HAWASSA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF

LAW AND GOVERNANCE

SCHOOL OF GOVERNANCE AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

PRACTICE AND CHALLENGES OF URBAN GREEN

INFRASTRACUTRE DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT: THE
CASE OF WORABE TOWN, SILTE ZONE IN SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA

MA THESIS

BY MUHABA

JABIR

OCTOBER, 2021
HAWASSA, ETHIOPIA
 PRACTICE AND CHALLENGES OF URBAN GREEN INFRASTRACUTRE
DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT: THE CASE OF WORABE TOWN,
SILTE ZONE IN SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA

BY: MUHABA JABIR

MA THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GOVERNANCE AND

DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, COLLAGE OF LAW AND GOVERNANCE SCHOOL
OF GRADUATE STUDIES HAWASSA UNIVERSITY

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF ART IN GOVERNANCE AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
(SPECIALIZATION: DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT)

ADVISOR: DEBREWORK DEBEBE (PhD)

CO- ADVISOR: -----------------------------------------

OCTOBER, 2021
HAWASSA/ETHIOPIA
 DECLARATION

This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
Arts in Development Management studies Specialization Development Management. I, the
undersigned, declare that this thesis report is my own original work. Where I have taken ideas
and or wording from another source, this is explicitly referenced in the text.

Muhaba Jabir Seid

Name

Signature

..

Date
 SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDY

COLLEGE OF LAW AND GOVERNANCE

SCHOOL OF GOVERNANCE AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

ADVISORS APPROVAL SHEET

This is to certify that the thesis entitled ― practices and challenges of Green Infrastructure
Development and Management in Silte Zone Worabe Town: submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of Master‘s Arts in Governance and Development Studies
Specialization in Development Management, and has been carried out by Muhaba Jabir Seid,
under my supervision. Therefore, I recommend that the student has fulfilled the requirements
and hence here by can submit the thesis to the department for defense.

Debre work Debebe (PhD)

Name of principal Advisor Signature Date

Abdurahman Hamza (MA)

Name of Co-advisor Signature Date

 SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
HAWASSA UNIVERSITY
EXAMINERS’ APPROVAL SHEET
We, the undersigned, members of the Board of examiners of the final open defense by
Muhaba Jabir Seid,, have read and evaluate his thesis entitled“ practices and challenges
of Green Infrastructure Development and Management in Silte Zone Worabe Town‖
examined candidate. This is, there, to certify that the thesis has been accepted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for Masters of Arts in Governance and Development
Studies Specialization in Development Management.

Name of the chairperson Signature Date

Name of internal examiner Signature Date

Name of major advisor Signature Date

Name of Co-Advisor, Signature Date

Name of external examiner Signature Date

SGS Approval Signature Date

 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First and foremost, I would like to thank the Almighty Allah/ God for His generosity
throughout my work to complete the study successfully. Next I would like to express my
heartfelt appreciations and sincere gratitude to my advisor Debrework Debebe(PhD) who
devoted his valuable time in correcting and giving constructive comments and his guidance
helped me in the course of writing my thesis.
Similarly, my special thanks go to Silte Zone Urban Development and Construction
Department, Head of Urban Planning Ato Mehamud Hamid and urban land expert Ato
mohammed nur. Beside these, I would like to thank my friends Ato Abdujebar abdal for their
moral and material support. I am also very thankful for the collaboration of the good works in
the distribution and collection of questionnaires of the four enumerators from the worabe town
administration office, worabe Municipality office and Experts. I would also like to thank
Silte Zone Administration for their permission to pursue my MA masters.

Finally, I would like to express my warmest thanks to my wife Sofiy Kedir she helped me
with moral support besides of family handling.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents Page

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................... i
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................ ii
LIST OF TABLE ........................................................................................................................ v
LIST OF FIGURE ................................................................................................................... viii
ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................................
ix
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................ x
CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Background of the study .................................................................................................. 1
1.2. Statement of the problem ................................................................................................. 3
1.3. Objective of the study ...................................................................................................... 5
1.3.1. General objective .................................................................................................. 5
1.3.2. Specific objectives ................................................................................................ 5
1.4. The research questions .....................................................................................................
5
1.5. Significance of the research .............................................................................................
6
1.6. Scope of the research ....................................................................................................... 6
1.6. Limitation of the study..................................................................................................... 7
1.8. Organization of the study................................................................................................. 8
CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................
9
2. REVIEW OF LITARTURE....................................................................................................
9
2.1. Concept and definition of urban green infrastructure ......................................................
9
2.1.1. Definition of Green Infrastructure ...................................................................... 10
2.2. Practices of urban green infrastructure development and management ........................
12
2.3. Practices of urban green infrastructure area .................................................................. 13

ii
2.4. Management of Green infrastructure area ................................................................... 13
2.5. Roles of Urban Green Infrastructure ............................................................................. 14
2.6. Green Infrastructure Component ................................................................................... 17
2.7. Standards and per capital of urban green infrastructure ................................................ 18

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 2.8. Challenges of urban GI development ............................................................................ 20
2.8.1. Pressure of Urbanization................................................................................... 20
2.8.2. Insufficient Operation of Urban Planning Regulation ........................................ 20
2.8.3. Socio-Economic and Political Challenges .......................................................... 21
2.8.4. Economic Valuation for Urban Greening ........................................................... 21
2.8.5. Institutional Challenges .................................................................................... 22
2.9. Qualities of Successful Development and Management of Green infrastructure ......... 23
CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................. 25
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................... 25
3.1. Description of the study area ......................................................................................... 25
3.1.1. Geographic location ............................................................................................ 25
Topography and Climate ............................................................................................... 26

Vegetation cover ............................................................................................................ 26

3.1.2. Demographic and Socio-Economic Aspects of the Study Area ....................... 26

Demographic States ...................................................................................................... 26
3.2. The Research Design and Methods ............................................................................... 27
3.2.1. Research Design.................................................................................................. 27
3.2.2. Research Methods ............................................................................................... 27
3.3. Source and type of Data ................................................................................................. 27
3.3.1. Primary Data ....................................................................................................... 27
3.3.2. Secondary Data ................................................................................................... 28
3.4. Sampling Techniques and procedure ............................................................................. 28
3.5. Population and sample size............................................................................................ 28
3.5.1. Population ........................................................................................................... 28
3.5.2. Sample size determination .................................................................................. 29
3.6. Methods and tools of Data collection Instrument .......................................................... 30
3.7. Methods of data analysis and presentation .................................................................... 31
3.8. Validity and Reliability Measures ................................................................................. 32
3.9. Ethical consideration...................................................................................................... 32
CHAPTER FOUR..................................................................................................................... 34

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4.1. RESULT AND DISCUSSION .......................................................................................... 34
4.2. Back grounds of Respondents........................................................................................ 34
4.3. Practices of urban green infrastructure development and management ........................ 40
4.4. Practices of GI development and management in the of open space............................. 41
4.5. Benefits of Urban Green infrastructure....................................................................... 48
4.6. Awareness and Challenges of Urban Green Infrastructure Development and
Management in study town ................................................................................................... 51
4.6.1. Lack of Public Awareness................................................................................. 51
4.4.2. Leadership Related Problems ........................................................................... 72
4.4.5. Illegal Settlement ................................................................................................ 73
4.4.6. Low Level of Community Participation ............................................................. 75
4.4.7. Lack of Co-ordination and Integration from Different Stakeholders ............... 76
4.4.8 Lack of Budget ..................................................................................................... 78
4.4.9 Rapid Urbanization .............................................................................................. 79
4.4.10 Lack of Priority for Green Development ........................................................... 80
4.4.11. Lack of Skilled Man Power .............................................................................. 81
4.5. Ways of Solving the Challenges Facing Urban Green Areas ......................................
83
CHAPTER FIVE ...................................................................................................................... 85
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................. 85
5.1. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 85
5.2. Recommendations ...................................................................................................... 87
References................................................................................................................................. 89
Appendix – A ............................................................................................................................ 74
Appendix – B ............................................................................................................................ 79
Appendix -C.............................................................................................................................. 85
Appendix E ............................................................................................................................... 90

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 LIST OF TABLE
Table Page

Table 1: Green infrastructure Space per capita suggested by different organization. .............. 18

Table 2: Public green space by proportion of surface area and green space per capital. .......... 19

Table 3: Sample size of each kebele population ....................................................................... 30

Table 4: Summary of sample population .................................................................................. 30

Table 5: Sex and Age distribution of respondents ................................................................... 35

Table 6: Martial status of respondents ...................................................................................... 35

Table 7: Education status of respondents.................................................................................. 36

Table 8: Current occupation of respondents ............................................................................. 37

Table 9: Status of residential land by respondents ................................................................... 38

Table 10: Financial status of respondents ................................................................................. 38

Table 11Trust level in the community itself Years of stay in the study town ..........................
39

Table 12: Participation in practiced urban green infrastructure development and management
in the worabe town.............................................................................................................
40

Table 13: Land area, population size and average gross density of the study area description 43

Table 14 Green infrastructure developed by government, Non-government and religious

institutions .....................................................................................................................
44

Table 15. Green area availability in the study town ................................................................. 45

Table 16: Green area components in study town description .................................................. 46

Table 17: Existing minimum distance and visit frequency in the town.................................... 47
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Table 18: Location of green area utilized ................................................................................ 47

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Table 19: Responses of the respondent regarding the use of green areas................................ 48

Table 20: Perceptions of respondents on lack of awareness constraints and their rank
seriousness. ................................................................................................................... 51

Table 21: Awareness creation training attendance concerning practices of urban green
infrastructure development and management in worabe town (2008 - 2012 E.C) .......
70

Table 22: Perceptions of respondent on lack of political leader‘s commitment constraints and
their rank seriousness. ................................................................................................... 72

Table 23. Responses of sample HHs concerned the reason for the decreasing the quantity of GI
in the town..................................................................................................................... 74

Table 24. Field Observation Concerning the Current Status of GI .......................................... 75

Table 25: Perceptions of respondents on low level of community participation constraints and
their rank seriousness. ................................................................................................... 75

Table 26: Stakeholders participating in worabe town green infrastructure from 2008– 2012
E.C................................................................................................................................. 76

Table 27: Perceptions of respondents on lack of coordination or integration problems

constraints and their rank seriousness. ..........................................................................
77

Table 28: Perceptions of respondents on resource scarcity, lack of budget and lack of
funding constraints and their rank seriousness. ............................................................ 78

Table 29: Budget allocation for green infrastructures of the town (2008-2012 E.C) ............... 79

Table 30: Perceptions of respondents on rapid urbanization constraints and their rank
seriousness. ................................................................................................................... 79

Table 31: Perceptions of respondents on lack of priority for green infrastructure development
constraints and their rank seriousness. ..........................................................................
80
7
Table 32: The existing land use of the study area..................................................................... 80

8
Table 33 Perceptions of respondents on skilled professional or manpower problem constraints
and their rank seriousness. ............................................................................................ 81

Table 34: Professional field groups working at the town municipality .................................... 82

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 LIST OF FIGURE
Figure Page

Figure 1: conceptual frame work .............................................................................................. 24

Figure 2: Map of the study area ................................................................................................ 25

Figure 3. dump the west material the study the town duna park area....................................... 41

Figure 4unprotected open space in found02 kebele……………………………………...……43

Figure 5well developed and area in 01 kebele
managed open ........................................................................................................................... 42

Figure 6 umar mosque in 01 kebele silte zone worabe town Administration of study town
Administration .......................................................................................................................... 44

Figure 7a: Photograph of dumping west ……………………………………...…………...….71

Figure 7b: road side of the road said greener area. materials in the inner parts of park in study
town. ......................................................................................................................................... 71

Figure 8: A photograph of illegal settlement and plan violation in urban park, river bank and
open green area in front of the town comprehensive hospital. .................................................
75

Figure 9: A Photograph taken around worabe town administration office .............................. 78

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ACRONYMS

ANGS: Accessible Natural Green space Standards

CBD: Convention of biodiversity development
CIWEM: Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management
CSA: Central Statistical Agency
COP: Conference of parties
EEA: European Environment Agency
EEAC: European Environment and Sustainable Development Advisory Councils
EU: European Union
EPA: Environmental Protection Authority
FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization
FGD Focus Group Desiccation
FDRE: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
GCR: Green Coverage Ratio
GI: Green infrastructure
IBC: Institution of biodiversity conservation
NGO: Non-governmental organization
OLI: Operational Land Imager
PDR: Purchase of Development Rights
SRTM: Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
SUDCD: Silte Zone Urban Development and Construction Department
SNNRGS: Southern Nation Nationality Regional Government State
UGIDM urban green infrastructure development and management
USGS: United States Geological survey
WHO: World Health Organization
WLC: Weighted Linear Combination
WGS: World Geodetic system

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 ABSTRACT

This study was conducted in South Nation Nationality Region Silte Zone Worabe T own
with the title “practice and challenges of green infrastructure development and
management”. The prime objective of the study was to assess the practice and challenges
facing urban green infrastructure development and management. The study employed
primary data and secondary data sources, qualitatively through interview, photographs and
field observation whereas quantitatively through questionnaires for the data collection.
Purposive and stratified sampling techniques were used to obtain a sample of 295
households, business communities and sectorial experts. In addition, 6 participants for
interview were selected. The data were collected through questionnaire, key informant
interviews, and field visit observations. The collected quantitative data were analyzed through
descriptive statistics whereas the qualitative data were analyzed through simple description,
narration and interpretation of the situations. The assessment of the study revealed that the
practices and challenges of green infrastructure development and management in the
study town inadequate both in quantity and quality besides the lack of proper development
and management. This is because there is low level of public awareness about the values,
low level of public participation, poor implementation of government policies (rules and
regulations), lack of enough budget, lack of skilled manpower, illegal settlements, problem of
co-ordination and integration among different stakeholders, lack of political leader’s
commitment. Following the assessment the study was forwarded the following
recommendations; urban green infrastructure must be planned as use in its own right, the
town municipality should uprising awareness, set rule, regulations and by-laws with the
participation of the whole population, the town municipality should set specified standard of
green space per capital for the inhabitant while ensuring it’s sustainable development and
management the benefits and values of urban green infrastructure should be
demonstrated in terms of economic valuation, and engaged in the green infrastructure
development and management practice with the sense of ownership.
Key words: development, Management, Urban green infrastructure.

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the study

The rapid urban expansion and population growth across the globe is followed by degradation
of local environments such as air pollution, intensification of the heat island, loss of urban
green spaces, biodiversity and the ecosystem services (McDonald et al., 2013). Overall,
population growth and urban expansion induces high pressure on natural resources and threats
to compromise the quality of life within urban environment (Mazza& Rydin, 1997; Liu,
2008).

Green Infrastructure (GI) can be broadly defined as a strategically planned interconnected

network of high quality natural and semi-natural areas with other environmental features,
which is developed and managed to provide multifunctional benefits and protect biodiversity
in both rural and urban areas (European Commission, 2013).

Therefore, in urban regions, GI includes a wide range of green spaces elements such as parks,
open spaces, playing grounds, pocket spaces, small incidental green space, cemetery area and
neighborhood gardens that are linked by tree- lined streets and waterways, around and
between urban areas (Said & Mansor, 2011). developing governance arrangements that enable
such process would be a key for strategic urban GI development and management system all
over the world (Pauleit et al., 2017).In parts of Europe, North America and Asia, GI
development and management have been receiving more attention and GI is considered as
essential urban infrastructure (Lafortezza et al., 2013).

Furthermore, the review shows how the researchers, policy makers and practitioners in
Europe and North America have recognized the potential of GI development and management
to tackle current and future challenges for urban environment (Lafortezza et al., 2013). On the
contrary, developing countries have remained with a huge assignment regarding the
development and management of GI components (Ibid).

1
In sub-Saharan Africa, the provision of high quality urban GI components in cities is rarely
recognized (Olaleye et al., 2013). Moreover, the important role of urban GI elements in Africa
urban regions is still hardly recognized in policymaking (Roberts et al., 2012). There was also
lack of appropriate GI approach that well integrates into the development and management
system of the cities (Herslund et al., 2017). Similar problems were also observed in Ethiopia,
which is one of the most rapidly urbanizing countries in sub-Saharan Africa (Lamson-Hall et
al., 2018).

Whereas Municipal government sectors were established in Ethiopia since the early 1940‘s as
local government sectors with defined territorial jurisdiction and functions (World Bank,
1998). According to World Bank, (1998) .GI development and management in Ethiopia was
not gone on it successes. Because of the semi-autonomous nature of the various local
authorities, the implementation level and structures of infrastructure provision responsibilities
has tended to vary from place to place. Ethiopia is one of the most rapidly urbanizing
countries in sub- Saharan Africa (Lamson-Hall et al., 2018). The share of the population
living in cities has increased from an estimated 7.1% in 1994 to 16% in 2016 and is
expected to reach 60% by 2040 at the current annual growth rate of 3.5% (United Nations,
2014; Lamson-Hall et al.,

2018). Due to raped urbanization Practices of green infrastructure development and

management are among the key activities that must be done by local municipal government
sectors of Ethiopia and due to rapid urbanization, the consequences on the development of
urban GI components are alarming (Ministry of Urban Development and Housing, 2015).
Worabe town is capital town of Silte zone SNNPR. It is one of the Ethiopian, fast growing
town and established in 2003 with various agro-ecology and diversified population. Due to
this rapid urban growth and population, green infrastructure practices would be needed.

Furthermore, studies have revealed important benefits associated with cultural services

provided by urban GI elements such as landscape aesthetics, outdoor recreation, and

cultural values (Chiesura,2004; Sanesi & Chiarello, 2006).

2
1.2. Statement of the problem

Green infrastructure development is important for sustainable urban development. Different

scholars have suggested that green infrastructure is the most widely accepted task in social,
political, and economical urban development. For instance Sarah (2010) stated that green
infrastructure has many advantage in the social and economic development. Furthermore
Mikias (2018) investigated the socio-economic and environmental benefits of green
infrastructure in cities. Most of big cities around the world are extensively decor with green
infrastructure. It seems countries are in computation in the advance of green infrastructure as
to make their cities more beautiful and socio-economic benefits.

However they are being seriously threatened by the negative externalities of unplanned urban
growth. As in many African countries, most of the time in Ethiopia urban Green infrastructure
components are continuously converting to other urban land uses (Ministry of Urban
Development and Housing, 2015). According to(MUDH,2015) The urban centers have faced
problems such as allocation of GI components which is not based on standards. Other
problems include low levels of publicly accessible green spaces, and lack of connectivity
between different GI components (Tassew &Nair, 2014).

In Ethiopia, most of the urban centers are unable to meet the minimum standard proposed by
World Health Organization (WHO) the distance for urban GI component per capita standard
which is 9m2 (Ministry of Urban Development and Housing, 2015). As in many other
African countries, in Ethiopia urban GI components are continuously converting to other
urban land uses and the urban centers have faced problems such as allocation of GI
components which is not based on standards (Mpofu, 2013). Different works have been
conducted in the green infrastructure but not on its real development and management system.

Kasahun (2007) conducted the urban development and risk of flooding. He investigates
expanding green infrastructure is the way out to the urban flooding. Tegegne (2011) also
investigated the perception of green infrastructure. According to him people have distinct
patterns of usage and positive perceptions towards GI in their respective cities.

3
More over urban GI components are poorly accessible (Gondo, 2012), they are not well
developed and they lack basic facilities discouraging urban dwellers to utilize them
(yeshewazerf, 2017). The situation also applies to the study town found in South Nation
nationality peoples Regional Government Silte Zone worbe town.

The urban GI components in study town has been consumed be residential, commercial,
industrial and infrastructural developments, as well as by spontaneous and illegal settlements
in open space, along revers, urban park areas and valleys (SZUDC, 2020). Moreover, they are
not welcoming, safe, pleasant and suitable. As result, both quality and quantity of urban GI
components are being negatively affected and failing to deliver what the town expect from the
components. There is lack of adequate understanding of the ways in which the urban GI are
planned and the factors that enhance or inhibit their development, implementation and
management.

Urban green infrastructure development and management are among the key activities that
must be done by local municipal government sectors of Ethiopia. Worabe town is one of the
most developing towns in Ethiopia found in Silte Zone SNNPRS. Due to rapid urbanization
the town is consists of different residents, commercials, industries and other investment
practices. The rapid urban expansion and population growth in the study town results in
degradation of local environments such as: - air pollution, ecosystem disturbance, loss of
urban forest and green spaces, and negative impact in biodiversity.

Furthermore no adequate studies were conducted on the green infrastructure development and
management in the study town to the knowledge of the author. Therefore, this study aimed to
assess the practice and challenges of urban green infrastructure development and management
in Worabe town of Silte zone southern Ethiopia.

4
1.3. Objective of the study

1.3.1. General objective

The general objective of the study is to assess the practices and challenges of urban green
infrastructure development and management in Worabe town of Silte Zone in Southern Nation
Nationalities and Peoples Regional State (SNNPRS) of Ethiopia.

1.3.2. Specific objectives

 To assess the practices of urban green infrastructure development and

management in worabe town.

 To evaluate the public awareness of the urban community regarding the values
of urban green infrastructure development in the study area.

 To identify the challenges that constrained the urban green infrastructure

development and management in worabe town.

 To analyze the gap between the planned and actual coverage of the urban green
areas of Worabe town.

1.4. The research questions

To conduct some theoretical and empirical tests, this study was based on the following
research questions:

i. To what extent the practices of urban green infrastructure development and

management in the study town?

ii. How much the public awareness of the urban community regarding the values of
urban green infrastructure development in the study area?

iii. What are the most formidable challenges facing the development and management
of urban green infrastructure in study town?

iv. What is the gap between the GI coverage planed and actually exist on the ground?

5
1.5. Significance of the research

Urban GI is very important for sustainable urban development and human well-being. It
requires adequate development and management system in order to develop properly.
However, the development process of the system in developing countries like Ethiopia suffers
from lack of research and contextualized knowledge inputs in addition to other inputs.
Moreover, it helps as a pertinent literature and input for policy makers in formulating policies
and strategies along with the issue. In addition to this studying the extent, coverage and
dynamics of urban greening in Worabe helps to identify the pressing problems in environment
and climate change management as well as green infrastructure service delivery.

Thus, the findings of the study are significant for Worabe town municipality to use this research for
designing a more effective method of green infrastructure development and management and it can
also help for town administration to allocate grants to fill gaps of infrastructure provision. Non-
governmental organizations (NGOs) which have interest in assisting Worabe town with
financial and technical support in the area of urban services like water supply, road, network,
education and health can use the research outcomes as a reference for their objective.
Furthermore, the study may use as baseline information for further investigation to enrich the
research findings in this area.

1.6. Scope of the research

This study takes into consider worabe town in Silte zone and this zone consists of four
administrative towns namely Worabe, Tora, Kibet and Alemgebeya. Among the four towns,
Worabe town would be selected purposively for this study.

The town would be selected for different reasons: - Due to fast growing urbanization and
in terms of population, infrastructure and physical size relative to other towns. In order to
made it more manageable, the study is confined to small geographical area of Worabe town.
The development pattern of this town is highly influenced by a combination of factors
including the availability of land in the town that attracts investments. Moreover, easy
access to infrastructures such as roads, water and electricity has played an important role in

6
the attraction of private investment in the town resulting in faster growth of the town than
other towns in the zone (SZUDCD, 2020).
The town consists playground, sport field, cemetery area, parks, garden and green along
river have been identified which is the most common components of urban green
infrastructure in the structural plan of the town. Therefore, since the objective of this
study is to assess the GI development and management of worabe town. Thematically, the
study would be conducted to assess urban GI development and management. Urban GI in
the context of this study is areas covered with the soft landscape elements such as
grass, shrub, bush and tree established outside urban plans, proposed in urban plans, and
established as a result of the implementation of urban plans which includes mix of street
trees, parks, playground, green corridors, and sport field.

1.6. Limitation of the study

Any research would not be free from problems but the degree of challenge varies depending up
on the nature and the type of research problems and the study area.
It is impossible to conduct the investigation with absolute perfection. Some major problems
constrained this study including:-
 Lack of good will on the part of some participant to fill the questionnaires and
to give necessary information in the time of interview.
 Unavailability of organized data in the town as well as in the concerned
institutions.
 Problems of conducting and collecting data as some responses of
households and business community were busy.
However, the diverse tools and methods employed including convenient(ምቹ) timing
have facilitated the process of a reliable data collection at our disposal. So much so
serious attempts were made to mitigate the implications of the constraints to organize and
materialize the current study.

7
1.8. Organization of the study

This study is organized into five chapters: chapter one deals with introduction that consists
of the background, statement of the study, objectives including general and specific,
research questions, significance of the study, scope of the study, limitation of the study and
organization of the study. Chapter two treats the review of related literature that situates the
study within the proper context of previous relevant studies. Chapter three entertains
materials and methods including: description of the study area, research methodology, the
demographic characteristic in relation to urban green infrastructure and the way the data
was captured and processed, the method employed to analyze the data and presentation
procedures. Chapter four focuses mainly on discussions, results and analysis related to the
challenges of urban green infrastructure development and management in worabe town
of Silte Zone. Chapter five deals with findings and conclusions believed to be through
provoking for stakeholders so as to use for bringing change.

8
 CHAPTER TWO

2. REVIEW OF LITARTURE

2.1. Concept and definition of urban green infrastructure

The concept of urban green infrastructure in United States of America in the 1990s, triggered by
growing concern of uncontrolled urban sprawl (Hansen, 2018). According to Davies et at.,
2006) the exemplar Designs of Frederick Law Olmsted and Ebenezer Howard were
fundamental to the development of GI thinking. Parks are enclosed, designed and constructed
green spaces covered with both trees and shrubs (perennial) and herbs and grasses (annual)
(Kumelachew, 2011). An urban open space is any large, medium sized or small area of land or
water in or near an urban area that can be used for recreational, aesthetical, or ecological
functions (Mpofu, 2013).

According to (Amati and Taylor, 2010) the concept of GI is considered to have drawn from the
green belt thinking. The green belt model was thought of as an effective way of practicing the
development of urban green infrastructure areas (Thomas & Littlewood, 2010). According to
(Fabos, 2004), GI has also embraced the ideas of green ways planning to promote multi-
functional ecological and recreational routes. The application of urban GI concept has
significantly increased over the past decade (Wright, 2011). The Countryside Agency (2006)
gives one definition which provides an insight into the complexity of GI concept by noting the
roles of connectivity, multi-functionality and the development of better ecological, economic
and social places across a number of scales as prominent elements of the concept( Mell,2010).

Successful green infrastructure practices have different qualities behind the attractiveness of the
physical existence. Among these qualities sustainability, connectivity and accessibility,
inclusiveness and biodiversity are the prominent (Stephen, 1992). The concepts of urban green
infrastructure development and management to the Ethiopia National Urban Green
Infrastructure Standard (2015), public green open space is defined as: Parks and gardens
(recreational, botanical and zoological), amenity green open space or other green open spaces
(e.g. natural and semi natural land, urban forest, wet lands and grass lands), School and

9
kindergarten grounds, accessible to the public; Cemeteries accessible to the public, but in
restricted way since they provide only limited recreational activities Outdoor sport fields and
facilities, accessible to the public; Private compounds, agricultural areas, private gardens,
accessible to the public

2.1.1. Definition of Green Infrastructure

Different studies show that the definition used by practitioners or researchers are directly
related to the focus of their own GI research contexts (Madureira & Andresen, 2013). For
example, conservationists may strongly emphasize the ecological and biodiversity
components (Ahern, 2007). Urban green infrastructure interventions are defined as actions
that significantly modify the quality, quantity and accessibility of urban green space (WHO,
2017).

According to (McDonald et al.,2005) the definitions vary from professional to professional,

most stakeholders agree on the following principal definition of what urban GI is all about.
They illustrate various definitions of GI that are provided by different authors at different
time. For instance GI is a network of multi-functional open and green space in and around
towns and cities; the gardens, trees, rivers, woodland, parkland, nature reserves and urban
wild space, and the access to and through them, which support wildlife and biodiversity,
provide recreation, access and leisure opportunities and create a sense of place.

In addition, there are common themes which various authors use (Mell, 2010). Thus, the
Countryside Agency (2006) gives one definition which provides an insight into the
complexity of the GI concept by noting the roles of connectivity, multi-functionality and the
development of better ecological, economic and social places across a number of scales
as prominent elements of the concept (Mell, 2010).

According to definition of Countryside Agency (2006):- Green infrastructure comprises the

provision of planned networks of linked multifunctional green spaces that contribute to
protecting natural habitats and biodiversity, enable response to climate change and other
biosphere changes, enable more sustainable and healthy lifestyles, enhance urban livability
and wellbeing, improve the accessibility of key recreational and green assets, support the

10
urban and rural economy and assist in the better long-term planning and management of
green spaces and corridors.

According to Davis et al. (2012) Green infrastructure are parts of urban area with a mix of
trees, parks, cultivated lands, lakes, and streams. The definition shows that GI would be, part
of a wider ecological network linking different ecological features. However, there is no
single explanation that can act as a principal definition of what urban GI is all about.

GI can be broadly defined as a strategically planned network of high quality natural and
semi-natural areas with other environmental features, which is developed and managed to
deliver a wide range of ecosystem services and protect biodiversity in both rural and urban
settings (European Union, 2013). GI is a strategically planned and delivered network of high-
quality green spaces and other environmental features. It should be designed and managed as a
multifunctional resource capable of delivering a wide range of environmental and quality-of-
life benefits for local communities. GI includes parks, open spaces, playing fields, woodlands,
allotments and private gardens (Natural England, 2011).
However, a clear definition is now needed in order to describe and delineate the theme of
research to be pursued here. This study would be use the term urban GI as areas covered with
the soft landscape elements such as grass, shrub, bush and tree established outside urban plans,
proposed in urban plans, and established as a result of the implementation of urban plans
which includes mix of street trees, parks, playground, green corridors, and sport field a
definition more likely similar to that of Davis et al, (2012). This working definition is intended
to be as comprehensive and inclusive as possible: it allows the inclusion of parks, gardens,
green corridors, playground, sport fields and derelict or vacant land that is vegetated.

The working definition used in this study has taken into account only the components indicated
on the structural plan of the towns and identified from the field survey. The structural plans of
the towns has put the farmlands as urban agriculture and it did not included in the urban GI
components, therefore this study has also excluded farmland from the urban GI components.

As the above definitions, there are different components that actually constitute urban GI.
However, many authors agree on urban forest, public green spaces, gardens, playing grounds,
right-of-way along streams and roads, community gardens, urban wetlands, and constructed

11
features such as green roofs, green walls, permeable vegetated surfaces, green swales and
rain gardens as the main components that are constitute urban GI (Serra-Liobet &
Hermida,2016). Therefore, in line with this agreement this study has mainly focused on urban
GI components such as parks, urban forests, playgrounds, gardens, sport fields, and green
corridors.

According to the Ethiopia National urban green infrastructure standard (2015), public green
open space is defined as: parks and gardens (recreational, botanical and zoological), amenity
green open space or other green infrastructure (e.g. natural and semi natural land, urban
forest, wet lands and grass lands); School and kindergarten grounds, accessible to the public;
Cemeteries accessible to the public, but in a restricted way since they provide only
limited recreational activities outdoor sport fields and facilities, accessible to the public;
Private compounds, agricultural areas, private gardens, accessible to the public.

Also, Suparwoko uses different terminology to explain the concept of urban green space in
relation to urban building. For example, Green open space which consists of public and
private green space open space ratio is the percentage of open space to the area of the land or
lot. Green Coverage Ratio is the percentage of total area of all green spaces including above
green and below green coverage to the area of the land or lot. Building coverage ratio
(BCR) the ratio of building coverage area, that means the area of building foot print to the
size of land lot (Suparwoko, 2013).

2.2. Practices of urban green infrastructure development and management

Practices of urban green infrastructure development concept has matured and gained greater
acceptance over the past two decades, it has directly and increasingly influenced regional and
municipal policy and plans (Benedict, M. and McMahon, T. 2006). Furthermore, urban GI
development requires providing a healthy and sustainable living environment with basic
service for all. A healthy and multifunctional urban green structure development was one of
the basic services to provide (Konijnendijk et al., 2004 cited in Aklilu Gebremedihin, 2008,).

Green Infrastructure development must take place within the broader policy objective of
creating sustainable communities, and as such, should have at its heart a commitment to

12
improving quality of life by addressing livability issues such as social inclusion, community
cohesion and economic regeneration (City region, 2006).
The proper management of urban green infrastructures implies knowledge of the coverage
and accessibility of the infrastructures within the urban area; their condition, age and
interconnectivity (Cliff M., 2005). The management of urban green space should be sensitive
to natural features and seasonal changes, physical attributes, the needs of wild life, current
and potential land use, the local community needs, and the strategic position on sites in the
local network of open spaces. All urban GI require resources for their management,
restoration or development (ibid).

2.3. Practices of urban green infrastructure area

Outreach and promotion activities are paramount importance to ensure that urban green
infrastructure development used by a diversity of population groups and provide a setting for
all local residents (WHO, 2017). According to W HO, (2017) urban green
space interventions should apply a dual approach through which physical changes
(such as creating new or improving existing green space) are accompanied by social
promotion activities.

Such promotion activities can be very diverse and include promotion of urban green
infrastructure area through websites, brochures and similar, facilitated activities and public
events such as family days, sports events, festivals and markets, small-scale group activities
such as guided walks or green gyms, local champions and celebrities, who are very effective
for promoting the use of urban green spaces and engaging the local community and setting up
or collaborating with local organizations to help develop and manage the urban GI or to use
them for their activities such as urban gardening allotments (ibid).

2.4. Management of Green infrastructure area

Green areas are a single unit with interrelated multifunctional values (Abebe, 2009). This
multi functionality character makes the management very complex because the management
of green areas needs to be understood the whole benefits and characteristics of green areas to
maximize the values. Therefore, management of green areas, defined by the multi

13
functionality behavior, need to impress local politicians to help them to see green areas as a
multi-faceted enterprise, recognizing the link and interdependency of the strands (ibid).

This may help to avoid any one strand gaining priority at the expense of others, particularly
in competing for resources, and in securing specialist management expertise across the
functions, and encouraging a unified and coherent management structure and system. Then,
to do these multi functionality benefits of green areas, integrated management system is
essential (Abebe, 2009). Understanding the nature of the green area system should come
before devising any new management system for its care. Therefore, understanding the
multifunctional nature of the green areas system is at least as important as understanding
the typological diversity of its physical nature (Barber, 2005).

2.5. Roles of Urban Green Infrastructure

Green infrastructure has an essential role to urban sustainability because of generating

significant benefits in all the three sphere of concerns: social, economic and environmental
(Forest research, 2›010). Therefore, an extensive review of all the three spheres are provided
here to give the current study a more theoretical background on the significance of urban GI
to the urban and built environment. Everyone can benefit from urban green space
interventions, but they can be of particular relevance for socially disadvantaged or
underserved community groups, which often have least access to high-quality green spaces
(WHO, 2017). A sufficient amount of urban GI components represents a key aspect for
adequate living conditions and a healthy environment in urban centers (Krekel et al., 2016).

The tripartite contributions of urban green spaces are environmental (ameliorate climate,
improve air quality, conserve biodiversity, stabilize soil, beautify urban design), economic
(attraction of business, job opportunities, increase property values, increase governments
revenue, high tourism value) and social (recreation/amenity, child development, health
benefits, research / education, cultural / national heritages) contributions (Collins, 2014).

They also have psychological benefit, health benefits, recreational benefits, and increase
people‘s sense of community. Therefore, green infrastructures ensure sustainability. Green

14
infrastructures also make urban areas resilient to climate change since they have reduce
flooding, increase habitat connectivity, act as de-facto sanctuaries, and cooling effect(Ibid).
A healthy urban environment is often associated with the availability of large forest areas
within cities and the accessibility of such areas by urban residents (Hartig and Marcus,
2006). The process of making the world's cities and urban fabric greener and maintaining
them in a sustainable way would bring considerable employment opportunities (UNEP,
2011).

According to Nowak et al. (2006), Environmental role of green infrastructure are the
availability of many urban trees has been observed to enhance urban air quality by helping to
remove some pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NO2) and sulphur
dioxide (SO2) from the atmosphere. Urban GI components have also observed to contribute
positively in stabilizing the microclimate and moderating the extremes of urban climate
(Konijnendijk et al., 2013).

Several studies provide evidence that urban GI components such as parks and urban
forest have contain significant amount of biodiversity and perform an important role in
conserving habitats, ecological value and biodiversity (Forest Research, 2010). Gomez-
Munoz et al. (2010) claimed that the vegetation in GI components play an important
role through its cooling effect as it provides shade and thus reduces heat from solar
radiation. Alexandri & Jones (2008) also revealed that urban GI components help to mitigate
urban high temperatures and lower the effect of urban heat islands.

A study undertaken by the Institute of Leisure and Amenity Management (ILAM), (1995)
shows that, urban GI components can help to conserve natural eco-systems and their
associated species within the urban environment. Urban vegetation can purify air and water
as well as reduce noise (Chiesura, 2004). Vegetation is much better in filtering the air
compared to water or open space (Bolund & Sven 1999). According to Roy et al,(2000)
Green infrastructure components could also moderate the flow of surface run-off, which can
cause erosion and help to control storm water run-off in cities and trees can also modify the
way water moves through urban catchments.

15
Economic roles of urban green infrastructure that can be directly monetized and compared is
the increase of property value in relation to proximity to GI component in urban areas
(Kong et al., 2007). The findings from a study in 8 towns in Netherlands revealed that
proximity to GI components such as parks and playgrounds increased the value of houses
prices by about 28% (Luttik, 2000).

According to (Grosse, 2009) urban GI components can serve as providers of passive and
active recreation and help to meet the leisure needs of a community through furnishing
places for play, sport, recreation, special events and other leisure activities in both developed
and developing countries. In addition to this, study undertaken in China by Xi-Zhang (2009)
revealed that many urban dwellers use GI components for recreational activities such as
relaxing, playing, walking,exploring and observing wildlife. Haq (2011) has also found
that GI components such as playgrounds and parks are major resources for recreational
activities in Mexico, United Kingdom and Finland.

In the area of improving the health condition of urban dwellers, several studies have
found that GI components have a positive influence on psychological and mental health,
reducing stress, inducing feelings of control and reducing frustration and irritation
(Ernstson, 2012). According to Swanwick et al. (2003), urban GI contributes significantly to
social inclusion due to the fact that it is free and accessible to all. Urban green infrastructure
is an important site for scientific studies, including ecology, vegetation, and animal science
(Conner, 2005). Although green infrastructures provide these myriads of benefits, they are
less developed and managed in Ethiopia pausing threat to the sustainability of our cities.
Therefore, the development and management of green infrastructure should become the
priority of municipalities (Fisseha Asmelash, 2014).

Moreover, Urban GI components such as parks, gardens and urban forest can also be seen as
second classrooms for children and which promotes performance of students in their classes.
In general, the above discussions strongly emphasize on significance the urban GI
components have to human well-being and sustainable development of the urban
environment.

16
2.6. Green Infrastructure Component

Green Infrastructure means different things to different people depending on the context
which it is used (Benedict and McMahon, 2002). The Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia Ministry of Urban Development and House construction states the different green
infrastructure component in urban green areas development strategy (MUDHC, 2015).
Accordingly, the urban green infrastructure component are lists as urban parks, sport fields,
median, road sides and squares, open spaces (plaza areas), river side's, lake and lake sides,
urban agriculture, woodlots and greenbelts, private gardens, religious compounds, cemetery,
nursery sites, and building walls and roofs.

In Ethiopia, the development and management of GI components are not uniform and there is a
great deal of variation among urban centers. Furthermore, the development and management
of urban GI components across the urban centers in the country have not been standardized
and the urban dwelling communities in the country have not been receiving the goods and
services that well planned and well-developed urban green infrastructure components
are supposed to provide (Ministry of Urban Development and Housing, 2015). The
environmental policy of Ethiopia has recognized the importance of planning and creating green
spaces within urban areas. This creates an opportunity for various stakeholders to
develop and manage urban forests, street trees, etc. as elements of urban GI. Likewise, the
environmental policy of Ethiopia outlines the environmental importance of planning of green
spaces within urban areas (Ibid).

The Ethiopian urban development policy of 2005 is concerned with incorporating green areas
in urban development, considerations of the compatibility of various land use activities,
incorporation of generalized environmental objectives, and identification of hazardous areas.
It also emphasizes delineation of green areas within the framework of the urban plan, at the
town and kebele levels (the lowest level of town or city administration) and considering
environmental protection issues in the overall urban development activities.

Urban planning proclamation No574/2008 makes urban administrations one of the

institutional areas for environmental protections in Ethiopia. It also prohibits any kind of
urban development projects that cannot consider their impacts on the urban environment in

17
general and urban greens in particular. The urban planning strategy of Ethiopia allocates 30% of
the land for roads and infrastructure, 30% for green areas and 40% for building
construction (Ministry of Urban Development and Housing, 2015).

As Derese (2008) demonstrates, the urban environmental activities have been primarily affected
by budget constraint in Ethiopia; there is no adequate budget for planning and managing GI
components. Therefore, shortage of budget for development and maintenance of urban GI
components is a key factor in urban centers of Ethiopia in spite of their multifunctional benefits
for the urban environment in particular and their contribution to divert the current problems
related to global warming in general.

2.7. Standards and per capital of urban green infrastructure

Before any planning, the development of urban green infrastructure space per capita and its
standards should be specified (HATAMI et al., 2013). The standards of urban green space
consider the population size, the amount of green space and the green space per capita. Based
on this, it is different from cities to cities (ibid).
The common and international green space per capital that is currently applicable in most
developed world cities is shown. For most, the standard suggested by World Health
Organization was the global governing green space per capital (Singh et al, 2010).

Table 1: Green infrastructure space per capita suggested by different organization.

No Explanation Green space per capital

1 Suggested Standards by the United Nations. 30 square meters
2 Suggested Standards by the National institute of the US. 14 square meters
3 Suggested Standards by the public health bureau and the 18 square meters
ministry of housing of US.
4 Suggested Standards by the ministry of housing and urban 12 square meters
development of Tehran
5 Standard suggested by WHO 9 square meters

Source: Hassen and Hooman, 2012.

18
According to table 1 international minimum standard suggested by World Health
Organization (WHO) and adopted by the publication of United Nations Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) a minimum availability of 9 square meter green open space per city
dweller (Singh et al, 2010).
Table 2 : Public green space by proportion of surface area and green space per
capital.

Cities Green space proportion Green space per capital

by surface area in square meter
percent
Singapore 17.8 7.5
Europe (average of 26 large cities) 18.5 104
Hong Kong 1.81 3
USA (Average) 27 32
Paris 9.4 80
India /Delhi 20 21
India/Chandigarh 35.7 55
The Netherlands (Average 22 large 19 228
cities)
Source: Bop, 2013 and Singh and others, 2010.

Table 2: indicates about the world cities of green space by proportion of surface explained
each city‘s amount of green areas from their total land areas. According to article 43 and 44
of the constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (proclamation No 1/1995
affirms the right of citizens to live in a clean and healthy environment.

The earlier growth and Transformation five-year plan of Ethiopia gives priority to
environmental awareness creation and development of green areas. Competent authorities
shall follow urban planning preparation and implementation strategy, (2014) to allocate 30%
for green areas and shared public use and 40% for building construction in their urban land
management plan. Competent authorities shall ensure a minimum of 15m2 public green open
spaces per capital within the city boundaries. Every inhabitant shall live within 500m from a
public green open space of a size of at least 0.3ha, an area big enough for e.g. playing football
and for other informal play (NUGIS, 2015).

19
2.8. Challenges of urban GI development

There are various problems for development and management of green infrastructure.
Despite its promises as a cost-effective, multi-beneficial strategy for delivering valuable
ecosystem service to society and efficiently contributing to a range of goals, urban GI
component development and management has challenges (Thorne, et al., 2018). From various
challenges pressure of urbanization, insufficient operation of urban planning regulations and
socio-economic and political challenges are the three main themes in African Cities (Mensah,
2014).

2.8.1. Pressure of Urbanization

According to UNEP, (2011), Urbanization brings both challenges and opportunities for green
Cities. Challenges include the rapid pace of urbanization, and related pressure on
environment and social relations. Similarly, according to BTC, Urbanization is a context
specific and complex process involving socio- economic, political, environmental and spatial
aspects. This present global challenge that would require appropriate solutions in terms of
organization, planning, and management, but also political would and recognition (BTC,
2008).
In case of developing countries like Africa, the predominant challenge that was found behind
deterioration of urban green space in Africa was rapid urbanization (Mensah, 2014).The rapid
urbanization in Africa was found to have resulted in excessive destruction of urban
environment such as green space. Rapid urbanization, particularly the growth of large cities is
associated with the problem of environmental degradation pose a formidable challenge in
many developing countries. On the other hand, urbanization poses problems through effects
such as environmental pollution, accidents, heat islands effects and climate change
(Maheswaram, 2010).

2.8.2. Insufficient Operation of Urban Planning Regulation

According to Mensah (2014), explains planning of towns in Africa is underlined by

regulations which are made by the legislature and approved by the central government.
Although several land planning regulations on green space were found to be available in

20
various African countries, the operation of such regulation was problematic. The following
issues were found to hinder the effective operation of urban planning regulations on green
space in Africa: the dysfunctional nature of urban planning regulations, bureaucratic
processes involved in issuing development permits and weakness of the planning institutions
as result of insufficient resource to work.

2.8.3. Socio-Economic and Political Challenges

Lack of priority to green spaces in the development agenda of some cities in Africa was
uncovered to hinder the growth of green spaces. Green space was found not to be among the
main priorities of many African countries. Matters of poverty reduction and provision of
social amenities such as housing, schools, hospitals and pipe-borne water constitute the top
priorities of many African countries. This has influenced national governments and city
authorities not to give much attention and commit the needed funds for the creation and
maintenance of green spaces.

The low priority to green spaces was found to have resulted in many city authorities not
providing good security on urban parks to enhance the safety of park visitors (Mensah,
2014). Uncooperative attitudes of urban dwellers towards the management of green spaces
also emerged as a predominant challenge. This was found to be the result of lack of
involvement of the local people in decision making on green spaces and poor awareness
of the local people on the benefits of green spaces. Political instability was also a
challenge that strongly came up as a contributory factor for the poor management and rapid
deterioration of urban green spaces in Africa (Mensah, 2014).

2.8.4. Economic Valuation for Urban Greening

Placing a value on the cities a n d t o w n s green spaces is one of the most

significant challenges that city planners may encounter when implementing an urban
greening program. While there are obvious costs involved in the establishment and upkeep of
green areas, it is difficult to calculate the value of all the benefits associated with that area. It
may also be difficult to avoid double counting benefits if several assessment
methods are used independently to estimate a variety of benefits from the green areas
(Walter,1997).

21
Urban greening is, by definition, an integrated process that requires a high level of
institutional capability to plan, execute and maintain green areas throughout a city and its
environs. Governmental Capacity among the institutional obstacles to overcome is a general
lack of coordination between the various levels of government, i.e., federal, state and local.
Many municipal authorities have been left unsure about which environmental responsibilities
are theirs (Walter, 1997).

2.8.5. Institutional Challenges

Urban greening is, by definition, an integrated process that requires a high level of
institutional capability to plan, execute and maintain green areas throughout a city and its
environs. Governmental Capacity among the institutional obstacles to overcome is a general
lack of coordination between the various levels of government, i.e., federal, state and local.
Many municipal authorities have been left unsure about which environmental responsibilities
are theirs (Walter, 1997).

According to Thorne, et al. (2018) challenges in this category include: insufficient and
inaccessible information about GI and its benefits for political leaders, administrators,
agency staff, developers, builders, landscapers, and others, including the public, a lack of
integration of GI in local rules and regulations, a lack of understanding concerning the
interconnectedness of resources, and resistance by developers to integrate and use GI.

Direct and indirect financial incentives are other influential factors that hinder the
development and management of GI components such as parks, playground and sport fields
(Tayouga, & Gagne, 2016). The study undertaken by Kimmel et al. (2013) highlights that
the availability of financial resources to plan, design, implement and maintain GI is a
fundamental challenge to communities, cities and regions found in both developed and
developing countries.

Laws and policies play a significant role in the adoption of GI because they mandate the
inclusion of GI in urban planning and design (Tayouga & Gagne, 2016). As Kimmel et al.
(2013) highlight rules and regulations at all level of government can present barriers to

22
pursuing GI strategies. At the local level, zoning, building, road, and even health codes and
ordinances can restrict the ways in which GI can be designed and installed on the landscape.

Generally lack of inter-agency coordination and integration can result in conflicting guidance.
In addition, water and land use and access policies can impede the implementation of GI
strategies, as well as their maintenance (Kimmel et al., 2013). The study area also shows that
insufficient information about the performance, short and long-term costs, benefits and
management strategies for GI elements and systems are a fundamental barrier to its
widespread adoption and implementation.

2.9. Qualities of Successful Development and Management of Green infrastructure

Successful green infrastructures have different qualities behind the attractiveness of the
physical existence. Among these qualities sustainability, connectivity and accessibility,
inclusiveness and biodiversity are the prominent (Stephen, 1992).

Sustainability: green areas contribute towards making more attractive towns and cities;
provide venues for cultural events and the arts; raise land value; and provide safe routs;
ecologically they provide flood protection and sustainable drainage; creating micro-climates;
air filtration; shading, and enhancing biodiversity (Shah, 2011).

Connectivity and Accessibility: the network of spaces should be integrated with the
surrounding street pattern and access points placed at major junctions. Integrated, safe and
attractive routes should link with the network of green areas and encourage people to travel
to work and school or to access local services on foot or by bicycle (Stephen, 1992).

Inclusiveness: parks and green areas should provide a resource for a wide range of
people of sexes and different ages and backgrounds, green areas should be socially inclusive
and accommodate a variety of uses. All individuals should feel comfort and no single
group should dominate (Stephen, 1992)

Biodiversity: providing a hierarchy of green areas should help to meet biodiversity

conservation objectives, as each space would offer different habitats for species. For

23
example, flourish or die-if the level of management and intervention was related at some
time in the future (Stephen, 1992).

Practice and challenges

of UGIDM
Challenges of Urban
How to Practices urban
Green Infrastructure
green infrastructure in Mange urban GI
Development
standard way Components

Successful Development and Improve existing

practices GI
Management of UGI

Social, economic, and Sustainable urban Green

environmental benefits infrastructure development and
management

Figure 1: conceptual frame work

Source: computed by the researcher, 2021

24
 CHAPTER THREE

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Description of the study area

3.1.1. Geographic location

The study would be conducted in worabe town. The town is the capital of Silte Zone in
SNNPR of Ethiopia. Geographically, it is located 173 km to south west of Addis Ababa and
175km North West of the regional capital Hawassa, and The Silte Zone comprises a surface
2
area of 225 Km . It is located 7.43N and 8.1N latitude and 37.86E and 38.53E longitude.
Silte zone consists of ten weredas and three town administration (Silte zone finance and
economic development department 2019). Worabe town is one of the administration towns of
Silte zone it consists of Ten Kebeles such as qoxicho, albazer, grmama, fuga, alkaso,
worabe 01and worabe 02 (worabe administration office annual report2019). Surface area of

2
worabe town is 26.31 Km (ibid).

Figure 2: Map of the study area

Source: Silte Zone plan and Economic Development Department, 2021
25
Topography and Climate

The topography of worabe town varies from positioned in between 2000 –2250 meters above sea
level and has average annual temperature of 20 c. The lowest point is at the North Eastern part of
the town, which is 2000m above sea level, and the highest is western part of the town a ridge which
is 2550m above sea level. Globally, it characterized by sub-tropical/weyina dega and tropical agro-
climatic conditions, (Silte Zone Urban Development and Construction Department, report
(SZUDCD, 2019).

Vegetation cover

The vegetation cover of worabe town is associated with few Acacia abyssinica together with
scattered bushes and minor other kinds of plants. Its northern and Southern plain part is mainly
covered with grass (pastureland), gorge and alternating crops with few scattered trees (worabe
environment conservation office report, 2018). According to this Eucalyptus trees are found in
mountain and open spaces and within homesteads of worabe town, whereas shrub and bush and
other plantation forests are slightly available in the town. High forests, woodland, bush and shrub
land, grassland and plantation trees are available in the North Western part of the town,
(SZUDCD, 2008).

3.1.2. Demographic and Socio-Economic Aspects of the Study Area

Demographic States

The total population of worabe town according to the 2007 census was around 54,000 from this
population the male population was around 46.5% which is about 25,110 and the rest female population
was 53.5%which is about 28,890 (Worabe Town Finance and Economic Development Office,2017).
Socio-Economic Aspects

Worabe town plays a major role in a provision and management of social services such as water
supply, dry waste plate, parking, housing, Micro and Small-scale enterprises (MSES), primary
and secondary school and Higher education, Comprehensive specialized Hospitals and health
centers. It also offers water reservoir and water points (Bono), and worship centers. Basically the
study town administration is established from agricultural kebeles.

Currently a number of manufacturing plants, associated service and related plants are establishing
and most of the population is mainly engaged in professional, commercial and micro and small
enterprises activities (Worabe Town Municipality annual report).
26
3.2. The Research Design and Methods

3.2.1. Research Design

Choice of appropriate research design for a study facilitate the smooth sailing of the various research
operations such as data collection and data analysis, thereby making research as efficient as possible
yielding maximum information with minimal expenditure effort, time and money(Kothari, 2004).

To this end, this study was descriptive survey type of research employing non experimental research
design that questions, interviews, observation perusing both qualitative and quantitative research design
and approach. Using this particular research design and approach was also enabling to investigate the
practice, challenges of urban green infrastructure development and management possible solution to
alleviate green infrastructure development and management in detail. The time dimension of the study
is cross sectional design that was conducted at once.

3.2.2. Research Methods

This study utilized descriptive research method to achieve the purpose of the research; the justification
for using this research method was applied for fact finding study with adequate and accurate
interpretation of the findings. Therefore to assess the practice of green infrastructure in the town in
terms of quantity, area coverage, condition, the capacity of municipal, perceptions of community and
challenges towards in managing, and developing urban green infrastructure in the town. The
researcher used descriptive research method, since it helps to know professionals and public opinions
towards urban green infrastructure development and management as well as to describe the
qualitative and quantitative information‘s of the primary and secondary data which were collected
through interview, questionnaires and observation.

3.3. Source and type of Data

For this study both primary and secondary data sources were collected from various sources.

3.3.1. Primary Data

The primary data were collected from households, business communities, the town municipal experts
and managers through in depth close and open ended questions and semi structured interviews and
observation. In this process, data related to demographic and socio economic of the participants.
Cognizant to the above, questionnaires were prepared for the targeted population of the study, and
additionally, for the ease of respondents the questionnaires were translated to local language
Amharic.
27
3.3.2. Secondary Data

In this study the secondary data were collected from various documents such as the town master plan
and municipality annual report, kebele office documents, information brochures, standards, for green
infrastructure planning and policy documents were collected from Silte zonal urban development and
construction department, different books, journals, working papers, published and unpublished
materials and other related online searches documents as secondary data.

3.4. Sampling Techniques and procedure

The study employed the process of selecting a small number of elements from a large defined target
group of elements. Both probability and non-probability technique applied to select the target group for
the study purpose. From the probabilistic sampling techniques, first the researcher used stratified
random sampling method for large target population and also non-probabilistic sampling techniques
purposive sampling methods for small target population of the study.

To select the required kebele and sample size from the large population the researcher used stratified
random sampling to categorized 6 kebele based on their residents housing condition slam area that
have compacted housing and old aged , medium quality housing that compared to the slam and decent
(higher quality) housing areas (kebeles) that built recently in proper plan. After this the researcher used
un-proportionally allocation under each stratum and the required three kebeles select by random
sampling technique. Similarly, the researcher used random sampling technique to select the required
sample size of the study from the list of three determined kebele households.
On the other hand, the researchers were used purposive sampling method to select 6 key informants.
Three business communities’ two professional experts from the town municipality office, one
manager from the town administration office

3.5. Population and sample size

3.5.1. Population

The target population of this research was households of the town, business community and key
informants from the town municipality, kebele office. According to worabe town administration, the
town has 54,000 total number of population and 20,522 the total number households. The three kebele
households (01, 02 and alkeso) is 4,210 (worabe town administration office 2021) there for 4,210
households (HHs) of the three kebeles were considered as the target population from which the sample
size of the study was selected.

28
In addition 6 key informants from: (the town municipality, kebele office and business community) to
get data on practice and challenges of urban green infrastructure development and management in the
study town.

3.5.2. Sample size determination

Sample size was the actual number of units which selected for the analysis in the study. The sample
frame of this study was the 4,210 households from three kebeles of the town. In addition 6 key
informants from different area such as: - the town municipality, kebele office and business community
to get data on practice and challenges of urban green infrastructure development and management in
the study town.

Different authors use different formula to determine the sample size of the study (Kothari, 2004). The
study town there was a total of 4,210 households in three selected kebeles i.e kebele worabe 01, 02 and
alkeso. the sample size (n) was determined using the formula set by (Kothari, 2004) to calculate based
on the population less than or greater than 10,000 population is as shown below wing If N > 10,000

population using the formula of: n = and if N< 10,000 population the following formula would
be used: fn =

N= total number of households (sample frame i.e. =4210)

Z=standard normal deviation at the required confidence level that corresponds to 95% confidence
interval equal to 1.96 appreciation
d=the level of statistical significance (allowable error) (0.05)
p=the proportion in the targeted population estimated to have characteristics being measured Q=1-p
i.e. 1-0.5=0.5

2
Sample size n=: n = = (1.96) (0.5)(0.5) = 0.9604 n =384
2
(0.05) 0.0025
Using the desired sample size (n) =384 and total households N=4210 Then the actual sample size
fn) is calculated as:

fn = = 384 = 352
1+384
4210

29
Therefore, n=352 were the sample size of the research. These sample households were drawn for data
collection using stratified random sampling method depending on their determined percentage of each
kebele holds from total target households.

Table 3: Sample size of each kebele

population

Kebele Total Number of sample Required sample Method of selection

households households size per kebele
Worabe 01 2000 (2000×352)/4210 167 Stratified random sampling

worabe 02 1400 (1400×352)/4210 117 Stratified random sampling

Alkeso 810 (810×352)/4210 68 Stratified random sampling
Total 352

Source: own calculation, 2021

Table 4: Summary of sample population

Participants For questionnaire For interview Total

Households 352 - 352
Business community - 3 3
Experts - 2 2
Managers - 1 1
Total 352 6 358
Source: own design, 2021

3.6. Methods and tools of Data collection Instrument

For this study, the researcher employed a combination of methods: questionnaire, interviews, field visit
observations to overcome the limitation of each method to enhance the quality and adequacy of the
data.

A. Questioner

Questionnaires were prepared open-ended and close-ended in a way they could answer the research
questions. The researcher prefers this tool as principal tool of data collection because of the fact that
questionnaire is the most flexible tool, which helps to extract invaluable data from large number of
people. Questionnaires were given randomly for residents, business communities and Municipal
experts in order to get data on the extent of their practice and challenges of green infrastructure

30
development and management in the study area. Besides these, the collected data assist the researcher
to make analysis and draw generalizations on the research issue.

31
Four enumerators, which are two from the town municipality, one from business community and one
from town Environmental protection office were employed based on their profession and educational
background. Orientation was given to the enumerators on the procedures to follow while conducting
and filling the necessary data from the respondents.

Pre-testing of the draft questionnaire was done on 18 randomly selected respondents who possess
identical characteristics with that of the respondents in the study area to check its question content,
wording, format and sequencing. Generally, 352 copies of questionnaires were distributed to the
respondents, and the researcher himself personally administered the questionnaire in collaboration with
the four enumerators. This has increased the return rate and enabled the researcher to explain the
meaning of the questions which is not clear for respondents. Based on the research questions, a pilot
study was used to test the precision of expression, reliability and validity of the questionnaire by
allowing respondents to fill the questionnaire in the study area.

B. Key Informant Interviews

Personal interviews of structured, semi-structured or unstructured aimed at eliciting data from 3

business communities, 1 office manager, 2 professional experts working at worabe town administration
and total 6 persons were conducted. In addition to these, informal interviews were held during the field
visit with key informants from the local community including some respondents who filled
questionnaires with a view to cross check the data generated through questionnaires were conducted.

C. Observation

In the time of observation photographs were taken on the field visit to show the actual look of the site
including the various activities under taken on the areas. Personal observation was also made through
frequent visiting with intensive note taken. Data was also generated through field visits via thorough
discussions with key informants.

3.7. Methods of data analysis and presentation

In order to gather first-hand information, different data collection instruments/tools such as

key informant interview, observation and questionnaires was prepared and utilized for
different categories of respondents and participants for the study. Particularly, the respondents were
asked to explain their agreement with different items concerning practice and challenges of
urban green

31
infrastructure development and management. As a result, data collected from the questionnaire was
edited, coded and made ready for the analysis.

On the other hand, data collected through interview was analyzed by using
content analysis where to identify coherent categories, themes and patterns of the data.
Then patterns and connections within and between the categories were examined by assessing
relative importance of different themes. Finally, these subjects and connections brought
together for interpretation.

Moreover, SPSS version 20 software packages were employed to prepare the simple quantitative
tools like frequencies, percentages and means, and to explore the explanatory variables of
regressions respectively so that the analysis can give a meaningful interpretation to draw conclusions
and implication. For all stated data presentation methods, a mix of descriptive, statistical and
regression analysis were used.

3.8. Validity and Reliability Measures

Validity refers to the truthfulness of the data. Whereas, reliability refers to the general is ability of one‘s
findings. In order to keep the data validity and reliability of this research, the researcher used the
triangulation method to increase the credibility and validity of the research results to overcome the
weakness or intrinsic biases. In order to assure the validity of the finding, the researcher tried to review
different literatures related to the problem under the investigation and the tools were pre-tested
with households, business communities and Municipal experts.

In order to keep the reliability of measurement in questionnaire survey, the researcher carried out pilot
study prior to actual survey in order to prove legibility formats and logical sequences of questions for
actual survey. This enables the researcher to prove the legibility of the questionnaire for the actual
survey.

3.9. Ethical consideration

One of the main concerns in conducting research, which collect ideas from different individuals and
organizations to the study, is ethical consideration for the research subjects. The researcher should
have to be so much confidential to keep their idea whatever they said. The researcher got the consent
of household, business community, sectorial experts, questionnaire survey respondents, and key
informant interview. They were also aware of the objectives and outcomes of the research quite
adequately.

32
Also, they were informed that their personal information would be kept confidential that would
not be publicized nor given to any third party without the full willingness in case the need arises. This
was obviously expressed in the forward part of the questionnaire booklet. Both researcher and the
enumerators inform the respondents that their responses would be kept utmost confidential level.
Beyond the ethics on human subjects, research ethics also considers acknowledgment of data
generated by others and appropriate citations of scholarly research outputs, books, websites and any
other related documents in order to assure intellectual and scientific integrity of research. By
recognizing this, the researcher tried to cite and acknowledge all the information taken from scholarly
literatures and data generated by other individual or organization.

33
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.1. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Under this chapter, data and information collected from respondent‘s questionnaires, interview
and field observation is organized. The total sample respondents were about 352, however
during the survey, the studied sample population was less than that of the total sample
set due to non-response and return of the form by different reasons of respondents.

This has made the total studied sample population to 295 respondents (83.8% of
response rate). results from data obtained from 295 respondents using analyzed by descriptive
statistical techniques such as percentage, average and proportion and through simple
description and interpretation based on the research objectives and questions with general
socio-economic characteristics of the respondents.

In addition, the descriptive analysis was used for analyzing and describing the practice of
urban green infrastructural developments and management, the community level of local
knowledge or awareness, challenges and the gap between the planned and actual coverage of
the urban green areas. Green infrastructure needs the community participation, the political
leader attention, financial funding and continuity of the practice of green infrastructure
development and management.

4.2. Back grounds of Respondents

This part of the analysis discusses the general characteristics of respondents including
sex and age distribution, martial and financial status, educational attainments, their
occupation and others.

34
Table 5: Sex and Age distribution of respondents

Age Group
15-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 56-65 Total Percent
Sex Male 64 100 14 10 13 201 68.14
Female 34 38 6 14 2 94 31.86
Total 98 138 20 24 15 295
Percent 33.2 47 6.8 8.13 5.08 99.99*

Source: Own survey, 2021

The above table 5 reveals that respondents were composed from both sexes, though female
participation during survey was low comparing to the opposite sex. The female
respondents31.84% and the male respondents are 68.14 %. The key informant‘s interview
show the awareness of women‘s in GI practices are low. Most of the time women are
responsible by family case rather than male. Most studies indicate that gender is an
important but largely neglected aspect the practice of green infrastructure development and
management (Ozor and Nwankwo, 2008).
This study show that middle age which was in the ranges of 26-35 age groups was greater
than other age groups which are 47%. Regarding the age distribution of respondents, most
of them were found to be middle aged which is in the ranges of 26-35. Ethiopia is a
predominantly young society, with 84 percent. The proportion of the population under
age
15were 45%, and in between 16-64 age is 51.8% with only 3.2 percent of above age 65.
Those in the working ages (generally ages 15 to 59) have a lower dependency burden or
fewer people to support with the same income and assets (Karin et.al, 2009). Similarly
Table 6: Martial status of respondents

No. Response Frequency Percent

1 Married 126 42.7
2 Widowed 10 3.4
3 Single 149 50.5
4 Divorced 10 3.4
Total 295 100

Source: Own survey, 2021

35
The result of the above table 6 shows most of the respondents as could be seen were single,
that means 50.5% of the respondents are single additionally married respondents also took the
second largest share next to the single ones. Most single community prioritizes recreation and
leisure highly participated in voluntary work; social and community activities; and
attending meetings (worabe town municipality report 2020). In general, married people were
most likely responsible in community infrastructural works than single, because most
of them are participants of social association which makes them to have better information
about their local area (ibid).
Table 7: Education status of respondents

No. Response Frequency Percent

1 Illiterate 11 3.73
2 1-8 grade 111 37.62
4 9-12 grade 116 39.32
5 TVET graduate 10 3.39
6 College Diploma 23 7.79
7 Degree 24 8.1
8 Above Degree - -
Total 295 99.96
Source: Own survey, 2021

According to table 7 education background has a direct relationship with practicing and
awareness of green infrastructure development and management. If the level of education is
high and then the awareness about the values and benefits of green infrastructure would be
high (SZUCD annual report 2020), this in turn may led to increased contribution for
development and management of green infrastructure. For an illiterate society, green
infrastructure mean nothing except simple open spaces for solid waste disposal, building
materials dumping, chewing chat and smoking while for literate and modern society green
infrastructure are a means for leisure, recreation, improved air pollution and water quality,
reduce environmental health risks and conserve biodiversity (MoUDHs 2017).

Therefore, education is an instrument necessary for the creation and development of green
infrastructure in the study town. As it can be observed from table 5, 3.37% of the
respondents had illiterate, 37.62% of the respondents had from grade1-8, 39.32% of the

36
respondents hold grade9-10and 3.39% of the respondents are TVET graduate , 7.79% College
Diploma and only 8.1%first degree. This show the respondents are relatively educated and
this may help to create awareness about urban green infrastructure development and
management in the study town.

Most studies have indicated that the higher the education level results with a higher stock
of human capital. But, the above table 7 clearly delineates that majority of the respondents
have less than higher education. for instance, the more educated peoples a town have,
leaving other things remaining constant like their willingness and skills they have to
participate in urban green infrastructure development and management practices the less
costs it incur in the designing and other similar costs.

But the practices of green infrastructure development and management was initiative to
the active involvement of members of a defined community at least some aspects of GI
development and management. Although participation could happen at many stages,
decision-making process (Ghazala & Vijayendra, 2004). Usually, the GI practices would
be small-scale, low-cost, and use simple technologies. For example, urban green
infrastructure development was a simple though training of households in developing and
managing of green infrastructure was needed. This might help any community simply
operate with low education level. In addition, training provided by the facilitating
local NGO would strength the human capital necessary to implement these
activities, increases the knowledge and skill base of UGIDM. To conclude, skilled
and well trained labor force may add value to create aware citizen and active
participants on meetings and other financial related issues that can potentially drive for
UGIDM practices.
Table 8: Current occupation of respondents

No. Response Frequency Percent

1 Student 20 6.78
2 Daily laborer 83 28.1
3 Unemployed 73 24.74
4 Housewife 41 14
5 Business owner 78 26.4
Total 295 100
Source: Own survey, 2021
37
 The above table 8 shows 28.1 % of the respondents were found to be recruited in daily
laborers and 24.74% respondents were unemployed, only 26.4% Business owner form this point
of view the practice of green infrastructure one of the working opportunity for unemployed people.

Table 9: Status of residential land by respondents

No. Response Frequency Percent

1 Owned 62 21.02
2 Rented from people 136 46.1
3 Family house for free 65 22.03
4 Rented Kebele house 32 10.85
Total 295 100
Source: Own survey, 2021

The above table 9 reveals that about 46.1% of the respondents live or work their business
in houses rented from people. The major problems faced by many renters from renting
houses are increase of rent from time to time, limited duration of the contracts and others.
This condition was also negative implication for constantly participate in practices of GI.
Table 10: Financial status of respondents

No. Response Frequency Percent

1 Rich 10 3.39
2 Better-off 33 11.18
3 Average 127 43.05
4 Poor 90 30.5
5 Very poor 35 11.86
Total 295 100.0
Source: Own survey, 2021

Looking at the table, 10 majorities of the respondents revealed that their financial status
comparing to other members living in their study town as averaged. Though, an amount that
should not be neglected is that some respondents also indicated that their financial status
comparing to others is poor. Moreover, when comparing respondent‘s financial status was
above average and respondents were below averages (poor and very poor) were by far greater
than the above ones.

38
 The group had no regular source of funding, and relied on the shadow of some rich member‘s
financial participation. Incomes of individuals are closely related to the development
and management of green infrastructure in the study town Large number of respondents from
interview and personal observation agreed that as income of individual‘s increase, then the
tendency of using green infrastructure areas for dumping solid waste and other illegal activities
decrease due to their ability to donate money to develop, improve and maintain the green areas
and willingness of people to use them.

According to Alesina and La Ferrara (2000) examine that after controlling for many
individual behaviors, participation in social activities is significantly lower in more
economically unequal or more fragmented communities. The authors also show that
heterogeneity has the most significant impact on participation in practice of green
infrastructure development and management where excludability is low and significant
interactions among members are necessary.

Table 11 Trust level in the community itself Years of stay in the study
town
Years of stay grouped
No. Response 1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12 13-15 More than Total Percen
t
years years years years years 15 years
1 Yes 38 30 17 21 16 28 150 50.85
Trust
2 No 12 24 107 0 0 2 145 49.15
level
Total 50 54 124 21 16 30 295
Percent 38.8 18.6 17.4 6.1 4.6 14.5 100
Source: Own survey, 2021

The above table 11 discusses about respondents‟ trust level they have on the community
living in study town and the time (years of stay) they have been living or doing their business
in the community. As could be seen from the table 11 above, most of the respondents
responded that they trust the community members in their town. In addition, most
respondents were found to stay in the current town within the time ranges of 7 to 9 years.

Though the time of stay in the study town administration differs, there was found a pattern in
that the more the respondents‟ years of stay in the town, the more the trust level they
would

39
accumulate on the community. This would increase harmonization of community for the mass
involvement of green infrastructure development and management.

The level of social connectedness and trust in a community can play a positive role or
a negative role depending on the coverage of trust and connectedness. Social capital plays
an equalizing role if the level of trust and connectedness in a community has a wider coverage
and helps information flow among members. However, in the absence of generalized
trust, the level of trust and connectedness can have a partial coverage and lead to
distributional consequences that are inequitable (Stefaan et.al, 2010).

4.3. Practices of urban green infrastructure development and management

This portion of the analysis generally focuses on the practices of urban green infrastructure
development and management participation. According to Anna (2016) and Asmelash (2013)
Urban green infrastructures are open Areas such as urban forests, large public parks, gardens,
playing fields, rights-of-way along streams and roads, and constructed features such as
green roofs, permeable vegetated surfaces, swales, rain gardens, and ―green streets. This
study focuses on open space, transport corridors road side green space, parks, River Banks.
Table 12: Participation in practiced urban green infrastructure development and management
in the worabe town
Participation in 2018 year Participation in 2019year Participation in 2020 year
N Response Planed N0 Perce Planed N0 Perce Planed N0 Perc
o. number particip t number participa nt number participa ent
population ant population nt populatio nt
n

1 Transport corridors 450 220 49 600 320 53.3 1200 540 45

Development and
management
2 Road side green space 320 74 23 530 120 22.64 820 424 51.7
3 parks development 2600 5.77 3000 1500 50 3500 2240 64
and management 150
4 Open space 31.3 720 240 33.3. 860 420 48.88
development 670 210
5 River Bank corridors 340 64.1 1650 1200 72.2 2800 1400 50
Development 530
Total 4570 994 21.7 6500 4400 67.7 9180 5024 54.7

Source: worabe town Municipality, three years report.

40
 Table 12 indicated the study area populations participate in practice of urban
green infrastructure development and management. From this point of view the transport corridor
in GI development and management practices the number of participant in year 2018, 2019.and
2010 were 49%, 53.3% and 45 % this data show that the number of peoples participated in
development of transport corridor green area was not constantly increases from year to year .
Key informant interviews mentioned that: in the study area number of transport corridor was 6
out of this only 1 or 16.6% transport corridor area was well green. Development of the road
side green space area in year 2018, 2019, and 2020 were 23%, 22.64%, and 51.7%. According to
this development and management of the road side GI was not sustainable development
implementation.
Park area GI development practices in year 2018, 2019 and 2020 the number of participant was 5.77%,
50%and 64 % this data indicated that the number of participants was increases year to year. But
collecting data from filed observation and key informant interview GI development and
management practices in study Town Park was unprotected, poorly managed and dumping
plastics and west materials shown below figure3.

Figure 3: dump the west material the study the town duna park area
Source own survey 2021

Open space GI development practices in year 2018, 2019 and 2020 the number of participant was 31.3%,
33.3%and 48.88 % this data indicated that the number of participants was increases year to year.
But collecting data from filed observation and key informant interview GI development and
management practices in study town of open space was not planted by green plant and poorly

41
managed and dumping plastics and west materials similarly that of park area shown below figure
4and5.

Figure 4: unprotected open space found in Figure 5: well developed and managed
open kebele 01 area in 02kebele
Source: own survey 2021
According to own survey and key informant interview in figure 4 and 5 open space or green area
made informal road and no attention by local government, by different stakeholders and the
community of 02 kebele in study town. Figure 5 open pace compared to figure 4 it was well
developed and managed by GI.
According to Gebeyehu(2014) discussed when we talk about availability of open spaces; we
should consider the Area coverage and their per capita, biodiversity, location and accessibility of
city parks and other green Area components. From this point of view the analysis o f the
above table in the study town most of the study town open space revealed. Because of
different stakeholders and sectors are not well involved in the practices of GI development and
management of green areas.

River Bank corroder GI development practices in year 2018, 2019 and 2020 the number of
participant was 64.1%, 72.2%and 50 % this data indicated that the number of participants was
increases in year 2019 and decreases in year 2020. The above table implied that the activate of
community in study town was not constant collecting data from filed observation and key
informant interview GI development and management practices in study town River Bank

42
corroder was poorly managed by green plant and dumping plastics and west materials similar
that of open space area.

Table 13: Land area, population size and average gross density of the study area description

Area Total urban Total Actual existed green area Percent Square meter
land area number age
in town per person in
Population from
Town
the total
in town
Worabe 90.59 54,000 - Transport corridors = 758m2 0.98 % 0.45 m2
town hectare -Road side green area = 614m
administrati -park area = 3000m2
on (905900 m2)
- open space area = 924m2

- River bank area = 1200 m2

Total 6496 m2

Source: worabe town Municipality Office report 2020.

Based on table 13, the total green infrastructure developed in the town is 0.98% of the total

area and 0.45m2 square meters per person in town. According to WHO, (2017) green areas per
person which is 5% of the standard existed green area. Form this point of view green
infrastructure development and management in the study town is insufficient. To compare the
availability of urban GI components such as parks, transport corridor and road side open
2
space and river bank area with international planning standards, per capita (m ) indices was
used in this study.

The urban GI components per capita of the towns was assessed and compared with
2
international accepted and more applicable standards such as United Nations (30 m ) (Laghai
2
& Bahmanpour, 2012; Khalil, 2014), European Union (26 m per capita) (Vlad & Bratasanu,
2
2011), public health bureau of USA (18 m ) (Laghai & Bahmanpour; 2012; Khalil, 2014) and
2
WHO(9m ) (Saz & Rausell, 2008). Coverage was measured by the quantity of GI

43
 component area available for each kebleles population size. Even when compared with the
international minimum standardized requirement of 9 m 2 per inhabitants it is low.
Table 14 Green infrastructure developed by government, Non-government and religious
institutions
The statuses of urban governmental Non-governmental religious institution
N0 green infrastructure institution institution
development Frequency percent Frequency percent Frequency percent
1 Well-developed 11 22.9 - - 4 11.76
2 Less developed 13 27 - - 5 14.28
3 Poorly developed 14 29.1 1 25 10 29.4

4 Non developed 10 20.83 3 75 15 44.11

Total 48 4 34
Source own survey 2021

Based on table 14 the well-developed green infrastructure governmental institution only22.9%

and less and poorly developed governmental institution27% and29.1% this analysis implicated
that the practices and development UGI in governmental institution was very low. And
practices of green infrastructure in the religion institution are very low for instance
44.11% of the religion institutions are non-developed green infrastructure. For instance umar
mosque in 01 kebele of study town was good example for non -green infrastructure
development show below in the figure.

Figure 6: Umar mosque in Silte zone administration and worabe town administration
01 kebele
Source own filed observation, 2021

44
From the above figure show that Silte zone administration institution was one of well-
developed green infrastructure development compare to that of worabe town administration.
But the above table 14: indicated that only 11.76% of governmental institutions would be
well-developed by urban green infrastructure.
Table 15: Green area availability in the study town

Excellent Very good Good Low

Item
Frequency % Frequency % Frequency % Frequency %
Green area - - 13 4.4 105 35.59 177 60
Availability
Source: own design 2021

In the above table 15 responses of respondent‘s shows that the availability of green infrastructure in
the town was low. Out of the respondents, only 4.4% replied that the available green area in
the town is very good, whereas 35.59% replied that its availability is good but the remaining
60% replied that is low. Overall, therefore, the majority of respondents underlined that green area
is far from being adequate, a claim that is consistent with international standards. The responses
of key informant side that most of the time urban green area chanced in to residential or
commercial area for instance in alkeso kebele village3 02 green area was changed to residential
area and in worabe 02 kebela in front of or eastern parts of worabe comprehensive hospital 01 area
was changed in to commercial because the rising of land value or price and lack of local
governmental attention. In addition, almost all of the respondents from interviews said that
accessibility of the green area in the town is very low in both quantity and quality terms. Generally
the availability of green areas is insufficient in the town and this issue needs an urgent policy
attention to rectify the problem.

45
Table 16: Green area components in study town description

No Types of Green space Developed (m2) Undeveloped (m2)

1 Proposed parks - Unclear in m2
2 Sport fields - Unclear in m2
3 Transport corridors 758 3150
4 Road side green space 6914 3400
5 Road squares green space 924 2110
6 Open space
7 Small square green space 394 3215
8 River Bank Corridors 1200 Unclear in m2
9 Parks 3000 Unclear in m2
10 20/50 radius green area 320 9567
Total 13,510 m2 21,442 m2
Source: worabe town municipality, 2021.

The adequacy of green area was also measured in terms of components of green
area (MoUDH, 2015). T h e a b o v e t able16 shows that the green area components that
were found in the study area not enough. For instance proposed parks, sport fields, green
space, and parks are not properly defined and demarked in a clear way. This shows
that low attentions of municipal management in the study town and responses of
respondent implication were non commitment of the political leaders and unqualified and
mismatched professional field standard exist in the town municipality office.

According to the MoUDH(2015), town size of Park should be around 8 ha of land , can serve up to
160,000 people in a radius of 4,000 m, with a carrying capacity of 0.05 ha/1,000 population. But in
the study area recreational parks are below the standard as shown in above Table 10. Example the

total park in study area is 3000 m2 which lacks 4.4 ha of land to meet the standards of town parks.
Significant number of respondents in the park also stated that they lack privacy and many facilities
that are caused by lack of local government attention and illegal settlement.

46
Table 17 : Existing minimum distance and visit frequency in the study town

Minimum distance from home Visit frequency

Distance from home Frequency Percentage Description Frequency Percentage
(M)
up to 500 16 5.4 Daily 42 13.9
500-1000 33 10.7 Weekly 95 31.3
1000-2000 71 23.3 Monthly 115 37.8
Above 2000 184 60.6 Annually 52 17
Total 304 100 304 100
Source: own design, 2021

Table17 shows that from the total respondents, 60.6% travelled more than 2000 meters‘
distance from their home. Because for the majority residents not access near to their home
which is relatively very far according to the standard by WHO (2017), i.e. as a rule of thumb,
urban residents should be able to access public green space of at least 0.5–1 hectare
within 300 meters‘ linear distance from their homes.

In respect to visiting habit of respondents, about 37.8% of respondents replied that

they frequently use green areas for recreations on monthly basis. Also, respondents of
interview indicated that low accessibility and unfairly distribution of green area in the town.
The result is consistent to the findings of Shah (2011) that distance and walking from
home has appeared to be the single most important preconditions for use of green space in
close proximity to a green space to use it frequently. Moreover, the national urban green
2
infrastructure standard of Ethiopia also proposed 15m (MoUDH 2015) green open spaces per
capital within the city boundaries and every resident to live within 500 meter from a public
green open space of a size of at least 0.3 hectare (ibid).
Table 18: Location of green area utilized
At the border (Around) At the center Throughout the
Location of green town
(Inner town)
area utilized
61% 10.9% 28.1%
Source: own survey, 2021

47
The following table, 18 shows to identify the presented with in the town inhabitants to
urban structure about green area development. In principle, the distance to be traveled to get
urban area is dependent on the total square meter of the green area. Based on table 12 from
the total respondents, 61% replied that they frequently utilize city boarder green areas. And
this reveals that they travel maximum distance to urban green area at the border. Therefore,
this agrees with Tajima (2003) which revealed that green space in city center can better
characterize and enhance the image of the city. So, the availability of green area in the town
is fairly low or very limited.

4.5. Benefits of Urban Green infrastructure

Urban green infrastructures have immensely for social, environmental and economic benefits
to the local community. Urban areas have multifaceted functions and benefits. Among the
uses of green areas, the survey study conducted in worabe town suggests major benefits to
inhabitants including: mental and psychological satisfaction, carrying out different festivals,
beautification and recreation, combating climatic change/disruptions, mitigating
ecological/environmental degradations, and finally expanding job opportunities. The ensuring
section of this study tried to capture the respondent‘s perception and/or ratings to each
benefit as presented in table 13.

Table 19 : Responses of the respondent regarding the use of green areas

No Item Frequency Percentage

1 Mental and psychological satisfaction 159 81
2 Caring out different ceremony 104 53
3 Beautification and recreation 192 98
4 Combating climate change 90 46
5 Ecological balance 118 60
6 Job opportunity 49 25
7 Conservation of Biodiversity 98 50
Source: own design, 2021.

1. Mental and psychological satisfaction

It is fait accomplice that green spaces bring about mental and psychological satisfaction for
any age group. This has also been the case from the survey conducted with respondents of

48
 town As such, 81% of the respondents indicate that they use green space for rest and
to get psychological satisfaction. Looking, setting and even playing in areas that is covered
by green brings huge mental and psychological satisfaction for children, youth, and old age
person alike.
2. Carrying out different festivals and ceremonies.
Green areas also suit well the purposes of carrying out different festivals and ceremonies.
Out of the total respondents, 53% agreed that the green spaces are mostly used for carrying
out different festivals and ceremonies. Festival and ceremonies are any occasions for
celebration and photographs.
3. Beautification and recreation
Consistent with the basic functions of green areas, almost all (98%) of the respondents in the
study area agreed upon that green areas are used primarily for beautification and recreation.
Green areas are eye catching places and used for playground recreation and they give
shade for the urban settlers.

4. Combating Climate Change

Green infrastructure provide a range of climate related services that can make substantial
contribution towards adapting to climate change and limited yet important contribution
towards mitigating climate change. In this case, out of the total respondents, 46% said that
urban green spaces have the ability to moderate local climate.

5. Ecological Balance

Phenomena like global warming, acid rain and pollution happen because of the elements
taken from the environment are used up without replenishing. If the ecological balance is
disturbed there can be drastic consequences. In this case, from the total, 60% of the
respondents said that urban green areas are used for maintaining the ecological balance of
the area.

The implication is that developing and managing green infrastructure properly contributes
to noise reduction, pollution control, evaporative cooling (reducing of runoff), reduction of
rate of carbon dioxide and solving other urban environmental problems. Therefore, the

49
concerned bodies should consider these values of green spaces and give great emphasis for
their protection.

6. Create Job opportunity

Jobs can also be created out of needs for creating and maintaining green infrastructure. This
proved to be the case with worabe town where from the total respondent, 25% proved that
green space has a potential to create job opportunity in different posts. The existing green
areas have created job opportunity for citizens those who are engaged on preparation of land,
guarding care of greenery such as tree, flower, soil and conservation workers etc.
7. Conservation of Biodiversity
It remains basic fact that developing and managing green spaces properly means conserving
varieties of green species. In line with this, 50% of the respondents said that green spaces
have an ability to contain different biotic components in the area. The proper uses of
biotic components provide maximum benefits for sustainable development and to meet the
needs of the present and future generation as well conservation in the positive, which includes
preservation, maintenance, sustainable use, restoration and enhance the natural environment.
The study also tried to capture respondent‘s perceptions from interviews, and personal
observation it seems dwellers because of low attention is given, ignorance about the value
livable, lack of sense of belongings, problem of commitment and policies related
implement problem by the officers, they did not get adequate benefits from green
infrastructure development and management within their town.

It is revealed that urban green infrastructure have benefit for better human health in
which the result is consistent to the finding of Bop (2013), which indicated that poor air
quality, urban heat and an increasingly ‗sedentary lifecycle‘ among today‘s urban population
are frequently linked to problems of ill health. By providing spaces for physical exercise and
contributing to better air quality, green spaces help to counteract such health problems. And
also, they have replied that the contribution of green areas in social value is high. As they
have also illustrated, green areas have shading benefits for the community in cooling
and absorbing polluted air.

50
This is consistent with the findings of Conner (2007) which revealed that the main climatic
benefits of urban green space are cooling and shading, vegetation and soils; particularly trees
can counter poor air quality by absorbing greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and
other air pollutants that means, green area can act as carbon sinks. Similarly, the respondents
stressed urban green infrastructure values for education and tourism.

4.6. Awareness and Challenges of Urban Green Infrastructure Development and

Management in study town

To identify factors which contributed for the low level practices of development and
management of green infrastructure in the study town, the study tried to list some
commonly known challenges and provide for the respondents to understand their degree of
perception by rating very low, low, high and very high. The formidable challenges would be
treated in the ensuing sections item by item and the gravity of their impacts would be rated
accordingly.

4.6.1. Lack of Public Awareness

The study tries to identify the awareness level with in the town through structured
questionnaire and interviews. It seems that many households, business community, officers
and even professionals are not well aware of these values or simply they ignore them.
Table 20 : Perceptions of respondents on lack of awareness constraints and their
rank seriousness
Constraints Frequencies and percentage
Very low Low High Very high
frequ Percent Freque percent frequen Perce Freq Perce
ency ncy cy nt uenc nt
y
Lack of - - 4 1.35 14 4.74 178 60.3
awareness in a
community

Source: own survey, 2021

51
According to table 20 lack of awareness in the community is first, 60.3% of the respondents
said that there is a very high challenge facing green infrastructure development and
management in the study town.
In the town also, as those respondents replied through interview the level of awareness of
society concerning practices of urban green infrastructure development and management is
very low. This result agrees with Mensah (2014) findings which states that uncooperative
attitude of urban dwellers towards the management of green spaces also emerged as a
predominant challenge. This would be the result of lack t h e p o l i t i c a l e l d e
r of involvement of the local people in decision making of green spaces and poor
awareness of the local people on the benefits of green space.

Table 21: Awareness creation training attendance concerning practices of urban green
infrastructure development and management in worabe town (2008 - 2012 E.C)
Year Number of participant town
Planned Actual attended total number of
Number Percent population
2008 E.C 65 115 0.21%
2009 E.C 750 148 0.27%
2010E.C 1000 132 2,44% 54,000
2011 E.C 1050 150 0.277%
2012 E.C 1200 162 0.3%
Average 813 141.4 3.99%
Source: worabe town municipality, 2021

In table 21, it tries to find out the very important consideration when compared to the actual
attended total five years 707 dwellers (average 141.4 in a year) with the town total number
of population 54,000 was 3.99% attended. This was less than five percent and it shows it is
very low. In addition to these, the existing awareness methodologies in the town were mostly
dependent on the same method i.e. use of brochures and meeting. But, respondents from
interview said that awareness creation methodology on community meetings and using
practical methods, medias like radio and television are the most important
methodologies in the context of the town.

70
Also, as they have responded, because of these low levels of awareness, the community has
the habit of using green spaces for unwanted or illegal purposes like dumping solid wastes,
letting domestic animals and tramp the areas negatively for chewing chat and smoking,
cutting for other purposes (firewood, construction), stealing metal fences, and storing and
dumping building materials. Lack of awareness is not only a problem of the people, but also
that of officials as well.

Poor waste management and aesthetically unpleasant environment at 01 kebel

and duna park in study town

The improper disposal of waste results in the, pollution‟ of man‘s environment

(Danquah,
2010). Enyew (2013) indicates as urban waste management has been a challenge for
municipalities and urban local governments in the developing world, largely due to poor
infrastructure, bureaucratic competence, and limited institutional capacity of the
municipalities.

Figure 7a: Photograph of dumping west Figure 7b: road side of greener area in
materials in the inner parts of park in study town
Source: own survey (May, 2021)

Figure 7aand 7b shows plastic to the road side that is due to lack of follow up and sense of
owner ship for the park. picket of the park said that different solid wastes like plastic bottles
disposed there by park users who throw in as shown picture based on the results drawn from
respondents of worabe 01kebele park and duna 02 kebele road said about 95% of key
informant respondents justified as they were not comfortable z o n e f o r r e c r e a t i o n
and

71
v i s i t i n g . A lso they services and recommended that parks and road said should
be improved.

4.4.2. Leadership Related Problems

The political leader‘s commitment is crucial in urban green infrastructure management.

Table 22 : Perceptions of respondent on lack of political leader‘s commitment constraints and
their rank seriousness

Constraints Frequencies and percentage

political Very low Low High Very high
leader‘s Frequency perce frequen Percent Freque perce Frequ percent
commitment ntage cy age ncy ntage ency age
149 50.5 76 25.76 47 15.94 23 7.77

Source: own survey, 2021

As table 22 shows that out of 50.0% 0f respondents replied that political leadership
commitment was very low, 25.76% respondents replied that problem is low, 15.94% was
high and 7.77%was very high. This implies that practices of GI in the study area political
leaders commitment was very low and low level of operating in the GI development and
management practices in the study town. Practice urban green rules, directives, minimum
standards and other policy instruments that help them to work with it.

Furthermore, respondents from interview shows that, there is lack of political will to initiate
policies on measures to enhance, to train professionals with experience and sufficient budget,
regular follow-up, frequent inspection and facilities i.e. fertilizer, soil, water and fence.
Efforts to raise public awareness towards developing, managing, using and maintaining green
areas is very limited in the study town. The town officer‘s plants seedlings at the beginning
of each summer, but none of the seedlings has developed well because they are not taken
care of and maintained regularly.

According to Byrne and Sipe, 2010 It was useful to consider how planners have
traditionally planned for parks and open spaces (Byrne and Sipe, 2010). But the key
informant responses that revealed the plan and policies implementation related problem
in the study town is

72
another main problem in urban green infrastructure development and management.
According to respondents of interview in relation to this, study town plan violation is reported
frequently. The old plan violation is visible up to making residential areas. To rectify the
old plan violation, the new plan is put in practice but unfortunately the plan violation
is occurring, for instance it is visible around settlement behind duna secondary school.

This implies that there is a huge challenge facing urban green areas development and
management. From the data provided in table 18 from the total respondents, 34% stressed that
the lack of guidelines, rule and regulation had high constraints, and 62% perceived that lack
of guidelines, rule and regulation is a very high challenge for urban green infrastructure
development and management. And barely 2% perceived it as low challenges while the
remaining 1% dropped to very low. In addition, 83% of the respondents believed that green
areas need an insurance guarantee.

And also from the interview, it is understood that there has been essential manuals
containing guidelines, rules and regulations such as integrated urban infrastructure and
service planning manual (2006), the urban plan proclamation No 574/2008, the recent
growth and transformation five years plan, climate change resilient urban green
infrastructure strategy (2014), Ministry of urban development and housing, Ethiopia
National urban Green Infrastructure standard (2015), are not available in the town
administration office. This shows that without guidelines, rules and regulations in the
town development and management of green infrastructure is impossible.

4.4.5. Illegal Settlement

Illegal settlement mostly takes place in open spaces planned for green areas, riverbanks and
steep slope. These would aggravate environmental degradation. The researcher observed that
the proposed open spaces, r i v e r b a n k a n d u r b a n p a r k a r e a were occupied
by illegal settlers (as shown in the figure below). Though town officers concurred to this
observation, it was rather strange why they never took legal measurements to prevent it in
the first place.

73
Table 23 : Responses of sample HHs concerned the reason for the decreasing the quantity
of GI in the town

Responses frequency presence

1 Land use change 53 17.96
2 Misuse of the green spaces 43 14.57
3 Lack of structural plan implementation 153 51.86
4 Lack of stake holder integration 46 15.6
Total 295 99.99

Source: own survey 2021

From the above table 23 it can be inferred that the majority of the respondents (51.86%)
responded that the leading reason for the decrease in quantity of urban green
infrastructure in the town is land is lack of structural plan implementation followed by
land use change 17.96%.regarding the lack of structural plan implementation that the
municipality fail to realize the plan of the town might be due to the lack of budget,
community participation and skilled professional. this was also conformed in the field
observation being made and interview of municipal core expertise. On the other hand
14.57% of the respondents responded, misuse of green infrastructures spaces; their
responses might be due to their observation consistent use of green infrastructure for
solid waste dumping. 15.6% of respondents responded that the reason was lack of the
integration among stakeholders.
Proper practices of GI development and management of green infrastructure implies not
only the knowledge of the coverage of the infrastructure within the urban area but also
their accessibility, condition and interconnectivity. The management of green
infrastructure particularly green space elements should be sensitive to natural features and
seasonal changes, physical attributes current and potential land use, the local community
needs and the strategic position on sites in the local network green infrastructure. According
to the researcher field observation and interview result from town municipality greenery
development experts, kebele managers, concerning the current state (condition) of green
infrastructure of the town presents as follows.

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 Table 24: Field Observation Concerning the Current Status of GI

Current status
well fenced and Well planted adequate water
protected &developed &other facilities
1 Road side green space No No No
2 Road squares green No No No
3 Open space Yes No No
4 Park area No No No
5 River Bank Corridors No No No
Source: Field survey, 2021.

Figure 8: A photograph of illegal settlement and plan violation in urban park, and open green
area in front of the town study town education office.
Source: own survey (May, 2021)

4.4.6. Low Level of Community Participation

Community participation is important for public action (SUDCD, 2019). The same is true
with development and management of green infrastructure.
Table 25 : Level of community participation and their rank seriousness
Constraints Frequencies and percentage
Very low Low Hig Very high
Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq %
Low level of community - - 4 2 20 10 172 88
participation
Source: Own survey, 2021

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According to table 25 from the total respondents, 88% claimed lack of public and
stakeholder‘s participation to have imposed very high constraints for the worabe town green
space quantity and quality development and management. Whereas 10% replied that the
situation is high and the remaining 2% stated to have imposed low constraints.

Table 26 : Stakeholders participating on worabe town green infrastructure from year

2008- 2012 E.C

Year Number of participant worabe

Planned Actual participation total number
Number Percent of population
2008 E.C 1200 300 25% 20,477

2009 E.C 1400 488 34.9%

2010 E.C 1500 300 20%
2011 E.C 1550 145 9.4%
2012 E.C 1600 116 7%
Average 1450 269.8 18.6%
Source: worabe town municipality, 2021

According to table 26, it shows that when compared the actual community participation of the
average five years 269.8 dwellers out of the town total number of population of 20,477. This
indicates only 1.4% of the total population participated in the scheme which is very low.

In relation to this, most of the respondents who participated in an interview and focus group
discussion said that there was low public and stakeholder participation during the planning of
the town green areas development and management of corridors, squares, rivers, open space
and roadsides. Among the factors explaining low level of community participation includes,
among other things, lack of sense of belongings, ignorance of responsibility, problems of
commitment, problems of participation rules and low living standards.
4.4.7. Lack of Co-ordination and Integration from Different Stakeholders
The integrated effort of government, non-government institutions and community based
organization can help ensure achievements of a goal set to address a particular problem. The

76
same is true for development, management and maintenance of green infrastructure in the
study town.
Table 27 : Perceptions of respondents on lack of coordination or integration problems
constraints and their rank seriousness
Constraints Frequencies and percentage
Very low Low Hig Very high
h
Frequ percenta Freque percenta Freq percen Freque perce
encies ge ncies ge uenc tage ncies ntage
ies
Lack of - - - - 59 30 137 70
coordination
problems of
organization(mun
pal institutions)
Source: Own survey, 2021

As it is shown in table 27 from the total respondents, 70% replied that lack of coordination
and integration problem of institutions in the study town to be very high and about
30% of the respondents replied the problem as high. Those main organizations operating in
most public assets such as infrastructures like road construction, telecommunication line
extension, water pipe extension and greenery work never consult each other during plans and
implementation stages. When they implement on the same urban place, they do not
have a coordinated plan that will enable them to act simultaneously and without
causing any havoc to public infrastructure and public good.
Furthermore, respondents say through interview a number one challenge in urban green
infrastructure development is problems of horizontal integration between institutions.
While one institution one develops an infrastructure, the other keeps on destroying and vice
versa. And these problems cost the otherwise financial resource constrained nation too high to
ignore.

77
 Figure 9: A Photograph taken around worabe town administration office

Source: own survey (2021)

4.4.8 Lack of Budget

The financial problem for green infrastructure development and management is critical especially
in developing countries for maintaining, developing and administering green spaces. The problem
is not only for running costs but also expenses for salary for highly qualified multi-
disciplinary professional which require heavy investment.
Table 28: Perceptions of respondents on resource scarcity, lack of budget and
lack of funding constraints and their rank seriousness.

Constraints Respondents responds

Very low Low High Very high
Freque percenta Freq percen Fre Freq percent
ncies ge uenci tage que uenc age
es nci ies
es
Resource - - 4 2 35 18 157 80
scarcity, lack of
budget and
lack of funding
Source: Own survey, 2021

As table 28 revealed that the resources scarcity and lack of budget is one of the main problems
affecting urban green area development and management. The result shows that out of total
respondents, 80% replied that the problem to be very high, 18% replied the problem as high
while 2% replied the problem as low.

78
 Table 29: Budget allocation for green infrastructures of the town (2008-2012 E.C)

Year Planned Allocated budget for town Actual allocated budget for Percent
administration green infrastructure
2008E.C 700000 100000 14%
209 E.C 750000 150000 20%
2010E.C 850000 200000 23%
2011E.C 860000 210000 24.4%
2012E.C 900000 250000 28%
Source: Town administration tax office, 2021.

From table 29, worabe town administration tax office report the five years‘ budget allocation
implies that slightly increase from year to year but does not seem to be enough. For
example, the total planned budget allocated for the worabe town for the year 2012 E.C. is
900,000 birr but out of this 250,000 birr is actual allocated for the town administration
finance office. This is 28% of the total budget. This could also be a reflection of lack of
attention for green areas development and management.

4.4.9 Rapid Urbanization

Table 30: Perceptions of respondents on rapid urbanization constraints and their rank
seriousness

Constraints Frequencies and percentage

Very low Low High Very high
Frequencies % Freque % Freq % Fr %
ncies uenci eq
es ue
Rapid 6 3 8 4 137 7 45 23
urbanization 0
Source: Own survey, 2021

According to table 30, out of the respondents, 23% said rapid urbanization imposed a
very high constraint, 70% replied the problem to be high, 4% replied low and the remaining
3% replied it is very low. As the result rapid urbanization causes shortage in land for green
areas.

79
 Due to rapid urbanization, the consequences on the development of urban GI components are

alarming (Ministry of Urban Development and Housing, 2015).

4.4.10 Lack of Priority for Green Development

Table 31: Perceptions of respondents on lack of priority for green

infrastructure development constraints and their rank seriousness

Constraints Frequencies and percentage

Very low Low High Very high
Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq %
Lack of priority for green infrastructure 2 1 6 3 55 28 133 68
Development
Source: own survey, 2021

According to table 31 out of the respondents, 68% said lack of priority is a very high
constraint, 28% replied the problem is high, 3% replied low and the remaining 1% replied it is
very low. This could be a reflection of lack of priority of green development.

Table 32: The existing land use of the study area

Total land Built-up area Covered road Open space Covered by green area
area covered development
Area
Per
Hectares hectare % hectare % hectare % Hectare % capital
2
Worabe town90.59 66.62 73.61 21.67 23.92 2.07 2.29 0.089 0.98 0,45m

Source: worabe town municipality may 2020

As shown in the following table 32 the existing green areas in the study town because of low
attention given to green infrastructure development by government, just like other urban
issues, it is very low. This is 0.98% (less than one percent) of the total land coverage. From
the interviews the majority of responses stressed that the existing green area is not
presented separately from other land use and the available green areas is insufficient to the

80
inhabitants and to others (tourists) as compared to international minimum standards.
Accessibility of the green infrastructure is very low in both quantity and quality.

4.4.11. Lack of Skilled Man Power

If cities and towns are livable, clean, suitable and attractive for residents and tourists, they
will increase their competitiveness. The attractiveness and competitiveness of cities results
from qualified and committed officials as well as professionals. The nature of green areas is
multifunctional which requires multidisciplinary professionals.
Table 33 Perceptions of respondents on skilled professional or manpower problem
constraints and their rank seriousness.

Constraints Frequencies and percentage

Very low Low High Very high
Freq percent Freq Percent Frequ percent Freq perce
uenci age uenci age encies age uenci ntage
es es es
Skilled professional 2 1 4 2 37 19 153 78
or manpower
Problem
Source: own survey, 2021

According to table 33 78% of the respondent‘s responses lack of skilled personnel imposed
very high constraints and 19% of the total respondents replied the problem is high. Whereas,
2% thought is low, the remaining 1% said it is very low. As the result shows the existing
field group distribution in municipality on green spaces were hit with shortage of manpower.

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Table 34: Professional field groups working at the town municipality

Necessary professionals Actual existed

Study Field in plan level
Educational Educational
Freq Freq
background background
Environmental Development
1 BA - -
Horticulture 2 BA
Plant science 1 BA BA
Rural development 2 BA 2 BA
Crop protection 1 BA - -
History 1 BA 1 -
Urban management 2 BA - -
Civil Engineer 1 BA 1 B
Architecture 2 BA - -
Farm forest 1 BA 1 BA
Geography 2 BA - -
Total 16 5
Source: worabe town municipality 2021

As the result shows in table 34, the actual existing field group distribution in municipality is
mostly unbalance with the standard, for instance, two professionals are from rural
development in which they may exhausted only on environmental benefits aspects, and the
social and economic benefit aspect of urban green space may be ignored. On the other
hand, comparing the professional field standard existed with actual number and study field
it is mismatched.
Respondents from interview and focus group discussion revealed that due to lack of
skilled professionals there is a problem of poor selection of species and suitable areas.
Therefore, professionals have irreplaceable role for green spaces development and
management. It is observed that, municipality at worabe town level is indicating the poor
availability of required man power that is 22% of the standard.

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4.5. Ways of Solving the Challenges Facing Urban Green Areas

Detailed discussions and interviews with household‘s, experts, managers, and business
communities were conducted. In addition, open-ended questionnaires were prepared for
households, business communities and experts. The responses from the study suggest
possible ways of solving challenges facing urban green infrastructure development and
management in study town and these are:

To creating awareness concerning the benefits and promoting community environmental

responsibilities to ensure sustainable green infrastructure development and management.

Political leaders‘ commitment is crucial important. Therefore, establishing clearly visible

access areas, regularly maintaining green spaces, protecting the areas from illegal settlement,
negative social practices or avoiding health risks such as chat chewing, smoking, dumping
wastes building materials and continuous monitoring and evaluation are needed. In addition,
communication with the society and involving participants in the planning from the
beginning (planning for people is planning with people), decision making and delegation is
very decisive. Motivating, giving recognition, appreciation and acknowledgement for
stakeholders and creating urban green areas that much the needs of local residents are also
essential.

Community participation in the planning, designing and maintenance of urban green space
is important to assure that local needs are met. Promoting community participation should be
from the beginning. Sufficient time and fund should be arranged to facilitate building,
maximize urban green space benefits and prevent unintended negative impacts. Collaboration
with environmental experts and institutes aids effective planning, monitoring, evaluation and
maintenance of urban green space interventions.

Avoid ambitious designs of urban green spaces to support only very specific functions.
Those main organizations operating on most public assets such as infrastructures
like road construction, telecommunication extension, water pipe extension and greenery
work must integrate or verify to each other during plan implementation.

83
Ensuring required and sufficient staff for the planning and maintenance of green
infrastructure to be adequately executed and also adequate budget should be allocated to
ensure this.

Ensure easier access to urban green space of sufficient quality for all population group
and users. Use greening opportunities to other sectors and projects (greening of different
sectors, business areas, shopping areas, housing area, sport fields and other) and private
green areas. Establish street greenery, urban gardens and green trails in close vicinity to
urban residents and use public open spaces for greenery.

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 CHAPTER FIVE

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. Conclusion

The proper practices of urban green infrastructure development and management implies
knowledge of the coverage, quantity and access ability of the infrastructure within the urban
area; their conditions and interconnectivity. It is known that availability of green
infrastructure components in a particular town is one of the factors affecting the attraction of
inward investment .The different green infrastructure have a number of benefits such as
economic social, environmental urban beautification recreation and aesthetic benefits. To
have these benefits, development and management of green infrastructure is necessary.

However, the findings of the study indicated that in worabe town, the existing coverage
and quantity of green infrastructure is below standard and inaccessibility across the different
parts of the town. The town has 5 park sites which is 9.49 hectare; from this area nothing
has been developed. Concurrently, the quantity and coverage of urban green infrastructure
elements particularly public parks, transport corroder, riverbank and open speces has
decreased in the town due to different reasons. Some of the reasons include land use change,
lack of integration among stakeholders, misuse of green spaces and failure of the municipal
to properly realize the plan of the town among others.

The findings of the study also indicated that among the different elements of green
infrastructure in worabe town, only 3 pen green space plantations were well fenced and
developed other green infrastructure elements were not well fenced and developed. On the
other hand, none of the existing green infrastructure elements are provided with adequate
waterline. Because of this, the sites are used for unintended purpose like solid waste
dumping site, storing construction material and animal grazing activities and some sites
totally changed to other development.

This implies that the existing condition of the town were poor. Hence, almost all of the
green infrastructure elements of the town are currently in a degraded state and required

85
 immediate attention. Active involvement of community in practices of urban green
infrastructure development and management can be achieved through awareness creation and
community mobilization. However the study indicated that in the town lack of awareness
is not only a problem of the community but also that officials and political leaders as well.
3.3 percent and 36.6 percent of the household have poor knowledge about green
infrastructure in the town. As a result the contribution of the community and the budget
allocation by officials for green infrastructure is very low. Even there was also land use
change by officials for other development purpose.

Institutional frame works and its capacity is the core of practices urban GI development and
management significant for any town. But the current structure of the plan implementation,
monitoring and evaluation team that responsible for green infrastructure practices UGI
development and management lacking human resource and budget. More over the budget
allocated for greenery development of the town were not sufficient. This implies that no
attention is given for urban greenery development and management by the town
administration, but environmental degradation was occurring in the town.

Urban green infrastructure development and management as well as maintenance require

multi-disciplinary professionals and high budget allocation. Green infrastructure had a nature
of inclusiveness in their development and utilization activities and values. In urban area open
spaces take as a lion share of human life in engaging the quality of life, health, social and
economic values, and environmental related issues.
Generally, the study identified lack of public awareness, low level of community
participation, poor implementation of structural plan, lack of budget, lack of skilled man
power, lack of regular follow up, lack of cooperation among different stakeholders,,
chilling injuries and the major challenges that hinder the practices of GI development and
management of urban green infrastructure in the town.

86
5.2. Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusion, this study has come up to improve the
development and management of urban green infrastructure in study town. The following
recommendations are provided.
To improve the development and quantity of urban green infrastructure of worabe town the
municipality and town administration should focus on increasing the quantity and quality as
well as coverage of urban green infrastructure with the attention to properly
planning & design as a base of structural plan of the town in continues budget year. Similarly
cascading the plan up to kebele level and implement accordingly. In this regard, the political
leaders as well as experts must a committed to implement as proposed on structural plan of the
town.

The town municipality work a collaboration with the major actors such as, related local
governmental sectors, NGOs, practitioners, business communities and local residents should
jointly develop the spatial coverage of green infrastructure and expand at different kebeles of
the town based on the proposed structural land use plan and to match with the local, social
and environmental need of the town. They should also determine and compare the existing
green infrastructure with proposed green area coverage to fill the gap by ensuring the
sustainability of the town and implementing the expansion of green infrastructure like public
parks, open spaces, transport corroders, river bank and round about according to the proposed
structural plan of the town.

The town municipality has to conduct awareness creation program among the community
and other stakeholder even for political leaders in order to make them aware of the benefits of
green infrastructure and be motivated and inspired to participate and engage in the practices
of GI development and management.

Sustainable urban green infrastructure development and management program requires the
active participation of stakeholders and the public in its planning and implementation. As the
level of stakeholder‘s participation increases, the level of contribution for development and
sense of ownership increases. Therefore, the municipality should create conducive situation to

87
the integration among residents and other stakeholders in the town; the community based
organization like youth association, business community and other potential stakeholders to
participate in developing, managing consulting, monitoring and evaluation of urban green
infrastructure and the town administration should coordinate the development activities
done by different sectors such as forest and environmental security office, road , water
development sector, electric lines with green infrastructure development.

The municipality of worabe town should create a partnership with community, private sector,
and NGOs to make practical and meaningful contribution in money, resource and knowledge
for the development and management of urban green infrastructure. Besides of this the
town administration could be create a special taxes, and fees for green infrastructure
improvement that target specific groups such as developers and business men for supporting
urban green infrastructure in the town and collect replacement fee from bazaar programs. In
addition the community must pay for replacement cost for their recreation, using for
ceremonial wedding and business men for using advertising their trade marks. Similarly
town administration should give equal attention to green infrastructure with other urban
development activities in allocating the financial and material resource to improve the
development and management of green infrastructure of the town.

The town administration municipality should hire qualified professionals who have good
experience in green infrastructure development and management for the vacant positions
and prepare long term and short term training for the present staff to increase their skills
and to develop and manage the existing green infrastructure. In the town administration,
the political appointed authorities should capacitate by allocating multi-disciplinary
professionals without negligence for environmental issues like other economic, social and
political issues since, it is the component of social issues and good governance.

In order to make the aforementioned by recommendation feasible, coordination and

integration among stakeholders is a fundamental importance to come up with more sound
solutions that consider the interest of all stake holders.

88
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98
 Appendix – A

Hawassa University College of Law and Governance School of Governance

and Development Studies MA in Development Management

Research questionnaire to be filled by research area households

Dear Respondents,

I am a student of Hawassa University College of Law and Governance School of Governance

and Development Studies MA in Development Management.
I am undertaking a thesis in practices and challenges urban green infrastructure development
and management the case Silte Zone worabe town.
Several questions are presented here below in two sections. This Questionnaire is for the
purpose of academic interest to get information concerning the development and management
of green infrastructure in case of worabe town. I kindly request you to read each question
very carefully and put mark to the choice that you think or reflect your opinions. I hope that
your genuine response (willingness) and the information you provide will enable me to give
the real picture. The information you provide will be used for the research purpose only. No
need to write your name.

Thank you in advance for your kind

cooperation.

Part I – Personal
Information

1. Sex : Male Female

2. Age : A. 20-25 year D. 36-40 year G. 51 - 55 year
B. 26-30 year E. 41-45 year H. 56 and above
C. 31-35 year F. 46-50 year
3. Educational Background
A. Below grade 10 D. BA/BSC
B. High school completed E. MA/MSC and above
C. Diploma F. Other
4. Field of study
A. Major----------------------
B. Minor-----------------------------
5. Service year
A. 1-5 years C. 11-15 years E. 21-25 years
B. 6-10 years D. 16-20 years F. 25 years and above
74
 6. Income------------------------------
7. Situated of your organization
A. town-------------------
B. zone----------

8. How many years stay in the study town? Tick you‘re staying time in the below
choice.
.
Years of stay grouped
No. Response 1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12 13-15 More than Total Perce
nt
years years years years years 15 years
Yes
Trust
No
level

Part II – Open and closed ended questions for households

A. Rating table based on worabe town urban green infrastructure benefits. Please put
your priority in the right column of the following table

No Benefits Choic
1 2 3 4 5
8. Climate mitigation
9. Urban quality of life
10. Economic benefits
11. Social value

13. Human health

14. Ecological benefits
15. Recreational benefits

16. Noise reduction

17. Urban esthetic
18. Evaporative cooling
19. Shading
20. Market opportunities

21. If others, specify

75
22. The quality of Silte Zone Worabe Town green infrastructure helps to define
the identity of town which can enhance their attraction for living, working,
investment and tourism.
A. Strongly agree D. Disagree
B. Agree E. Strongly disagree
C. Somewhat agree
23. In question number 22, if your answer is strongly agree, what is
your
perception in the Town?
A. Excellent C. Good E. Ba
B. Very good D. Poor
24. Which location of urban green infrastructure do you repeatedly utilize?
A. At the boarder (around) C. Throughout the urban
B. At the center (inner) D. If other specify
B. Rating based on worabe town urban green infrastructure development and
management challenges that are facing.

Please put rating in the following table

1. Very high 2. High 3. Low 4. Very low

Ratin
N0- Challe g
nges 1 2 3 4

27. Plan and policies implementation related problems

28. Lack of guidelines, rule and regulation/ follow ups

25. Lack of awareness in a community

26. Lack of political leaders commitment

31. Lack of coordination (integration problems) of

organizations
(municipal institutions)
32. Resource scarcity, lack of funding and luck of budget

33. Rapid urbanization

34. Lack of priority for green development

35. Skilled (professional) man power problem

36. Shortage of land in urban areas

76
 37. If others specify----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

38. During the physical planning of the worabe town green infrastructure development
and management of corridors, squares, rivers, open spaces and road sides; the public
and stakeholders participation is

A. Very high C. Low

B. High D. Very low
39. In question number 38, if your answer is very low what are your reason?

A. Lack of awareness D. Lack of political leader‘s commitment

B. Lack of interest E. If others specify
C. Lack of information and access

C. Measurement questions to possible options on challenges that are facing in Silte Zone
Worabe Town urban green infrastructure management and development.

40. In developing and managing urban green infrastructure in worba town, which one
should come first?
A. Awareness Creation
B. Develop and implement guidelines, rules and regulations
C. Done simultaneously
D. If other specify-----------------------------------------------------------

41. To enable better development and management is it advisable that all green
infrastructures in the town are sorted into categories according to their type,
function, location, size and importance?
A. Strongly agree D. Disagree
B. Agree E. Strongly Disagree
C. Somewhat agree
42. How does is the selection of plant species in worabe town according to the soil
type, temperature, water resources and traffic flow?

A. Excellent D. Poor
B. Very good E. Very poor
(bad) C. Good

77
43. Do you agree on the presence of insurance guarantee for the trees and shrub?
A. Yes B. No
44. In question number 43 if your answer is No, please explain the reason------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
45. Suggest possible ways of solving or options for challenges facing urban green
infrastructure development and management in the worabe
town------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

78
 Appendix – B

ሀዋሳ ዩኒቨርሲቲ አስተዳደርና ህግ ኮሌጅ በልማትና እና አስተዳደር ትምህርት ክፍል

በነዋሪዎች የሚሞላ መጠይቅ

እኔ በአሁኑ ሰአት በሀዋሳ ዩኒቨርስቲ በልማትና አስተዳደር ትምህርት ክፍል የሁለተኛ ዲግሪ (የማስተርስ ፕሮግራም)
ተማሪ ስሆን:: የመመረቂያ ጥናቴ የሚያተኩረው በስልጤ ዞን በወራቤ ከተማ የከተማ አረንጓዴ መሰረተ- ልማትና
አስተዳደር ትግበራና ተግዳሮት ላይ ሲሆን የእርስዎ በፈቃደኝነት እና በእውነተኛነት ላይ የተመሰረተ መረጃ በጥናቴ
ላይ ትክክለኛነትን ለማሳየት ስለሚረዳኝ መረጃ በመስጠት እባክዎን ይተባበሩኝ:: በቀረቡት ምርጫዎች መሰረት
በሳጥኖቹ ውስጥ የ ―‖ ምልክት በማስቀመጥ ያመልክቱ:: የሚሰጡኝ መረጃ ከዚሁ ጥናት ውጪ ለሌላ እንደማይውል
ለማረጋገጥ እወዳለሁ:: ስምዎን መጻፍ አይጠበቅብዎትም::
ለትብብርዎ በጣም
አመሰግናለሁ::
ክፍል አንድ – የግልዎ
ሁኔታ
1. ጾታ : ወንድ ሴት
2. እድሜ : ሀ. ከ20 - 25 መ. ከ36 - 40 ሰ. ከ51 - 55
ለ. ከ26 - 30 ሠ. ከ41 - 45 ሸ. 56 እና ከዛ
በላይ ሐ. ከ31 - 35 ረ. ከ46 - 50
3. የትምህርት ደረጃ

ሀ. ከ 10ኛ በታች ሠ.
ዲፕሎማ ለ. 10 ኛ/12ኛ
ያጠናቀቁ ረ. ዲግሪ
ሐ. 10+2 ሰ. ሁለተኛ ዲግሪና ከዛ በላይ
መ. 10+3 ሸ. ሌላ
4. ያጠኑት ትምህርት
ሀ. በዋነኝነት（ሜጀር---------------------- ለ. ማይነር

5. የደሞዝ መጠን----------------------------------
6. በስራዎ ያገለገሉበት ዘመን（አመት）

ሀ. ከ 1 - 5 ሠ. ከ 20 - 25

79
ለ. ከ 6-10 ሐ. ከ 11-15
መ. ከ 16-20 ረ. 25 አመትና በላይ

7. የሚኖሩበት ቦታ
ሀ. ዞን
ለ. ወረዳ/ከተማ አስተደደር----------------
8. በከተማው የቆዩት ጊዜ

በከተማው የነበረው የቆይታ ጊዜ

ተ/ ምላሽ 1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12 13-15 15 ጠቅላለ
ቁ ዓመት የቆይታ
ዓመት ዓመት ዓመት ዓመት ዓመት ጊዜ
በላይ
አዎ
አይደለም

ክፍል ሁለት - የከተማ አረንጓዴ ልማት ከጠቀሜታ አንጻር

1. ስለከተማ አረንጓዴ ቦታዎች ጠቀሜታ ያለዎት ግንዛቤ

ሀ.በጣም ከፍተኛ መ.በጣም ዝቅተኛ
ለ.ከፍተኛ
ሐ.ዝቅተኛ
2. ስለከተማ አረንጓዴ መሰረተ ልማት ጠቀሜታ ካገኙት ግንዛቤ የአየር ንብረት ለውጥ፣ምቹ የኑሮ ሁኔታ

ኢኮኖሚያዊ ጠቀሜታ፣ ማህበራዊ እሴት፣የህዝብ ጤንነት፣የአካባቢ ጥበቃ፣የመዝናኛ፣የከተማ ውበት፣ብክለት

መቀነስ፣የብዝሃ ህይወት መጠለያ፣የገቢ ምንጭና ለሎች የሚሏቸውን በቅደም ተከተል ይዘርዝሩ-----------

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4. ለመዝናናት ወደ ከተማ አረንጓዴ ቦታዎች
የሚመላለሱት ሀ.በየቀኑ
መ.በወር አንድ ቀን ለ.በየሶስት ቀን
ሠ.በየአመቱ ሐ.በሳምንት አንድ ቀን
ረ.ሌላካለ ሐ.ከጓደኛ ጋር
5. ለመዝናኛነት አገልግሎት ላይ እየዋሉ የሚገኙ የአረንጓዴ መሰረተ- ልማት ቦታዎች ከከተማው ፈጣን ዕ ድ ገ ት
አ ን ፃ ር ሀ.በጣም በቂ ናቸው ሐ.በቂ አይደለም
ለ. በቂ ናቸው መ.በጣም በቂ አይደለም

80
ክፍል ሶስት-የከተማ የአረንጓዴ መሰረተ- ልማት ተግዳሮት

1. ስለከተማ አረንጓዴ ቦታዎች ልማት ያለዎት ግንዛቤ

ሀ.በጣም ከፍተኛ መ.በጣም ዝቅተኛ
ለ.ከፍተኛ
ሐ.ዝቅተኛ
2. በከተማው አረንጓዴ መሰረተ ልማት ላይ ካሎት ግንዛቤ ተግዳሮቶች ከሚባሉት ውስጥ የግንዛቤ
እጥረት፣የአመራር ብቃትና ተነሳሽነት ማነስ፣ የህግከለላና ክትትል ማነስ፣የህገወጥ ግንባታ፣ የህዝብ
ተሳትፎ ማነስ፣የተቀናጀ ስራ በተለያዩ ክፍሎች ያለመኖር፣ የህዝብ ብዛት ጥግግት፣የበጀት እጥረት፣
ቅድሚያ ለአረንጓዴ ልማት ትኩረት ያለመስጠት፣ የባለሞያ እጥረት፣ የእቅድ አለመተግበር፣የቦታ ጥበትና
ሌሎች ተግዳሮቶች የሚሏቸውን በቅደም ተከተል ይዘርዝሩ

1。 8。

2。 9。

3。 10。

4。 11。

5。 12。

6。 13。

7。 14。
3. የወራቤ ከተማ አስተዳደር ማዘጋጃ ቤት ውበትና መናፈሻ መ ሰ ረ ተ - ል ማ ት ስራዎችን ለማከናወን
ባስቀመጠው ራእይና ተልዕኮ መሰረት ተግባሩን ተወጥቷል ብለው ያምናሉ？
ሀ.አዎ አምናለሁ ለ.አላምንም
4. በተራ ቁጥር 3 ለመልሶ ምክንያትዎን በአጭሩ ይግለጹ

5. በወራቤ ከተማ በሚደረጉ የመንገድ አከፋፋዮች፣አደባባዮች፣ዳርቻዎችና መናፈሻ ቦታዎች ልማት እቅድ

አዘገጃጀትና አተገባበር ላይ የእርስዎ ተሳትፎ
ሀ.በጣም ከፍተኛ መ.በጣም ዝቅተኛ
ለ.ከፍተኛ ሠ.ምንም ተሳትፎ
የለኝም ሐ.ዝቅተኛ
6. በተራቁጥር 5 ላይ መልሶ ከፍተኛ ወይም በጣም ከፍተኛ ከሆነ ተሳትፎዎ በምን ላይ እንደሆነ በአጭሩ ይግለጹ

81
7. ለመዝናናት ወደከተማ አረንጓዴ ቦታዎች ሲጓዙ ከመኖሪያ ቤትዎ እስከ ፓርኩ ድረስ የሚጓዙበት ርቀት በኪ/ሜትር
ሀ.እስከ ግማሽ ኪ/ሜትር ሐ.ከአንድ እስከ ሁለት ኪ/ሜትር
ለ.እስከ አንድ ኪ/ሜትር መ.ከሁለት ኪ/ሜትር በላይ
8. ለከተማ ነዋሪና ጎብኚዎች አገልግሎት ተብለው በየመንገዱ አከፋፋይ፣አደባባይ፣በወንዝና በመንገድ ዳርቻ
የሚተዉ የአረንጓዴ ቦታዎች ልማት ደረጃቸውን ጠብቀው የለሙ ናቸው ብለውያምናሉ？
ሀ.አዎ አምናለው ለ.አላምንም
9. በተራ ቁጥር 8 ላይ መልስዎ አላምንም ከሆነ ደረጃቸውን ጠብቀው ያለሙበት ምክንያቶች ናቸው
የሚሏቸውን በቅደምተከተል ይዘርዝሯቸው
ሀ.
ለ.
ሐ.
መ
.

.
10. ለአረንጓዴ ቦታዎች እንክብካቤና ጥበቃ ተጠብቀው እንዲተዳደሩ የህግ ከለላ
መኖሩን ሀ.በጣም እስማማለው ሐ.በጥቂቱ እስማማለው
ለ.እስማማለው መ.ምንም አልስማማም

11. በተራቁጥር 10 መልሶ ምንም አልስማማም ከሆነ ምክንያትዎን በአጭሩ ይግለጹ

12. የአረንጓዴ መሰረተ- ልማት ቦታዎችን ልማትና አስተዳደር የሚመሩ ማዘጋጃቤታዊ አመራሮችና
ባለሙያዎች አሰራር፣ብቃትና ትግበራን እንዴት ይመለከቱታል？
ሀ.በጣም ከፍተኛ መ.ዝቅተኛ
ለ.ከፍተኛ ሠ.በጣም
ዝቅተኛ ሐ.መካከለኛ
13. በተራቁጥር 14 ላይ መልስዎ ዝቅተኛና በጣም ዝቅተኛ ከሆነ ምክንያቶቹ ምንድን ናቸው ብለው
ያምናሉ？
በአጭሩ ይግለጹ

ክፍልአራት - የከተማ አረንጓዴ መሰረተ ልማት ቦታዎች ላይ ለሚታይ ተግዳሮት የመፍትሄ ሀሳብ

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 1. ከተማችን በአረንጓዴ ልማትና ውበት ተመራጭ ከተማ ሆና እንድትገኝ ምንምን መደረግ አለበት ብለው
ያምናሉ
ሀ.በመስተዳደ በኩል

ለ.በነዋሪ በኩል

ሐ.በባለሃብቱ（በነጋዴዎች）በኩል

መ.በየደረጃው በባለሙያዎች በኩል

ሠ.በት/ቤቶች፣በዩኒቨርስቲዎችና በሌሎች ተቋማት በኩል

ረ.በሌሎች አካላት አገርበቀልና አለምአቀፍ መንግስታዊ ያልሆኑ ድርጅቶች በኩል

2. የከተማ አረንጓዴ ተክሎች የተለያየ አደጋ በሚደርስባቸው ጊዜ በአስተማማኝ ሁኔታ

የሚመለሱበት አሰራር እንዲኖር የኢንሹራንስ አገልግሎት ቢገባላቸው
ሀ.እስማማለው ለ.አልስማማም
3. በተራቁጥር 2 ላይ መልስዎ አልስማማም ከሆነ ምክንያትዎን በአጭሩ ያብራሩ

4. የከተማ አረንጓዴ መሰረተ- ልማትና አስተዳደር አስፈላጊነትና ጠቀሜታውን በተገቢው ሁኔታ

በባለድርሻ አካላት ዘንድ ግንዛቤ ለመፍጠር በምን መልኩ ቢሆን ይመረጣል ይላሉ？በደረጃ
ያስቀምጡ

ደረጃ
ዘዴዎች
ዝቅተኛ
እጅግ በጣም ተመራጭ በጣም ተመራጭ መካከለኛ ተመራጭ ተመራጭ
በሬዲዮና ቴሌቪዥን

በውይይት መድረኮች
የተለያዩ ጽሁፎች
በማዘጋጀት

83
 በማስታወቂያ
ሰሌዳዎች በመለጠፍ

ሌላካለ ይዘርዝሩ

5. የከተማ አረንጓዴ መሰረተ- ልማትና አስተዳደር ተሳትፎ ላይ የባለድርሻ አካላት（ህብረተሰቡን）ሊያበረታቱ

ይችላሉ የሚሏቸውን ጉዳዮች በቅደምተከተል ይዘርዝሩ------------------------------------------------------------
6．አጠቃላይ ስለከተማው የአረንጓዴ መሰረተ-ልማት ተግዳሮቶች፣ የራስዎን አስተያየት በቅደምተከተል ይዘርዝሩ---
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

84
Appendix -C
HAWASSA UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF GOVERNANCE AND

LAW

DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGMENT

STUDIES

List of questions for interviews with business communities, municipal experts, and
managers. These questions are for the purpose of academic interest to get information
about the the practices and challenges of urban green infrastructure development and
management in Silte Zone Worabe Town Administration
I appreciate your collaboration for reflecting your opinions about the challenges facing on
urban green infrastructure development and management by giving limited time.

Part I – Person
information

1. Sex----------------------------
2. age-----------------------------------
3. Educational back ground---------------------
4. Field of study----------------------------

85
5. Occupation-----------------------------Position------------------------
6. Income-------------------------
7. Service year----------------------------

Part II. Discussion Points

1. Can you explain the practices of urban green infrastructure socially,
economically and environmentally in your town?
2. How do you observe the practice development and management situation of green
infrastructure in your town?
3. How experts are there in town administration municipality concerning green infrastructure?

Job Title Needed Currently existing Remark

Qualification Number Qualification Number

Total

86
 4. How often the green areas are maintained?

5. How much budget is allocated for the last five years for green infrastructure
development and management in your worabe town adminstration?

Year Allocated budget for green areas

Planned Actual

2008E.C

2009 E.C

2010 E.C

2011 E.C

2012 E.C

6. How are the main stakeholders participating and will participate in worabe town?

Year in Major-stakeholders Number of participant

E.C Planned Actual
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Average

7. Which institutions ( government, non-government and community based) are involved

in practices of green infrastructure development, planning and management? Name these
organizations

87
 8. Do local regulation, ordinances, etc. exist for open space, t r a n s p o r t c o r r
o d e r , p u b l i c p a r k river bank area… if so, please provide examples of
these.

9. Are the different documents for example The Environmental policy of Ethiopia
proclamation No, 9/1995, The town clean, beautification and Green Plan (2004),
Integrated Urban infrastructure and Service planning manual (2006), the urban plan
proclamation No. 574/2008, the recent growth and transformation plan, the
Ethiopian cities initiative Building Green, Resilient and well Governed cities,
2013/14/2025 (2014), Ministry of urban Development and Housing; Ethiopia Nation
urban Green Infrastructure standard (2015) etc. are followed and applied?-----------------
--------------------------------------------------

10. Can you describe present development and management of green area or space based on
National Urban Green Infrastructure standards?

11. How attend awareness concerning green area benefits, problems, management and
developments in worabe town?

Year Number of participants Percent

Planned Actual
2008 E.C
2009E.C
2010 E.C
2011 E.C
2012 E.C
Total

88
 12.How can you describe the challenges that are facing urban green areas development and
management in regard to people awareness, community participation, standards and
manuals, presence of rule and regulation, presence of skilled man power, preparation of
source availability, political leadership commitment, plan implementation,
organization of integration priority and others of urban green areas in worabe town? -------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------
13. How do you explain the quality of green infrastructure in helping to define the identity
of town which can enhance their attraction for living, working, investment and tourism?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------
------------------------
14. How can you describe to enable better development and management advisable that
all
green infrastructure sorted into categories according to their type, function,
location, size and importance?

15/. What is you filling the gap between the GI coverage planed and actually exist on the
ground?

16. Suggest possible ways of solving or options for challenges facing urban green
infrastructure development and management in the worabe town?

Thank you for your cooperation!!

89
 Appendix E
Field Observation Checklist

No Green infrastructure Response Date of Remark

area observation
Very high, high,
very low, low
1 Transport corridors
2 Road side
3 Road square
4 Small square
5 River bank
6 Park
7 Developed and managed
by public
8 Developed and managed
by Private
9 Developed and managed
by mosque and Church
10 Developed and managed
by Municipality
11 Fenced and planned
12 Changed to other
purposes
13 Used for dump site for
solid waste
14 20/50 radius

90