6200 & > Os Ba 34%0 < Waste Management Introduction e Waste management (or waste disposal) includes the processes and actions required to manage waste from its origin to its final disposal. e This includes the : 1. Collection 2. Transport 3. Treatment and disposal of waste 4. Monitoring and regulation of management process etc. e Waste management is intended to reduce adverse effects of waste on human health, the environment and planetary resources. 2/456:20 0 & - Ok % B4 34~0 < Waste Management LVS o, ae Introduction e Waste management practices are not uniform among countries (developed and developing nations). e Proper management of waste is important for building Sustainable Cities, but remains a challenge for many developing countries and cities. 3/456200 & + Ol 3 Bw 34x70 < Waste Management Waste Hierarchy e The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs": 1. Reduce 2. Reuse 3. Recycle e This classifies waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of Waste Minimisation. e The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of end waste. 4/456200 & + Os Ba 34%0 < Waste Management Waste Hierarchy Hierarchy of waste management is represented as a pyramid: 1. Policies should promote measures to prevent waste generation. 2. To seek alternative uses for waste that has been generated. 3. Recycling and Composting. 4. Following this step is material recovery and waste-to-energy. 5. The final resort for waste is landfills. 5/456200 & + Os Ba 34%0 < Waste Management THE WASTE HIERARCHY 6/456200 & + Os Bd 34%0 < Waste Management Life-Cycle of a Product e The life-cycle begins with the design, through the manufacture, distribution, and primary use and then follows the waste hierarchy stages e Each stage in the life-cycle offers opportunities for policy intervention. 7/456200 & + Os Bd 34%0 < Waste Management Waste Handling and Transport e Waste collection methods vary widely among different countries and regions. e Domestic waste collection services are often provided by local Government Authorities, or by Private Companies. e Some areas do not have formal waste-collection systems. 8/456210 & + Om s Ba 34%0 < Waste Management Waste Segregation e This is the separation of wet waste and dry waste. The purpose is to recycle dry waste easily and to use wet waste as compost. e When segregating waste, the amount that gets landfilled reduces considerably, resulting in lower levels of air and water pollution. e Importantly, waste segregation should be based on the type of waste and the most appropriate treatment and disposal. 9/456210 & + Om st Ba 34%0 < Waste Management Waste Segregation e This also makes it easier to apply different processes to the waste, e Composting, recycling and incineration and other processes should be explained to the community. e There are a number of important reasons why waste segregation is important like legal obligations and protection of nature. 10/456:210 & - Ok % B4 34~0 < Waste Management Methods Landfill Site e A landfill site, also known as a tip, garbage dump or dumping ground is a site for the disposal of waste materials. e Landfill is the oldest and most common form of waste disposal. 0/456210 8 - Om s B4 347.0 < Waste Management Methods Landfill Site e Some landfill sites are used for waste management purposes. e Such as temporary storage, transfer, or for various stages of processing waste material. e Unless they are stabilized, landfills may undergo severe shaking or Soil Liquefaction during an earthquake. e Once full, the area over a landfill site may be reclaimed for other uses. 12/456210 & + Om 3 Me 34%0 < Waste Management Methods Incineration e Incineration is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are subjected to combustion (burning). e This method is useful for disposal of Municipal solid waste, solid residue from waste water treatment and hazardous waste materials. e Incineration is common in countries like Japan where land is more scarce, and facilities generally do not require areas for landfills. 13/456210 £8 > Os Ba 34x0 < Waste Management Methods Incineration e Incineration is a controversial method of waste disposal, due to issues such as emission of gaseous pollutants including substantial quantities of carbon dioxide. 14/456210 & + Om 3 Mw 34%O0 < Waste Management Methods Recycling Method e Recycling is a resource recovery practice that refers to the collection and reuse of waste materials. e There are numerous benefits of recycling, and with new technologies making more materials recyclable. 15/456210 & + Om 3 Me 34%0 < Waste Management Methods e There are two types of recycling methods: Single Stream Recycling e Recyclable materials are collected separately from general waste using dedicated bins and collection vehicles. e This procedure is called Curbside Collection. e In some communities, the owner of the waste is required to separate the materials into different bins before its collection. 16/456210 & + Om 3 Be 33%0 < Waste Management Methods Dual Stream Recycling e Where all recyclable materials are placed in a single bin for collection, and the sorting is handled at a central facility. e Most common recycled products: 1. Aluminium from beverage cans Copper wire Steel from aerosol cans Rubber tyres Polyethylene and PET bottle Glass bottles and jars Paperboard cartons Newspapers. PNAAPWN 17/456210 & + Om 3 Be 33%0 < Waste Management Methods e There are two types of recycling methods: Single Stream Recycling e Recyclable materials are collected separately from general waste using dedicated bins and collection vehicles. e This procedure is called Curbside Collection. e In some communities, the owner of the waste is required to separate the materials into different bins before its collection. 16/456210 & > Ook $B 3340 < Waste Management @ RECYLING,@ e BY THE NUMBERS er 20 Mil 5,44,000 Rr eaaebieon F trees can be saved if one away annually. One ton of roll of fiber paper towels scrap from discarded can be replaced with computers contain more 100% recycled ones. gold than produced from 17 tons of gold ore. 315 Kg 5 amount of CO2 is not 160 Billion aA released into the worth of global recycling ‘atmosphere each time a industry employs more Mi metric ton of glass is used hari peOpe to create new glass & products 79 Million Tons 9 Cubic Yards cof waste material is is the amount of space diverted away from disposal saved by recycling one through recycling and ton of cardboard. composting, 98% of the glass bottles are returned by consumers for reuse 18/45622 O& + OM 3 BM 33%0 < Waste Management Biological Reprocessing e Recoverable materials that are organic in nature are plant materials, food scraps, paper products, etc. e They can be recovered through composting and digestion processes to decompose the organic matter. e The resulting organic material is then recycled or compost for agricultural or landscaping purposes. e In addition, waste gas from the process (methane) can be captured and used for generating electricity and heat (CHP/cogeneration). 19/45622 O& + OM 3 BM 33%0 < Waste Management Biological Reprocessing e The different methods of biological decomposition are classified as Aerobic or Anaerobic methods. e The anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of solid waste is more environmentally effective than landfill, or incineration. e The intention of biological processing in waste management is to control and accelerate the process of decomposition of organic matter. 20/45622 © & > Ok 8 B-4 3340 < Waste Management Energy Recovery e Energy recovery from waste is the conversion of non-recyclable waste into usable heat, electricity, or fuel through a variety of processes: Combustion Gasification Pyrolyzation Anaerobic digestion Landfill gas recovery. Su e This process is often called Waste-to-Energy. Energy recovery from waste is part of the non-hazardous waste management hierarchy. 21/456220 & + OM 3 Ma 33%0 < Waste Management Energy Recovery e The energy content of waste products can be harnessed directly or indirectly by processing them into types of fuel. e Thermal treatment ranges from using waste as a fuel source for cooking or heating and gas for boilers to generate steam and electricity ina turbine. 22/456220 & + OM 3 Ma 33%0 < Waste Management Energy Recovery e Pyrolysis and gasification are two forms of thermal treatment where waste materials are heated to high temperatures with limited oxygen. e Pyrolysis of solid waste converts the material into solid, liquid and gas products. e The liquid and gas can be burnt to produce energy or refined into other chemical products. e The solid residue (char) can be further refined into products such as activated carbon. 23/45622 O& + OM 3 BM 33%0 < Waste Management Energy Recovery e Gasification and Plasma Arc Gasification are used to convert organic materials into a synthetic gas composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. e The gas is then burnt to produce electricity and steam. 24/456220 & + OM 3 Ma 33%0 < Waste Management Resource Efficiency & Recovery Resource Efficiency e Resource Efficiency is the reduction of the environmental impact from the production and consumption of goods and disposal. e@ Globally, humanity extracts more resources to produce goods than the planet can replenish. 25/45622 O & + Om 3 Be 33%0 < Waste Management Resource Efficiency & Recovery Resource Recovery e Resource recovery is the processing of recyclables to extract or recover materials and resources, or convert to energy. e These activities are performed at a Resource Recovery Facility. e Resource recovery is environmentally important and cost-effective. e It decreases the amount of waste for disposal, saves space in landfills, and conserves natural resources. 26/45622 0 & + OM 3 BM 33%0 < Waste Management Benefits of Resource Recovery e Application of rational and consistent waste management practices can yield a range of benefits including: e Economic — Improving economic efficiency through the means of 1. Resource use 2. Treatment and disposal and 3. Creating recycling markets. e This can lead to efficient practices in the production and consumption, providing opportunities for new jobs and new business. 27/45622 0 & + OM 3 BM 33%0 < Waste Management Benefits of Resource Recovery e Social — By reducing adverse impacts on health by proper waste management practises. e Environmental — Reducing or eliminating adverse impacts on the environment 28/4562208 + O83 BA 33%O0 < Waste Management {G00 JOB! You toseed that paste bottle nto the recyeting bin rather than aight into the rash But do you know what wit happen to hat bot now? HOW A BOTTLE IS RECYCLED : 29/45622 O& + OM 3 BM 33%0 < Waste Management Liquid Waste Management e Liquid waste is an important category of waste management because it is very difficult to deal with. e Unlike solid wastes, liquid wastes cannot be easily removed from an environment. e This in turn carries over to pollute the plants, animals, and humans within the area of the pollution. 30/456220 & > Os 4 33%0 < Waste Management Liquid Waste Management e Industrial wastewater treatment is the process used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. e After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater may be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or a surface water in the environment. 31/456220 & > Os BM 33%0 < Waste Management Liquid Waste Management e Most industries like petroleum refineries, chemical plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters. e This is to comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans. 32/456220 & > Os Be 33%0 < Waste Management Avoidance and Reduction Methods e Animportant method of waste management is the prevention of waste material being created, also known as Waste Reduction. e Waste Minimization is reducing the quantity of hazardous wastes achieved through a proper application of innovative or alternative procedures. 33/456220 & > Os BA 33%0 < Waste Management Avoidance and Reduction Methods e Methods of avoidance include: 1. Reuse of second-hand products 2. Repairing broken items instead of buying new ones 3. Designing products to be refillable or reusable (like cotton instead of plastic shopping bags), etc 34/456220 & > Os Be 33%0 < Waste Management Misuse of Waste International Waste Trade e The Global Waste Trade is the international trade of waste between countries for further treatment, disposal, or recycling. e Toxic or hazardous wastes are often imported by developing countries from developed countries. e Generally, the higher the economic development and rate of urbanization, the greater the amount of solid waste produced. 35/456220 > Os Be 33%0 < Waste Management Misuse of Waste Challenges in Developing Countries e Family organized, or individual scavengers are often involved with waste management practices. e They often have very little supportive network and facilities with increased risk of health effects. e The Polluter-Pays principle in certain countries, orders that the polluting party pays for inappropriate disposal of the unrecoverable material. 36/456220 & > Os Be 33%0 < Waste Management Technologies e Traditionally, the waste management industry has been a late adopter of new technologies. e RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags, GPS and integrated software packages which enable better quality data to be collected. e This technology has been used widely by many organizations in some industrialized countries. 37/456220 & > Os BA 33%0 < Waste Management Technologies e Radio frequency identification is a tagging system for automatic identification of recyclable components of Municipal solid waste. 38/456220 & > Os BA 33%0 < Waste Management Fem, choose pick-up ES schedule recognizeswhen bins are fulland sends signalsto COGNITIVE pickup trash classify and sort different kinds of => wastes = 3D PRINTING using varied recyclable Piatetiesio DOGuod eae in wa COMPUTER AIDED EARTH-MOVING SYSTEM (CAES) delivers real-time 000 a elevation, compaction => and grade control = information Mo SENSOR BASED MONITORING AND BS > REMOTE CONTROL @ S TECHNOLOGY (SMaRT) ~ senses and monitors ‘methane levels = \ > oe ‘@ N 39/45 5 y6220 > Os Be 33%0 < Waste Management Waste Management in San Francisco (USA) e San Francisco started to make changes to their waste management policies in 2009 with the expectation to be Zero waste by 2030. e Council made changes such as making recycling and composting a mandatory practice for businesses and individuals. e They banned styrofoam and plastic bags, putting charges on paper bags, and increasing garbage collection rates. 40/456220 & > Os 4 33%0 < Waste Management Waste Management in San Francisco (USA) e Besides these policies, the waste bins were manufactured in various sizes. e The compost bin is the largest, the recycling bin is second, and the garbage bin is the smallest. e These systems are working because they were able to divert 80% of waste from the landfill, which is the highest rate of any major U.S. city. 41/456220 & > Os BM 33%0 < Waste Management Waste Management in India e In India, municipalities and urban local bodies have been directed to include informal waste pickers into their waste management process. e This is the first time that national policy has acknowledged and included the informal sector into the waste management process. 42/456220 > Os Be 33%0 < Waste Management Fn) Wh HA Teo HI BIR Waste Management in India e India has over 1.5 million informal waste pickers and represents an opportunity for urban local bodies to streamline their operations. e This provides the waste pickers with better income opportunities. e In 2014, India inaugurated the Swachh Bharat Mission, a five-year nationwide cleanup effort. 43/456:22 © & * Oks Be 33%0 < Waste Management Waste Management in Germany e Germany and other countries have implemented a Deposit Refund System (DRS). e Under the scheme, bottles recycled are labelled accordingly and the consumers are refunded certain amount depending on the material. 44/456220 & > Os BM 33%0 < Waste Management BO ee a ry CS surtout 45/45 Mark as completed