What does product and service design do?

Product and service design is the process of creating new products or services,
or improving existing ones, with the goal of meeting customer needs and
creating value for both the customer and the company.

Product design involves creating physical or digital products, such as consumer

goods, electronics, or software applications, that meet customer needs and are
appealing to their target audience. It involves everything from research and
development, to prototyping and testing, to manufacturing and distribution.

Service design, on the other hand, involves designing the customer experience
and the delivery of services to meet the needs of customers. This can include
designing the physical space where the service is provided, the processes used
to deliver the service, and the interactions between the service provider and
the customer.

Both product and service design involve understanding customer needs and
preferences, as well as market trends and competition. They require a
multidisciplinary approach that combines creativity, engineering, business
strategy, and user experience design to create successful products and services
that meet customer needs and generate revenue for the company.

পণ্য এবং সেবা ডিজাইন ডি িরে?

পণ্য এবং সেবা ডিজাইন হর া নতু ন পণ্য বা সেবা ততডে িো বা ডবদ্যমান পণ্য বা
সেবারি উন্নয়ন িো যা গ্রাহরিে প্ররয়াজন পূেণ্ িরে এবং গ্রাহি এবং
সিাম্পাডনে জনয মূ য েৃষ্টি িরে।

পণ্য ডিজাইন হর া গ্রাহরিে প্ররয়াজন পূেণ্ িরে এবং তারদ্ে ক্ষ্য দ্র্িরদ্ে
শ
িারে আির্ণ্ীয়
শ হওয়া েম্ভব পণ্য, সযমন মডহ া সপার্াি, ইর িট্রডনক্স বা
েফটওয়যাে অ্যাডিরির্ন। এষ্টট গরবর্ণ্া এবং উন্নয়ন, প্ররটাটাইডপং এবং
পেীক্ষ্ামূ ি উন্নয়ন, উৎপাদ্ন এবং ডবতেণ্ েহ েবডিেু র্াডম িরে।

সেবা ডিজাইন হর া গ্রাহি অ্ডিজ্ঞতা এবং সেবাে প্রদ্ারনে প্রক্রিয়ারি উন্নয়ন

িরে গ্রাহরিে প্ররয়াজন পূেণ্ িেরত। এষ্টট সেবাে প্রদ্ারনে র্ােীডেি স্থান,
সেবাে প্রদ্ারনে প্রক্রিয
From the organizational standpoint, what are the key questions of product and
service design?
From the organizational standpoint, there are several key questions that must
be considered during the product and service design process. These include:

1. What customer needs are we trying to meet? Understanding the needs

and preferences of the target audience is essential to creating products
and services that are relevant and valuable to them.
2. How does our product or service fit into the market? Conducting market
research and competitive analysis can help companies understand
where their product or service fits into the broader landscape and
identify opportunities for differentiation.
3. What are the technical requirements and constraints? Product and
service design must consider the technical requirements and limitations
of the production process, as well as any regulatory or safety
requirements.
4. What is our budget and timeline? Product and service design must be
aligned with the company's budget and timeline, taking into account
factors such as research and development costs, manufacturing costs,
and time-to-market considerations.
5. How will we measure success? Defining clear metrics for success, such as
sales volume, customer satisfaction, or return on investment, is critical
to evaluating the effectiveness of the product or service design and
making informed decisions for future iterations.

েংগঠনগুড সেরি পণ্য এবং সেবা ডিজাইরনে দ্ৃষ্টিিডি হরত হয় ডিেু
গুরুত্বপূণ্ প্রশ্ন।
শ এগুড হ :

১। আমো ডি গ্রাহরিে প্ররয়াজনারে িাজ

শ িেডে? ক্ষ্য দ্র্িরদ্ে
শ প্ররয়াজন
এবং পেরেে ডবর্য়ি জানাে জনয গুরুত্বপূণ্, শ যা তারদ্ে জনয দ্েিােী এবং
মূ যবান পণ্য এবং সেবা ততডে িেরত েহায়তা িরে।

২। আমারদ্ে পণ্য বা সেবা ডি বাজারেে মরযয পর়ে? বাজাে গরবর্ণ্া এবং

প্রডতরযাডগতামূ ি ডবরের্ণ্ িেরত সিাম্পাডনগুড তারদ্ে পণ্য বা সেবাে ডদ্ি
সদ্খরত এবং পৃেিতাে জনয েুরযাগ ডিডিত িেরত পারে।

৩। ডি ডি প্ররযাজনীয় প্রযুক্রিগুড এবং েীমাবদ্ধতা েরয়রে? পণ্য এবং সেবা

ডিজাইরন উৎপাদ্ন প্রক্রিয়াে প্ররয়াজনীয় প্রযুক্রিগুড এবং েীমাবদ্ধতা, এো়ো
What are the reasons for product and service design or redesign?
There are several reasons why companies may undertake product and service
design or redesign:

1. To meet changing customer needs and preferences: As customer needs

and preferences evolve over time, companies may need to redesign
their products and services to remain relevant and competitive.
2. To improve product or service quality: Companies may redesign their
products or services to improve their quality, performance, or reliability,
which can help to increase customer satisfaction and loyalty.
3. To reduce costs: Product and service redesign can also help companies
to reduce costs, by streamlining production processes, reducing waste,
or using more efficient materials or technologies.
4. To enter new markets: Companies may also undertake product or
service design to enter new markets or target new customer segments,
which can help to expand their customer base and increase revenue.
5. To comply with regulations: Changes in regulations or safety
requirements may necessitate product or service redesign to ensure
compliance and avoid penalties or legal issues.
6. To respond to competitive pressures: In highly competitive markets,
companies may need to redesign their products and services to stay
ahead of the competition and differentiate themselves from other
players in the industry.

What is idea generation in operation management?

Idea generation is a critical process in operations management that involves
generating new and innovative ideas for improving business operations,
products, or services. It is a creative process that involves brainstorming, idea
generation, and evaluation to identify new opportunities and solve business
problems.
The idea generation process in operations management can involve a range of
techniques, including:

1. Brainstorming: This involves gathering a group of people together to

generate a large number of ideas in a short period of time. The group
can be composed of employees, customers, or other stakeholders, and
the goal is to generate a wide range of ideas without criticism or
evaluation.
2. Mind mapping: This involves creating a visual diagram to help organize
ideas and generate new ones. It can be a useful technique for identifying
connections between different ideas and developing a more cohesive
approach.
3. Benchmarking: This involves researching and analyzing the best practices
of competitors or other companies in the same industry to identify areas
for improvement.
4. Customer feedback: Collecting feedback from customers can be an
excellent source of ideas for improving products or services, as they are
the ones who are most directly affected by them.
5. Reverse engineering: This involves analyzing a product or service to
identify its component parts and how they work together, which can
help identify opportunities for improvement or innovation.

Overall, idea generation is a critical part of operations management as it can

help companies identify new opportunities for growth, improve their products
and services, and gain a competitive advantage in their industry.

What is the legal and _ethical consideration in operation management?

Legal and ethical considerations are critical in operation management as they
ensure that companies comply with laws and regulations and maintain ethical
standards in their business practices. Failure to adhere to legal and ethical
standards can result in financial penalties, reputational damage, and legal
liability.

Legal considerations in operation management include compliance with laws

and regulations related to employment practices, safety standards,
environmental regulations, and intellectual property rights. For example,
companies must ensure that they provide safe working conditions for their
employees, pay fair wages and benefits, and protect their intellectual property
through patents, trademarks, and copyrights.
Ethical considerations in operation management include ethical leadership,
social responsibility, and corporate sustainability. Ethical leadership involves
setting a tone at the top that emphasizes the importance of ethical behavior
and encourages employees to act with integrity. Social responsibility involves
taking into account the impact of business operations on society and the
environment and taking steps to mitigate negative impacts. Corporate
sustainability involves ensuring that business practices are sustainable over the
long term, taking into account environmental, social, and economic factors.

In addition, companies must also consider ethical issues related to supply chain
management, such as the use of child labor, forced labor, or other forms of
exploitation in the supply chain. They must also ensure that they do not
engage in anticompetitive practices that harm competitors or consumers.

Overall, legal and ethical considerations are critical in operation management,

as they ensure that companies act responsibly and maintain the trust and
confidence of their stakeholders.

What are the environmental factors in operation management??

In operations management, environmental factors refer to external factors
that can affect the operations and performance of a business. These factors
can be broadly classified into the following categories:

1. Economic factors: These include factors such as inflation, interest rates,

exchange rates, economic growth, and government policies that can
affect the business's financial position, pricing strategies, supply chain
management, and investment decisions.
2. Technological factors: These include advances in technology,
automation, the availability of new tools and equipment, and the pace
of technological change that can affect a business's operations,
production processes, product development, and supply chain
management.
3. Political factors: These include government policies, regulations, political
stability, trade agreements, and taxes that can affect a business's
operations, access to markets, ability to obtain licenses and permits, and
ability to operate within a stable legal environment.
 4. Social factors: These include factors such as demographic changes,
cultural values, consumer behavior, and lifestyle trends that can affect a
business's operations, product development, marketing strategies, and
supply chain management.
5. Environmental factors: These include factors such as climate change,
natural disasters, resource scarcity, pollution, and sustainability
concerns that can affect a business's operations, supply chain
management, and reputation.
6. Legal factors: These include laws, regulations, and policies that can
affect a business's operations, product development, supply chain
management, and compliance requirements.

Overall, businesses must consider these environmental factors in their

operations management to ensure that they are prepared for changes in the
business environment and can adapt to meet the needs of their customers and
stakeholders.

The 3Rs in operations management stand for Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle.
These are the three principles of waste management that are used to minimize
waste, conserve resources, and reduce the environmental impact of business
operations.

1. Reduce: The first step in the waste management hierarchy is to reduce

the amount of waste generated. This can be achieved by optimizing
processes and operations to reduce waste, improving product design to
minimize waste, and implementing lean manufacturing techniques to
reduce inventory and waste.
2. Reuse: The second step in the waste management hierarchy is to reuse
materials or products as much as possible. This can be achieved by
implementing closed-loop systems that capture and reuse materials or
by designing products for reuse or refurbishment.
3. Recycle: The third step in the waste management hierarchy is to recycle
materials that cannot be reduced or reused. This can be achieved by
implementing recycling programs and by designing products for
recyclability.

Overall, the 3Rs are a sustainable approach to waste management that can
help businesses reduce costs, conserve resources, and minimize their
environmental impact.
What is taguchis approach in operation management?
Taguchi's approach, also known as the Taguchi Method, is a statistical
approach to quality control developed by Genichi Taguchi, a Japanese
engineer. The Taguchi Method emphasizes the importance of identifying and
reducing the variation in a production process, with the goal of improving
product quality and reducing costs.

The Taguchi Method involves three key principles:

1. Quality loss function: The Taguchi Method uses a "quality loss function"
to quantify the cost of poor quality. This function assigns a numerical
value to the cost of deviations from the target value of a product or
process parameter, allowing managers to evaluate the cost-
effectiveness of different quality improvement strategies.
2. Design of experiments: The Taguchi Method uses a structured
experimental design approach to identify the optimal combination of
input variables that will produce the desired output. This approach
involves testing different combinations of input variables to determine
which combination produces the best results, while also minimizing the
effects of variation in the input variables.
3. Robust design: The Taguchi Method emphasizes the importance of
designing products and processes that are robust to variations in the
production environment. This involves identifying and eliminating
sources of variation that can affect product quality, and designing
products and processes that are less sensitive to these variations.

Overall, the Taguchi Method is a comprehensive approach to quality control

that can help businesses improve product quality, reduce costs, and enhance
customer satisfaction.

What is quality function deployment?

Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is a structured approach to product and
service design that focuses on understanding and meeting customer needs and
preferences. The goal of QFD is to ensure that the final product or service
design meets the expectations of the customer and is of high quality.

QFD involves the following steps:

 1. Identify customer needs: The first step in QFD is to identify the needs
and preferences of the customer. This can be done through surveys,
interviews, and other customer feedback mechanisms.
2. Develop a product/service design: Once the customer needs are
identified, a product or service design is developed that meets those
needs. This design should take into account the technical requirements
of the product or service, as well as the customer's preferences.
3. Create a product/service matrix: The product or service design is then
mapped onto a matrix that shows how the design elements relate to
customer needs. This matrix helps identify areas where the design needs
to be improved to better meet customer needs.
4. Establish design priorities: Based on the product/service matrix, design
priorities are established to ensure that the design elements that are
most important to the customer are given the highest priority.
5. Improve the design: The design is then improved based on the
established priorities, with the goal of meeting the customer's needs and
preferences as closely as possible.

QFD is a powerful tool for product and service design because it ensures that
the final design is aligned with customer needs and preferences, which can
lead to increased customer satisfaction and loyalty.

What is Kano model?

The Kano model is a framework used in product development and customer
satisfaction research to help classify customer preferences and prioritize
features of a product or service. The model was developed by Japanese
researcher Noriaki Kano in the 1980s.

The Kano model categorizes customer preferences into three categories:

1. Must-have requirements: These are basic requirements that customers

expect to be met in a product or service. If these requirements are not
met, customers will be dissatisfied.
2. Performance requirements: These are requirements that customers use
to evaluate the performance of a product or service. The more of these
requirements that are met, the more satisfied customers will be.
3. Delighters: These are unexpected features or benefits that can exceed
customer expectations and lead to high levels of satisfaction.
By understanding which category each requirement falls into, product
developers can prioritize their efforts and focus on the features that will have
the greatest impact on customer satisfaction. The Kano model can also be used
to identify gaps in customer expectations and areas where a product or service
can be improved to better meet customer needs.

Overall, the Kano model is a useful tool for product developers and marketers
to understand customer preferences and prioritize features in a way that
maximizes customer satisfaction and loyalty.

The product design and development process typically consists of several

phases, including:

1. Idea generation: The first phase of product design and development is

idea generation, where ideas for new products or improvements to
existing products are generated. This can come from various sources,
such as market research, customer feedback, or brainstorming sessions.
2. Concept development: In this phase, the most promising ideas are
further developed into concepts. This involves creating sketches,
models, or prototypes of the product to help visualize how it will look
and function.
3. Feasibility analysis: Once a concept has been developed, a feasibility
analysis is conducted to determine if the product is technically feasible
and financially viable. This involves assessing factors such as materials,
manufacturing processes, and production costs.
4. Design and development: In this phase, the product is designed and
developed in detail, with a focus on functionality, manufacturability, and
aesthetics. This includes creating detailed engineering drawings,
developing a bill of materials, and creating a final prototype.
5. Testing and validation: The next phase involves testing and validating the
product to ensure that it meets the design specifications and customer
requirements. This can include functional testing, user testing, and
safety testing.
6. Launch: Once the product has been tested and validated, it is ready to
be launched. This involves developing a marketing plan, creating sales
materials, and preparing the product for distribution.
7. Post-launch evaluation: The final phase involves evaluating the success
of the product after it has been launched. This includes monitoring
customer feedback, tracking sales, and identifying areas for
improvement.
Overall, the product design and development process is a complex and
iterative process that involves multiple phases and requires careful attention
to detail and a focus on meeting customer needs and preferences.