rhodobacter and
Xanthomonadaceae and increased the relative abundance of
soil beneficial bacteria such as Flavobacterium,
Gemmatimonas, and Acidobacteria in the soil. From the
functional prediction, it was found that the mixture of
7
rapeseed cake fertilizer and potassium fulvic acid increased
the relative abundance of metabolic pathways involved in
carbon and nitrogen cycling and facilitated the accumulation
of organic matter in the soil.
Conflict of Interest: The Authors declare that there is no
conflict of interest
Authors’ Contribution Statements: PS, XL and JS designed
experiments. JW, YW, CC and JZ performed experiments.
SP, JW, and XL analyzed data and compiled figures.PS, JW
and JS wrote the manuscript. HJ and XW edited the final
manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and
approved the submitted version
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