Trends down

group II, IV
and VII
GROUP MEMBERS: TONAYA BRACKETT, D’JAUNAE HART,
CARESIA REID, KRISTAN WRIGHT
 Explaining the variation in the
solubility of the sulphates in terms of
lattice and hydration energies

In chemistry, hydration energy (also hydration enthalpy) is the amount of energy

released when one mole of ions undergoes hydration. Its values are always
negative.
As you go down a Group, the energy needed to break up the lattice falls as the
positive ions get bigger. Again as the positive ions get bigger, the energy released
as the ions bond to water molecules (their hydration enthalpies) falls as well. Bigger
ions aren't so strongly attracted to the water molecules.
 Cont.
Since the hydration enthalpies decreases down
the group, solubility will decrease as found for
alkaline earth metal carbonates and sulphates.
The assumption is made that the more
endothermic (or less exothermic) the enthalpy of
solution is, the less soluble the compound.
So sulphates and carbonates become less
soluble as you go down the Group; hydroxides
become more soluble.
Energy has to be supplied to break up the lattice
of ions, and energy is released when these ions
form bonds with water molecules. The size of the
lattice dissociation enthalpy depends on the
charges on the ions, and the distances between
their centers. All of the Group II sulfates consist of
2+ ions attracting 2- ions, and so the only thing
that matters is the distance between the ion
centres. The bigger the ions, the more distance
there is between their centres, and the weaker the
forces holding them together.
 Explaining the variation in the
thermal decomposition of the
carbonates and nitrates
The thermal stability increases as you go down
Group 2. This is because the Group 2 ion has All the carbonates in this Group undergo thermal
lower charge density, and thus distorts the decomposition to give the metal oxide and carbon
carbonate ion less. The less distorted the dioxide gas. Thermal decomposition is the term
carbonate ion is, the more stable it is, and so a given to splitting up a compound by heating it. All
higher temperature is required to decompose of these carbonates are white solids, and the
the carbonate. oxides that are produced are also white solids.
If "X" represents any one of the elements:
As you go down the Group, the XCO3(s)XO(s) + CO2(g)
carbonates have to be heated
more strongly before they will
decompose. The carbonates
become more stable to heat as
you go down the Group.
 cont
All the nitrates in this Group undergo thermal decomposition
to give the metal oxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen.
The nitrates are white solids, and the oxides produced are
also white solids. Brown nitrogen dioxide gas is given off
together with oxygen. Magnesium and calcium nitrates
normally have water of crystallisation, and the solid may
dissolve in its own water of crystallisation to make a
colourless solution before it starts to decompose. Again, if "X" represents any one of the

elements:

2X(NO3)2(s)2XO(s) + 4NO2(g)+ O2(g)

As you go down the Group, the nitrates also
have to be heated more strongly before they
will decompose. The nitrates also become
more stable to heat as you go down the Group.

Discussing the uses of some of
the compounds of magnesium
and calcium - limited to the
use of magnesium oxide,
calcium oxide, calcium
hydroxide and calcium
carbonate
Calcium Oxide - Calcium oxide is widely used in
industry, e.g., in making porcelain and glass; in
purifying sugar; in preparing bleaching powder,
calcium carbide, and calcium cyanamide; in water
softeners; and in mortars and cements. In
agriculture, it is used for treating acidic soils (liming).
It enables the acidity of soil to be to neutralized by
adjusting pH. It has a huge amount of usage for
insecticides. In laboratories, lime is utilized for
precipitation reaction, dehydration, etc. as a reagent.
 Magnesium Oxide

CONT.. Is used as refractory linings in furnaces

because of its high melting point and low
reactivity
Calcium Carbonate

Is used as limestone blocks for buildings

and removing Silicon dioxide as slag in the
blast furnace for the extraction of iron. It
is also used to make oxide for cement. Calcium Hydroxide.

Used to neutralize acidic soils.

It can also be used to make mortar by
mixing it with water and sand, to make
bleaching powder and lime water.
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