AN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN THESIS REPORT

ON

DESERT RESORT, CHOLISTAN

Submitted to The University of Lahore in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Award of Degree of:
BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE (B. ARCH)

BY

AYESHA RAZA
70074248

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE, PAKISTAN
August 2021

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am grateful to Dr. Tauseef Ahmad and Ar. Zeeshan Asim for guiding me and providing me

with all the required facilities for research. I am also thankful to Ar. Wasim Khan, Ar. Sumbal

Kashif And Ar. Umer Zia for their expertise, valuable guidance and encouragement that they

extended towards me. I thank my parents and my friends for their selfless support throughout

my project.

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 ABSTRACT

The resort bears a fundamental position in the desert site spotted with flat surface and water-

carved land. The resort features a program covering 32 acres of land: 85 suites with various

views and characteristics, common areas such as swimming pools, fitness center, and

private/public dining areas, amongst other functions. To capture the desert landscape, strong

simple geometries backdrop the rough textured mud brick finish, at times taking on the role of

viewer while at others mixing impeccably into it, allowing the natural outlines to inform the

nature of the man-made construct.

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 DECLARATION

This is to certify that the thesis, entitled “DESERT RESORT, CHOLISTAN” which is

submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor degree in Architecture of University

of Lahore, Lahore comprises only my original work and due acknowledgement has been made

in the text to all other material used. The thesis has not been submitted for the award of any

other degree.

Date: August, 2021 Name: Ayesha Raza

Registration No.:70074248

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis, entitled “Desert Resort, Cholistan” which is submitted by

Ayesha Raza - 70074248 in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor

Degree in Architecture of the University of Lahore, Lahore is carried out by her under my

supervision.

Ar. Zeeshan Asim Ar. Wasim Rafi Khan

Head of Department Head Thesis Supervisor

Ar. Sumbal Kashif

Thesis Co-Ordinator

Ar. Umer Zia

Thesis Co-Ordinator

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Title ……………………………………………………………….....…….……...9
1.2 Thesis Statement ………………………………………………………….....…….………9
1.3 Project Description ………………………………………………………….....….…...….9
1.4 Project Background ………………………………………………………….….....…...…9
1.5 Client …………………………………………………………………………..…....…….9
1.6 Objectives ……………………………………………………………………..……..........9

CHAPTER 2: DATA COLLECTION

2.1 Historical Context…………………………………………………………………......….10
2.1.1 Roman Empire: Baths ………………………………………………………….......10
2.1.2 Europe: Spas …………………………………………………………………….....10
2.1.3 North America: Hotels ………………………………………………………..........11
2.1.4 Asia: Resorts …………………………………………………………………….....11
2.2 Types of Resorts…………………………………………………………………….........12
2.2.1 Desert Resort ……………………………………………………………….….......12
2.2.2 Beach Resort ………………………………………………………………….........12
2.2.3 Golf Resort …………………………………………………………………….......12
2.2.4 Ski Resort …………………………………………………………………….........12
2.2.5 Mountain Resort ……………………………………………………………….......12
2.3 Deserts in Pakistan ………………………………………………………………….........12
2.4 Introduction to Cholistan…………………………………………………………………13
2.4.1 Culture …………………………………………………………………………......13
2.4.2 Dialect ………………………………………………………………………......…13
2.4.3 Arts & Crafts …………………………………………………………………........13
2.4.4 Jeep Rally …………………………………………………………………….........14
2.4.5 Forts ……………………………………………………………………………......14
2.5 Local Architecture ………………………………………………………………….........15

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 2.5.1 Construction of Derawar Fort ...................................................................................15
2.5.2 Vernacular Architecture ...........................................................................................15
2.5.3 Building material, form & spaces .............................................................................16
2.5.4 Water ........................................................................................................................17
2.5.5 Sun ............................................................................................................................18
2.5.6 Soil ............................................................................................................................18
2.5.8 Thermal Comfort ......................................................................................................19
2.6 Construction Techniques ...................................................................................................19
2.6.1 Thatch roof with mud walls .......................................................................................19
2.6.2 Protection from wind and sun ...................................................................................20
2.6.3 Zoning & Orientation ................................................................................................23
2.6.4 Summer & Winter sun ..............................................................................................23
2.6.5 Insulations & Openings ............................................................................................23
2.6.6 Doors & Windows ....................................................................................................23
2.6.7 Courtyards & Verandahs ..........................................................................................23
2.6.8 Waterbodies ..............................................................................................................23

CHAPTER 3: CASE STUDIES

3.1 Dusai Resort & Spa ............................................................................................................24
3.2 Mandawa Resort ................................................................................................................30
3.3 Amangiri Resort ................................................................................................................35

CHAPTER 4: SITE DOCUMENTATION & ANALYSIS

4.1 Cholistan & its context .......................................................................................................40
4.2 Selection of sites ................................................................................................................41
4.3 Proposed sites ....................................................................................................................42
4.3.1 Site no.1 ....................................................................................................................42
4.3.2 Site no. 2 ...................................................................................................................42
4.4 Selected site .......................................................................................................................43
4.4.1 Location ....................................................................................................................43
4.4.2 Area ..........................................................................................................................43

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 4.4.3 Site & Neighborhood Context ...................................................................................43
4.4.4 Utilities .....................................................................................................................43
4.4.5 Flora ..........................................................................................................................44
4.4.6 Sun path ....................................................................................................................44
4.4.7 Climate .....................................................................................................................44
4.4.8 Geomorphology ........................................................................................................45
4.4.9 Water Resources .......................................................................................................46
4.4.10 Wind .......................................................................................................................47
4.4.11 Views ......................................................................................................................48

CHAPTER 5: BUILDING PROGRAM

5.1 Outline ...............................................................................................................................51
5.2 Spaces ................................................................................................................................51
5.2.1 Accommodation .......................................................................................................51
5.2.2 Restaurant .................................................................................................................52
5.2.3 Front of the house ......................................................................................................52
5.2.4 Back of the house ......................................................................................................52
5.2.5 Recreational Area .....................................................................................................53
5.2.6 Parking ......................................................................................................................53
5.2.7 Total Covered Area ...................................................................................................53
5.3 Division of Area .................................................................................................................53

CHAPTER 6: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

6.1 Design Development .........................................................................................................55
6.2 Zoning ............................................................................................................................... 56
6.3 Relationship Diagram ........................................................................................................58
6.4 Form Development ............................................................................................................58

CHAPTER 7: REFERENCES
7.1 References/ Bibliography ..................................................................................................60

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 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROJECT TITLE
Desert Resort, Cholistan.

1.2 THESIS STATEMENT

Even though there are many forts, mosques and palaces in the desert, still people hesitate to visit
Cholistan due to accommodation issues. The solution is to design a resort that will lodge the tourists.

1.3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The resort will have luxurious dwellings for visitors from around the country and around the world. It
will provide sumptuous accommodations to the tourists. The design of the building will introduce the
cultural heritage of the desert to the world and create awareness of the rich history of Nawabs. The
focus of the project is to promote local lifestyle and development. The desert proposes different
challenges than constructing in a plain area. This desert resort will explore desert architecture while
promoting tourism and local culture of the area.

1.4 PROJECT BACKGROUND

Cholistan desert, at present, consists of 12-14 tourist attractions which consist of mosques, forts and
graveyards. But even then, very few people visit these spots. The reason is that there are no hotels there
for tourists to stay. They have to travel long ways just to see one or two of the forts. Designing a resort
will allow people to discover the desert without worrying about having to rush back to the city while
the sun is still up and for those who come from long distances only to explore the riches of the desert.
The resort will also have amenities so families can take breaks from their busy lives and get together to
enjoy the extravagances, especially when the night view of desert is spectacular.

1.5 CLIENT
The client of the project will be PAKISTAN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
(PTDC) which is a government group. Its objective is to promote and develop tourism in Pakistan.

1.6 OBJECTIVE
- to promote the cultural heritage of the desert.
- to spread awareness of the riches of the desert.
- To facilitate the visitors.

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 CHAPTER 2: DATA COLLECTION
2.1 HISTORICAL CONTEXT
2.1.1 ROMAN EMPIRE: BATHS
The origin of resorts can be traced back to the second century B.C. to the public baths of Rome.
The first baths were small, modest and separated the genders. Eventually, the baths became
larger, more elaborate and were opened to both men and women. Most baths were free but few
had small entrance fees. Baths were much like resorts of today because of all the amenities
offered at their location. As the Roman Empire expanded most baths were built or located on
sites with mineral hot springs.
Greeks associated these Hot Springs with the gods and built sacred wells and alters on this site.

Fig. 2.1.1 – Public Roman Bath

2.1.2 EUROPE: SPA
The first noteworthy resort area was developed in Belgium in 1326 in a town now called Spa.
An ironmaster, named Colin le Loup, was cured of a long- term illness when he bathed in the
iron-rich waters near Liege. He opened a shelter there and the town surged in popularity.

Fig 2.1.2 - Spa

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Spa means Fountain. The popularity of spas and resorts in England is a result of King Charles
II visiting trendy hot spots in the 1600s. Many English spas are unique because they have
gambling and dancing. Spas also became popular because of the medical benefits that were
attributed to them such as waters that were rich in certain minerals and could cure ailments.
The Swiss resort industry was developed in the 1800s to aid the need of private resort facilities
for more prosperous people.
At the time, travel was not simple. People who travelled stayed for long periods of time, up to
two months to get the best value for their travel expenses. Hotel Baur au Lac, built in Zurich,
was the first to utilize the value of a scenic view.
2.1.3 NORTH AMERICA: HOTELS
Like Europe, North American hotels were developed around spas in the late 1800s. The first
resorts were built first in the east in Virginia, New York and West Virginia. Shortly after,
seaside resorts became popular. The first luxury resort was built in 1829 in Boston. It was
called the Tremont House.

Fig 2.1.3 - Hotel

2.1.4 ASIA: RESORT
Predate those of Europe. Not for public access – resorts were built by Emperors for their family
and associates. These Resorts were used as spiritual and recuperative retreats and venues. Basic
construction follows the principles of Feng Shui (a system of laws considered to govern spatial
arrangement and orientation in relation to the flow of energy/chi.)

Fig 2.1.4 – Spa Resort

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2.2 TYPES OF RESORTS
2.2.1 DESERT RESORT
A resort settled amidst of a desert, which lets you enjoy the scenic beauty of the desert while
providing a comfortable rather luxurious shelter. You can enjoy all the desert experiences as
well as avail the recreational facilities of the resort.
2.2.2 BEACH RESORT
Beach resorts are located on or within short distance from a major beach. Many beach resorts
have activities that include scuba diving and boating. Some even have their own site beach,
especially for guests.
2.2.3 GOLF RESORT
Golf resorts include resorts that either have an on-site golf course or are located within a
reasonable distance from one or more golf courses. Some accommodations at these resorts will
come with golf passes to allow guests to play the course.
2.2.4 SKI RESORT
Ski resorts are located within or close to a ski village. Many ski resorts have other activities to
engage in besides skiing and snowboarding, such as snowmobiling, sledding, horse drawn
sleds, dog-sledding, ice-skating, indoor swimming, spas, saunas, etc.
2.2.5 MOUNTAIN RESORT
Mountain resorts are located on or at the base of a mountain. Activities include down-hill
skiing, snowmobiling, spas, saunas and more.

2.3 DESERTS IN PAKISTAN

Fig 2.3 – Deserts in Pakistan

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2.4 INTRODUCTION TO CHOLISTAN
2.4.1 CULTURE
The culture of Cholistan desert stands out completely. Men wear bright colored turbans and
the women wear bright colored clothes with very discreet embroidery which is basically the
specialty of this area. The Indus civilization was the earliest center of ceramics, and thus the
pottery of Cholistan has a long history. Local soil is very fine and suitable for making pottery.
The fineness of the earth can be observed on the Kacha houses which are actually plastered
with mud but look like they have been white washed. The chief Cholistani ceramic articles are
their surahies, piyalas, glasses, remarkable for their lightness and fine finishing. In the early
times only, the art of pottery and terracotta developed, but from the seventh century onwards,
a large number of temples and images were also built on account of the intensified religious
passions and the accumulation of wealth in cities. The building activity reached to such an
extent that some cities actually became city temples. In fact, the area particularly came to be
known for its forts, villas, palaces, havelis, gateways, fortifications, and city walls.

Fig 2.4.1 – Attire of Cholistani Women

2.4.2 DIALECT
Saraiki is an Indo-Aryan speech and is spoken in Cholistan. It suffered a great loss when the
Saraiki-speaking Hindus migrated to India. The Seraiki language is dominant there which is a
flavor of Lahnda dialect or Lahnda Languages grouping. Many Sufi poets and saints belong to
this region such as Khawaja Ghulam Farid who wrote a lot of poetry in the Seraiki language
and helped the culture of this place to nurture.
2.4.3 ARTS & CRAFTS
A super quality carpet wool is produced in the area. Beautiful rugs, carpets and other winter
items are made out of it. Blankets are also made to meet the demand of harsh winter as the
temperature falls below up to freezing point. The wool got from sheep is sold to get the
revenue. Different types of textile products are produced in the region e.g. Khaddar fabrics and
fine quality khaddar bedclothes are made here. In the winters as animals are less in numbers
and the weather becomes harsh, they switch to various artistic crafts such as cloth weaving,

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pottery and leatherwork. Pottery industry is thriving here due to its rich soil and different
products like pitchers, Surahies, glasses and piyalas.

Fig 2.4.3 – Clay work

2.4.4 JEEP RALLY
Every year, people from around the world gather in Cholistan in mid-February to enjoy and
participate in the Jeep rally which is a 3-day long event.

Fig 2.4.4 – Jeep Rally Event

2.4.5 FORTS
One comes across a chain of forts, built at 29 km intervals when traveling in the Cholistan
Desert, which probably served as guard posts for the camel caravan routes. There were three
rows of these forts. The first line of forts began from Phulra and ended in Lera, the second
from Rukhanpur to Islamgarh, and the third from Bilcaner to Khaploo. They were built with
double walls of gypsum blocks and mud. Some of them date back to 1000 BC, and were
destroyed and rebuilt many times, now in ruins.

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 Fig 2.4.5 – Derawar Fort

2.5 LOCAL ARCHITECTURE

2.5.1 CONSTRUCTION OF DERAWAR FORT
This fort was first constructed in mud. The original mud fort consists of an atrium in the north
eastern side of the present fort. The present fort is constructed on the foundations of the mud
fort. Floor level inside the fort is 20’ high. To reach this height ramps are used. Derawar went
under reconstruction in almost every era. Daoud potras gave it its present from. The Nawaz
Mubarak Khan reconstructed the mud fort into something more concrete. Bricks were made of
locally available clay of 1” thickness. These were used to consolidate the outer wall,
transformed through ages the present fort an area of 35 acres of land approximately. The
Nawab palace is built adjacent to the fort where the Nawabs used to come and stay during their
brief visits. The famous Abbasi mosque is also present next to the mosque. The Royal
graveyard is where the members of the royal family are buried.

Fig 2.5.1 – Bird eye view of Derawar Fort

2.5.2 VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

The architectural heritage of Pakistan is not only rich. Extremely varied heritage can be seen
in all different regions of the county. Climate, site and constraints of material and technology
does not determine the form of the dwellings but also reflects an image of an ideal life.
Architecture here takes a form which is most deeply rooted in the context in which it grows
and is closely associated with the people who make it. The vernacular architecture of Cholistan
responds to the land-form and the climate. It makes the best use of available materials.

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2.5.3 BUILDING MATERIAL, FORM & SPACES
The use of locally available good quality and durable materials such as wood, stone and mud
and other climate responsive materials is extensive.
Climatic factors brought the demand of open spaces. This created a variety of spatial situations
in around living areas of Cholistan just for climatic reasons, several activities take place outside
a house and there is a definite need for such external spaces. The forms of the smaller elements
are often curvilinear contrasting with the flat plain walls. The surface finish is smooth in
contrast without the rough floor. The houses are constructed out of mud brick which are usually
sun dried. Rectangular rooms are arranged in geometric pattern around the courtyard. Shape
of a building affects the ventilation.
Courtyards are a very important part of construction in Cholistan. All the surrounding rooms
open only into the court. The closed periphery of the rooms works well in the dry climate and
the house is well protected against sandstorms. Interior is very less finished with little
decoration in traditional manner.

Fig 2.5.3(a) - Material

Fig 2.5.3(b) – Material and form

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 Fig 2.5.3(c) - Spaces
2.5.4 WATER
Cholistan, once a green and prosperous land with the source of water being the ancient Hakra
River was the cradle of great Hakra Valley Civilization, also known as the Indus Valley
Civilization. In 600 BC, the Hakra river became irregular in its flow and consequently dried
up, and the same was true for most of the life.
There is no water supply, or drainage system in these villages. The water has to be brought
from the village well and therefore water storage assumes great. The people collect water in
man-made ponds called tobas. The tobas are lined with compact soil patches to prevent seepage
or absorption. The tobas meet the drinking water need for nomads and their livestock. The
water is also used for agriculture. This water lasts for 4 months, most of which is evaporated
due to high temperature.
Tobas are very important in the pastoral life style in Cholistan desert. They are not only source
of drinking water but also the plants present in vicinity used as fodder and for other purposes.
Herbs and trees are most abundant along the boundary of water body while number of shrubs
is increasing with increase of distance from water body. These plant species have many uses
such as timber, fire, wood, medicines etc. These species present in vicinity of Toba is on
decline due to over grazing. It is recommended to introduce new palatable species near to the
Tobas that can flourish in monsoon season to provide fodder for cattle. Such introduction of
ethno-ecologically important plant species for pastoralism can be helpful for reducing grazing
pressure on few of the available browsed species.

Fig 2.5.4 – Toba in the desert

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2.5.5 SUN
The main method of electricity supply is through the local energy grid. In case of absence of
local power, the best method to provide electricity is by using solar panels.
An OFF-GRID SYSTEM is not connected to the electricity grid and therefore requires battery
storage. Off-grid solar systems must be designed appropriately so that they will generate
enough power throughout the year and have enough battery capacity to meet the requirements.
It works by generating electricity from solar panels and using it to charge a solar battery via a
charger controller.
In an off-grid system there is no connection to the public electricity grid. Once solar power is
used by the appliances in your property, any excess power will be sent to your battery bank.
Once the battery is full it will stop receiving power from the solar system. When your solar
system is not working (night time), your appliances will draw power from the batteries.

Fig 2.5.5 – Off Grid solar system

2.5.6 SOIL
Derawar fort is present in the Lesser Cholistan where alluvial soil is present.
Alluvium is loose soil (clay, silt, sand, gravel, etc. that is eroded and carried in suspension by
flood or river water before being deposited. The material of alluvium may not be formed
together into solid rock and can be picked up and carried away by moving water before being
deposited elsewhere when the water flow slows down. The fine-grained fertile soil that is
deposited by water that flows over flood plains or river beds is known as alluvial soil. In such
situation, single-story buildings do not require any foundation. However, multi-story buildings
may need raft or pile foundation.

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2.5.7 THERMAL COMFORT
Providing thermal comfort needs observing cooling and heating demands of a building. In
order to provide comfort in hot regions the primary concern is providing cooling demands of
residents which requires much energy and cost. So, learning about principles and basics of
generating thermal comfort and different methods of providing sustainable energy is the
essential and primary step for finding designing solutions for a resort.
• Active Method: the large amount of consumed energy in this method (about 65%
to 75%) is provided from renewable energy resources such as sun, wind, water,
etc. and their influential needed energy is provided by non-fossil resources and
a bit portion (about 25% to 35%) is provided from fossil energies. However, for
transferring reserved thermal energy to consuming places, mechanical methods
are used. An example is solar collectors of warm water in which solar energy is
received naturally and its produced thermal energy is carried to other parts of the
building through a fan.
• Passive Method: through this method, large amount of energy namely 90% is
provided from natural and sustainable resources and mechanical method is used
very little in the form of mere a fan or a small pump for transferring received
energy. One example of those systems enjoying passive method is solar window,
water roof, greenhouse space which is labeled as passive solar systems. Passive
solar systems are those systems which use natural renewable energy resources
for cooling and heating in order to provide structural comfort in building and use
very little mechanical tools just for transferring collected energy.
Building Structure: General volume and building structure (proportion of surface to volume)
are very influential in thermal energy exchange. Generally speaking coolness leads to
compactness of building and much solar radiation leads to building stretching in east-west
direction.
• In cold regions, closed and compact forms and cubic buildings or concentrated
buildings are preferable.
• In temperate regions, choosing the form is more open; however, building
stretches from east to west.
• In hot and dry regions, compact and cubic forms are more appropriate.
Moreover, making a hole in the form of central courtyard accompanying
shading trees and basins provide a more desirable climate.
• In hot and humid regions much, solar radiation in east and west makes it
essential for the building to be stretched and situated in east-west direction.

2.6 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

2.6.1 THATCH ROOF WITH MUD WALLS
Thatch consists of the mainly twigs from the food grains, which are jowar, bajra or millet.
Walls are plastered with mud every year and at times painted over with a few earthy colors.

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Mud bricks are made using a mold and then laying them in the sun. Sun dried brick are used
for the construction of the wall and then plastered over with mud.
Roof more than other parts of the building is under influence of climatic elements. In very hot
regions roof may be the main source of heating warm indoor air. External surface of the roof
is under the most fluctuation of temperature and solar radiation. The main factors determining
thermal characteristics of coherent and solid roofs are external color, thermal resistance and
capacity of materials. The influence of color of external surface of roof is dependent on roof
temperature, thermal resistance and capacity of materials.
Construction techniques generally used “COB”. In these methods a large lump is roughly
molded into the shape of a huge elongated egg. The usual size is anything between 12 to 18
inches. 30-40cm long and 6 inches in diameter. A row of these cobs of mud are laid nearly side
by side. Preferably somewhat pressed together. Then another row of cobs is laid on top.

Fig 2.6.1 – Construction technique

2.6.2 PROTECTION FROM WIND & SUN
Living rooms are placed at front. The bedrooms are placed on the north and east sides to keep
the space cool and maintain thermal comfort. Window openings face the east to attain
maximum sun light in winter, and to avoid the intense sunlight during the hot summer days.

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The heat absorbed by external surfaces of a building is transferred after some changes to
interior surfaces and finally increases indoor temperature. When a wall is exposed to solar
radiation, it reflects a portion of solar energy and absorbs the remaining. The amount of
absorbed heat is dependent on materials used for walls. When absorbed heat and velocity of
heat transfer is more than thickness of the wall, influence of solar radiation on indoor heat will
be greater. So, for controlling indoor temperature, recognizing and studying the materials used
in building body in respect to the way of heat transfer is very important.
• By help of trees:

• By help of Jaalis:

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 • By building placement:

The houses are placed in close proximity to each other in different directions. This allows wind
to pass through easily.
Rectangular rooms are arranged in geometric pattern around courtyards. Compact building
form helps better against sun and also uses less wall area. In the winter, close placement helps
keep the temperature down.

Fig 2.6.2 – Huts placement in Cholistan

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2.6.3 ZONING & ORIENTATION
Zoning of spaces according to activities living and other areas are places at front. Bedrooms
are placed where sun radiation does not meet during day to keep space cool and maintain
thermal comfort. Major living spaces are orientated to the cool, protected eastern exposure to
the desire for solar heat & natural light put great emphasis on the design.
2.6.4 SUMMER & WINTER SUN
To give plenty of shading and maximize daytime ventilation, houses faced usually east
especially in Derawar village to attain maximum sun light in winter, and to avoid the intense
sunlight during the hot summer days from the south.
2.6.5 INSULATION & OPENINGS
A layer of earth on the ceiling acts as insulation. In some instances, bales are used as structural
elements. They also provide good insulation. One way to do this is to recess the window or
door so that the depth of the wall shades much of the opening or using jaalis.
2.6.6 DOORS & WINDOWS
Massive wooden doors are used. Shades protect the window from both sun and wind. Surface
area of operable windows in eastern constructions should be the minimum because it increases
overheating. Use of horizontal awnings like balconies is essential.
2.6.7 COURTYARDS & VERANDAHS
The courtyards and verandahs ease the flow of air for better cooling effect and ventilation.
2.6.7 WATERBODIES
Houses are provided with small water bodies and plants which act as cooling source.

Fig 2.6.7 – Children enjoying in their in-home pond

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 CHAPTER 3: CASE STUDIES
3.1 DUSAI RESRT & SPA

Fig 3.1 – Entrance deck

Location: Sylhet, Bangladesh
DuSai was originally a vacation house used by the owner Naser Rahman’s family, which was
later transformed into a resort offering residential and recreational facilities surrounded by a
serene wilderness.
3.1.1 SITE PLAN

Fig 3.1.1 – Site plan

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3.1.2 RESTAURANT PLAN

Fig 3.1.2 – Restaurant plan

3.1.3 MAIN HOTEL PLAN

Fig 3.1.3 – Suites plan

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3.1.4 VILLAS AND SPA PLAN

Fig 3.1.4 – Suites and spa plan

3.1.5 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

Fig 3.1.5 – Form development

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3.1.6 NOTABLE FEATURES
The architect acknowledged the importance of not disturbing the existing forest and hills and
thus, designed the resort in such a way that used the natural open spaces for built forms and
hamper the terrain as less as possible.

Fig 3.1.6(a) – Site section

Conscious of the dominant presence of nature, architects let the plan be guided by site contour
and built small and scattered structures on the slopes. Structures were built on stilts with
minimal contact with the ground and therefore, it kept the topographical balance intact.
The elongated thatch roof is a distinctive feature and the clusters of built forms around a
courtyard remind us of our age-old rural architecture which not only responds to the local
climate, but also pays tribute to our tradition. RCC frame structures were used to cope with the
flaky soil and steel, mud tile, and Chan (sun grass) was deployed on the roof for easing the
load.

Fig 3.1.6(b) - Restaurant

By obtaining the construction materials from local businessmen and employing building
expertise from the surrounding neighborhood, the project built a symbiotic relationship with
the locality. Tea plantation workers and local people were employed to maintain and prepare
the site during the construction building period of the project.

27
 Fig 3.1.6(c) - Suites
The natural drainage flow was left undisturbed as most buildings were placed on stilts. Two
existing ponds were left unaltered and a lake excavated in the lowland of the site. Rainwater
can pass naturally as little changes had been done along the way.

Fig 3.1.6(d) – Lake side suites

From an unwillingness to cut down trees, the architects placed the cottages and small structures
in the spaces between trees, and they only had to trim seven trees. Instead, 300 trees were
planted in the site.
This project set the standard on sustainable architecture for its minimalist approach to nature,
low energy consumption, locally produced and handcrafted materials, the involvement of

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people from the neighborhood, natural ventilation and water flow, and from an operational
perspective as well.
3.1.7 SECTIONS

Fig 3.1.7 – Site sections

3.1.8 VIEWS

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3.1.9 ANALYSIS
• The site is respected. Existing features such as contours and plantation are kept
into consideration. Only 7 existing trees were cut down and instead 300 were
planted.
• Use of local material can be seen throughout the project which is cost effective.
• The local tradition is kept in mind, such as the courtyards surrounded by clusters
of building are a tribute to the ancestral architecture.
• The project is highly sustainable with low energy consumption and natural
ventilation due to the use of thatched roofs, wide openings, mud tiles and sun
grass.
3.1.10 CONCLUSION
• The hot climate of the site can be catered by surrounding the design with
landscape.
• Views can be provided by adding lakes and ponds to the design. These will also
help in keeping the temperature down.
• Cost can be greatly reduced by using local material.
• Using existing trees can cut down on cost.

3.2 MANDAWA DESERT RESORT

Fig 3.2 – Main entrance

Location: Rajasthan, India

The resort is built at the top of a sand dune flanking the acres of desert landscape. It is a verdant
oasis in the midst of a desert, offering panoramic views all around.

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3.2.1 SITE PLAN

Fig 3.2.1 – Site plan

3.2.2 COTTAGES PLAN

Fig 3.2.2 – Suites plan

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3.2.3 ZONING

Fig 3.2.3 Site zoning

3.2.4 MATERIALS
• In this project, mud is mainly used.
• Locally available material is used for construction.
• Walls are erected by the use of locally sun-dried bricks, which were made on-site.
• Local sandstone used for door/window frames. For brackets, lintel and roof slabs.
• Concentric circle with bamboo strips holding the straw together.
• The indigenous cooling system, khas taati window unit system.
• Thatched roof, made by grass present on site.
• Stone slab polished and paint.
• Wooden door and windows.
• Timber.

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3.2.5 NOTABLE FEATURES
All locally available materials are used which are also recyclable, provide sustainability and
energy efficiency.

Fig 3.2.5(a) - Suites

Form is based on circle and rectangle. Circular form for suites where users spend more time to create
indoor thermal comfort.

Fig 3.2.5(b) - Suites

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Existing landscape is retained and made part of the design by placing the building blocks around.
Planning of the resort incorporates built environment with open spaces.

Fig 3.2.5(c)

Horizontal circulation is provided by considering visual axis form entrance point from where the whole
resort can be seen (which defines clarity in circulation).
The entry of the resort is through a gateway with clear focal point where one can see the clusters of
mud huts in the framework of a typical style gateway. After one enters the entrance lobby the reception
and office is just adjacent to main entry from where visitors can easily access the restaurant, bar and
huts.

Fig 3.2.5(d) – Bird eye view

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Verandahs are provided throughout the design to keep the temperature down and keep harsh sunlight
from entering the suites.

3.2.6 CONCLUSION
• Verandahs help in keeping the temperature down.
• Landscape helps in providing views and also lowering the temperature.
• Local material helps in cost reduction and is easily available.
• Open planning helps in directing visitors without confusion.

3.3 AMANGIRI RESORT

Fig 3.3 -Bird eye view

Location: Canyon Point, Utah.

The resort features an impressive program of 34 suites with various views and characteristics,
a lounge, several swimming pools, spa, fitness center, and a central pavilion that contains a
library, art gallery, and private/public dining areas, amongst other functions.

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3.3.1 PLAN

Fig 3.3.1 – Site plan

3.3.2 MATERIALS
• white stone floors
• concrete walls
• natural timbers
• fittings in blackened steel

3.3.3 NOTABLE FEATURES

Incorporating five separate pavilions and water elements, the architecture mirrors the timeless
nature of the surrounding rock formations: the buildings scattered like tumbled rocks,
abstracted, and made solid or liquid, heavy or light depending on program and placement.

Fig 3.3.3(a) - Suites

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Wet treatment areas are defined by sculpted organic form and mysterious, natural or colored
light, while wood linings and serene light define dry treatment areas.

Fig 3.3.3(b) - Spa

Amangiri’s interiors, from lighting and furnishings to signage, have been custom-designed to
blend in with the architecture and the surrounding landscape. Everything from desks, sofas,
chairs, and tables, to street lights and hooks, have been designed to capture something unique
and particular about the American Southwest, yet rendered in a thoroughly modern way.

Fig 3.3.3(c) – Suite lounge

The method of casting the concrete structures was specifically developed to make them appear
as cast stone or frozen sand. The walls were cast smooth to subtly reflect the ever-changing
light in the landscape as they are caressed by it. The walls feel glassy smooth and cool to the
touch, their color and finish playing with and capturing the desert light to become an extension.

Fig 3.3.3(d)

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The structure uses a mix of exposed materials to fit into the natural context.

Fig 3.3.3(e)
The design is integrated within the rocky landscape. The rectilinear structures contrast with the
intricate organic terrain.

Fig 3.3.3(f)
Strong simple geometries match the landscape. Several shaded exterior courtyards bring the
user to the landscape with complete privacy.

Fig 3.3.3(g)

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Small openings are provided to allow natural light in.

Fig 3.3.3(h)

3.3.4 CONCLUSION
• Each suite has its own terrace, which provides privacy to the guests.
• The building blends in with the landscape because of the material.
• Small windows allow natural light to come in and prevent heat transmission.
• Shades are very helpful in keeping the temperature down.
• Waterbodies keep the temperature down.
• The building should respect the existing features of the site

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 CHAPTER 4: SITE DOCUMENTATION & ANALYSIS
4.1 CHOLISTAN & ITS CONTEXT

Fig 4.1 – Access to site

The main access to site is from Bahawalpur, Ahmadpur, Liaqatpur, Rahimyar Khan and
Fort Abbas.
4.1.1 FORTS IN CHOLISTAN

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Cholistan Desert is 80km from the Bahawalpur city.
The Cholistan desert consists of many historical landmarks:

• Fort Abbas
• Marot fort
• Jam Garh fort
• Mir Garh fort
• Mauj Garh fort
• Din Garh fort
• Derawar fort
• Nawan Kot fort
• Bukanpur fort
• Bijnot fort
• Bhagla fort
• Kandera fort
• Liora fort
• Islam Garh fort

4.2 SELECTION OF SITE

Site selection is the process of examining multiple options and assessing their relative
advantages and disadvantages. Key features to consider include:
• Site size: When evaluating a site for size suitability, examine the square footage,
acreage, length-to-width ratio, frontage, and expansion capability.
• Image: Is the neighborhood consistent with this image? Will the surrounding area’s
current and future development hurt that image or enhance it?
• Location: location is especially important. Are there major physical impediments,
such as an interstate highway, bridge, railroad, or rapid transit route, or is there a
bad neighborhood between the proposed site. Is the site on a major street? Could
one give simple driving directions?
• Zoning: The local zoning code will impact the site and its development at several
levels. For example, zoning codes restrict site use, parking, landscaping, lot
coverage, minimum lot size, signage, setbacks, and building height.
• Visibility: A good site will provide a view of the building. Consider both daytime
and evening visibility.
• Access: Traffic islands, turn lanes, medians, and other traffic impediments. Also,
the situation of the site during busy traffic times.
• Topography: Overall lay of the land; check for extreme slopes or depressions that
could make development difficult or more expensive.
• Amenities: Existing improvements or natural features.

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4.3 PROPOSED SITES

Fig 4.3 – Considerable sites

4.3.1 SITE NO.1

• Site is located in the lesser Cholistan Desert, opposite to Derawar Fort.
• Site is surrounded by landmarks such as Derawar Fort, Nawab Palace, etc.
• No noise in the area.
• The site is far from city.
• Only site which has natural lake nearby i.e. Derawar lake.
• The main reason of selecting this site is because it has EASIER ACCESS and
MORE VIEWS compared to site 2.

4.3.2 SITE NO.2

• Site is located in the lesser Cholistan Desert, adjacent to Derawar Fort.

• Site is surrounded by landmarks such as Derawar Fort, Nawab Palace, etc.
• Site has many positive views
• No noise in the area.
• The site is far from city.

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4.4 SELECTED SITE – SITE NO. 1

Fig 4.4 – Site selected after consideration of facts

4.4.1 LOCATION
Site is located opposite to Derawar Fort Rd, Derawar, Bahawalpur, Punjab. There is no resort
or hotel nearby.

4.4.2 AREA
The area of the site is 1406038 ft2.

4.4.3 SITE & NEIGHBORHOOD CONTEXT

• A natural lake exists next to site.
• Historical landmarks such as the Derawar Fort, Royal Graveyard, Nawab
Palace and Madni masjid are present in close proximity of site.
• Jeep Rally Point is close to site.
• No houses are present nearby.
• There is very little existing vegetation on or nearby the site
• There is abundance of dead shrubs.

4.4.4 UTILITIES
• Electricity is provided in the region from the Quaid-e-Azam solar park.
• Petrol and CNG pumps are present nearby.
• Gas lines are not present
• Mobile network ranges work properly.
• Main source of water is rainfall. Rain water is collected in natural depressions
or man-made lakes.

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4.4.5 FLORA
• Jhand
• Kikar
• Bari
• Peelon
• Sharin
• Maskat

4.4.6 SUN PATH

Fig 4.4.6 – Sun path and wind direction

4.4.7 CLIMATE
The climate of the area is an arid subtropical, continental type, characterized by low and
sporadic rainfall, high temperature, low relative humidity, high rate of evaporation and strong
summer winds (Khan 1957). The site area is one of the driest and hottest areas in Pakistan. The
mean annual temperature of the area is 27.5C, whereas mean summer temperature is 35.5C,
and winter temperature is 18C. The average maximum summer temperature goes up to 46C
and average minimum winter temperature falls up to 7C. The month of June is the hottest and
daily maximum temperature normally exceeds 45C and sometimes crosses 50C. The daily
maximum temperature comes down in July due to monsoon rainy season in the country. There
is always an abrupt fall in temperature during the nights. Most of the rainfall in the area is
received in the months of July, August and September during monsoon season.

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 Fig 4.4.7 – Rainfall and temperature

4.4.8 GEOMORPHOLOGY

Fig 4.4.8 – Soil type

Geomorphologically the area presents quite a complex pattern of Alluvial (Alluvium is loose,
unconsolidated soil or sediment that has been eroded, reshaped by water in some form, and
redeposited in a non-marine setting. Alluvium is typically made up of a variety of materials,
including fine particles of silt and clay and larger particles of sand and gravel) and Aeolian

45
(Aeolian sandy soils are those soils which are typically developed from sandy parent material
through the action of wind)
Based on differences in topographic form, parent material, soils and vegetation, Cholistan
desert can be divided into two main geomorphic regions: Northern region, known as Lesser
Cholistan, which constitutes the desert margin and consists of a series of saline alluvial flats
alternating with low sand ridges/dunes; and Southern region, known as Greater Cholistan, a
wind resorted sandy desert comprising of a number of old Hakra River terraces with various
forms of sand ridges and inter-ridge valleys. Mega Land Systems (Lesser and Greater
Cholistan) are split into eight Macro Land Systems, based on geomorphology which controls
soils, moisture and eventually vegetation – an important component of range ecosystem, upon
which pastoralism depends.

4.4.9 WATER RESOURCES

Primary source of water is rainfall, which is the only source of sweet water in Cholistan.
Rainwater is collected in natural depression or man-made ponds locally called “tobas”. There
are 598 tobas in Cholistan where desert dwellers collect and store rainwater from natural
catchment. Dhars act as good catchment for rainwater harvesting. The average rainfall in
Cholistan is 100-200 mm. Most of the rainfall is received during monsoon season from July to
September; however, some of it may fall during winter as well. A huge amount of water, if
harvested and stored properly, is not only enough for drinking of human beings and livestock
but also much portion of water could be used for raising nurseries and quest.
Secondary source of water is groundwater, which is saline and not fit for drinking and
agriculture purposes. Even salty water is being used for livestock and other domestic purposes.
The aquifer in Cholistan is deep due to absence of canal system and rainwater recharge is
negligible. Changes in water quality of wells take place according to type and amount of salts
present in the parent material.

Fig 4.4.9(a) – Water collection

46
Runoff-farming/water harvesting in Cholistan desert can play important role for supply. It is
estimated that if we harvest about 60% of the rainfall, 120 mm per annum from 17% catchment
area, 441,900 ha then 0.3 MAF (million-acre feet) water can be supplied for drinking and
growing vegetables per year. Water harvesting/runoff-farming techniques are technically
sound methods of water supply. A successful system must be:

• Technically sound, properly designed and maintained,

• Socially acceptable to the water user,
• Economically feasible in both initial cost and maintenance at the user level.

The topographic form and the soil characteristics indicate that Cholistan is the best catchment
area for rainwater harvesting. Different profiles point out that the area is very poorly drained,
capable of generating maximum runoff after absorbing minimum water. Water intake
characteristics of fine textured soils show that infiltration rate is low to very low. It seems due
to the absence of pores or due to very poor porosity. However, intake characteristics of soils
also prove that the area is suitable for rainwater harvesting and collection.

Fig 4.4.9(b) – Potential harvesting sites

4.4.10 WIND
There are two dominant wind regimes in Cholistan:
• Winds from the south, southwest and southeast during May to October, arising from
the Arabian Sea and from the Bay of Bengal.
• Winds from the north, northeast and northwest coming from the Siberian cold desert.
The summer winds are stronger.

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 Fig 4.4.10 – Wind chart

4.4.11 VIEWS

Fig 4.4.11(a) – Potential positive views from site

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• FROM SITE

49
• TO SITE

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 CHAPTER 5 – BUILDING PROGRAM

5.1 OUTLINE
The building program outlines the public and private spaces that will determine the design,
original activities and areas. Total area of site is 1406038 ft2.

5.2 SPACES
5.2.1 ACCOMMODATION
Total number of units: 85
Single bedroom units: 80
Double bedroom units: 5

• Single bedroom units

Space No. of units No. of Users Area (sqft) Total area (sqft)
Bed 80 2-3 560 44800
Bath 80 - 150 12000
Terrace 80 - 200 16000
Total 910 72800
Circulation 30% 21840
Total + Circ. 94640

• Double bedroom units

Space No. of units No. of Users Area (sqft) Total area (sqft)
Bed 1 5 2-3 420 2100
Bath 1 5 - 90 360
Dressing 1 5 - 90 360
Bed 2 5 2-3 420 2100
Bath 2 5 - 90 360
Dressing 2 5 - 90 360
Living 5 4-6 500 2500
Terrace 10 - 160 1600
Total 1860 9740
Circulation 30% 558 2922
Total + Circ. 12662

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5.2.2 RESTAURANT

Space No. of units No. of Users Area (sqft) Total area (sqft)
Sitting – indoor 150 150 1’6” x 1’3” = 3’ 450
Sitting – outdoor 70 80 1’6” x 1’3” = 3’ 210
Tables 60 230 3’x 3’ = 9’ 540
Kitchen 1 - 1900 1900
Toilets 4x2=8 230 30 240
Total 1945 3340
Circulation 30% 583 1002
Total + Circ. 4342

5.2.3 FRONT OF THE HOUSE

Space No. of units No. of Users Area (sqft)

Reception & Waiting 1 20 1500
Souvenir shop 1 - 650
Admin 1 8 650
Total 2800
Circulation 30% 840
Total + Circ. 3640

5.2.4 BACK OF THE HOUSE

STAFF CALCULATION (HOUSE KEEPING ONLY)

According to hotel standards,
Day shift: 1 maid and porter are required for 14 rooms, that means 6 maids and 6 porters.
Night shift: 1 maid and porter are required for 28 rooms, that means 3 maids and 3 porters.
So, 6 + 6 + 3 + 3 = 18 staff members for cleaning.
2 members for laundry
6 members for cleaning and maintenance
Total staff = 18 + 2 + 6 = 26

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5.2.5 RECREATIONAL AREAS
Space No. of units No. of Users Area (sqft)
Reception & Ticketing 1 12 850
Pool 1 20-25 5000
Snooker 1 12 1350
Gym 1 10 730
Bowling 1 12 4400
Indoor Play Area 1 65 4000
Outdoor Play Area 1 25-30 4600
Showers & Lockers 6 6-10 3200
Toilets 4x2=8 8 450
Total 24180
Circulation 30% 7254
Total + Circ. 31434

5.2.6 PARKING
Space No. of units No. of Users Dimensions Area (sqft)
Parking 80 80 8’ x 16’ 10240
Circulation 30% 3072
Total 13312

5.2.7 TOTAL COVERED AREA: 146718 sqft

5.3 DIVISION OF AREA

Fig 5.3(a) – Division of space

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Fig 5.3(b) – Covered and uncovered area

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 CHAPTER 6 – DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

6.1 DESIGN CONCEPT

The resort bears a fundamental position in the desert site spotted with flat surface and water-

carved land. The resort features a program covering 32 acres of land: 85 suites with various

views and characteristics, common areas such as lounge, swimming pools, fitness center, and

private/public dining areas, amongst other functions. To capture the desert landscape, strong

simple geometries backdrop the rough textured mud brick finish, at times taking on the role of

spectator while at others integrating seamlessly into it, allowing the natural outlines to inform

the nature of the man-made construct.

The building is meant to frame the plateaus through varied apertures, while the landscape acts

as a host for the sculptural structure, each of which compliments the other quite balanced.

Exposed materials such as mud brick, water, light (as could be appropriately considered in this

case) and concrete, poured with local aggregate to match the neutral orange hues, ground the

vernacular architecture into the site and help to capture the unique desert features. Large

openings offer a slice of the immediate exterior with jaali screens to extend panoramic views.

Exterior courtyards on the different plains introduce the guests in a more intimate way to the

desert.

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6.2 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Fig 6.1(a)

Fig 6.1(b)

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 Fig 6.1(c)

6.2 ZONING

Fig 6.2

57
6.3 RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM

Fig 6.3

6.4 FORM DEVELOPMENT

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59
 CHAPTER 7 – BIBLIOGRAPHY
• https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/know-your-architects/a425-15-projects-by-
hassan-fathy/
• https://archnet.org/sites/2560
• https://www.slideshare.net/abhishekmewada54/mosque-56590097
• https://www.agoda.com/arabian-nights-village/hotel/al-khaznah-
ae.html?cid=1844104
• https://www.thrillophilia.com/tours/my-village-resort-coimbatore
• https://www.archdaily.com/903086/baradari-studio-lotus
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholistan_Desert
• https://www.britannica.com/place/Cholistan
• http://www.tdcp.gop.pk/page.php?pid=261
• https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6108/
• https://www.slideshare.net/MadhulikaSanyal/kutchh-bhunga-architecture
• https://www.dezeen.com/2020/11/09/ashar-tented-resort-alula-desert-saudi-arabia-
aw2/
• https://www.slideshare.net/AniruddhDubey/bhonga-vernacular-architecture-of-
gujarat
• https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/28.770N71.3
36E
• https://www.gaisma.com/en/location/bahawalpur.html
• https://blog.kaarwan.com/kutch-banni-bhunga-purvai15-kaarwan-d23bbdacf9dd
• https://egsp.lyellcollection.org/content/25/1/301
• https://www.modlar.com/news/180/desert-dwellings-how-to-design-for-the-desert/
• https://architectureindevelopment.org/project/30

• Effect of Courtyard Shape Factor on Heating and Cooling Energy Loads in Hot-Dry
Climatic Zone
• Jain, Kulbhushan. Jain, Minakshi. “Mud Architecture Of the Indian Desert”Aadi
Center Ahmadabad, India. Published in 1992
• Cholistan Desert, Pakistan, Ghulam Akbar, Taj Naseeb Khan and Mohammad Arshad
• Agrarian Economy of The Princely State of Bahawalpur: A Historical Perspective
(1866-1924) - Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, Volume No. 54, Issue No.
2 (July - December, 2017)
• Towards Sustainable Desert Eco-Tourism in Kuwait: Learning from The Regional
Experience
• ANALYSIS OF DUST STORMS FREQUECNY OVER PAKISTAN DURING
(1961-2000) By Ata Hussain, Hazrat Mir & Muhammad Afzal - Pakistan Journal of
Meteorology Vol. 2: Issue 3: (March 2005)
• Role of Tobas (Water Bodies) in Ethno-Ecology and Pastoralism in the Cholistan
Desert of Pakistan by Sana Rasheed, Zeeshan Ahmad and Shujaul Mulk Khan -
Department of Plant Science Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan - Abasyn
Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 10, Special Issue November 2017: Disaster Risk

60
 Management and Climate Change for Business Continuity and Sustainable
Development
• Terminal drought and heat stress alter physiological and biochemical attributes in flag
leaf of bread wheat
• Cholistan and Cholistani Breed of Cattle - University College of Veterinary and Animal
Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur; Government Livestock Farm,
Jugaitpeer, Bahawalpur; Cholistan Development Authority, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
• Environmental impact of courtyards - a review and comparison of residential courtyard
buildings in different climates

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