01.

03 Tissues (25 points)

Part 1: Read the entire Case Study (click here)

Part 2: Based on the Case Study in part 1 please answer each question below. All
sentences should begin with capital letters and include proper punctuation where
applicable. This is a high level science course, and this assignment will serve as a great
opportunity to practice your writing skills.

Text References = 10 points

Quality of Answer = 15 points
For all answers, you must include at least one text reference from the article. Include
the author's name and quotes around your text reference.

Example: "A good way to think about it is that there are four levels of complexity," says
Anthony Atala.

1. Explain how cells specialize to form specific tissue and organs. (Hint: The article and
lesson describes how tissues and organs are built—use that as your text evidence.)
Cells specialize in forming specific tissue and organs as they develop into different
types of cells regarding their pre-existing specified function. This happens through a
process called cellular differentiation. According to Discover Magazine,” stem cells are
crucial to this process, as they can develop into any type of cell in the body.” In order to
maintain the growth and functionality of the cell scientists must continue to guide their
cells by balancing temperature, pH, Hormones, and sufficient levels of oxygen and
carbon dioxide.

2. Explain what is already being accomplished in the areas of tissue and organ
bioengineering and what still remains to be accomplished. (Hint: Which tissues and
organs have they built so far? Which tissues and organs are they struggling to create—
and why?)

Scientists have found a remedy for organ rejection and infection. Bio artificial organ
manufacturing has resolved many bodily malfunctions. Tissue and organ
Bioengineering has become popular over the years as medicine has expanded, and
functional tissues as well as organs are being used to replace or repair damaged tissue.
Significant progress has been made but researchers are still lacking a few technicalities
as we were only able to mimic such tissues and organs such as skin, cartilage, bone,
blood vessels, bladders, stomachs and different tube structured organs. Even though
modern medicine was able to recreate such complexity, science hasn’t eradicated the
difficulty of recreating anything regarding a solid organ. According to the Discovery
Magazine, “They are thicker than most of the others, and each has a complicated
architecture.” The intricate structures prevent easy replication and more complex
engineering, and tools are required. It takes a lot more trial and error in perfecting a
complex organ such as assuring they react and behave how they're supposed to in a
living body.

3. Provide an example using one organ for each of the four levels of complexity. Why is
it difficult to make level four organs in a lab?
Scientists are able to recreate organs and tissues in your body but there are limits to
this advantage. Scientists classify each organ and tissue at different levels. According
to Anthony Athala,” "A good way to think about it is that there are four levels of
complexity,”. Level one organs consist of skin, level two is composed of tube-like organs
such as blood vessels, tracheas and level three revolve around lining organs or “sac-
like organs” like the stomach and gallbladder. The fourth level consists of organs that
have very convoluted shapes that are beyond our ability to recreate considering the
specifics of the organ. The difficulty of creating organs increases as their complexity
does. Level four organs require a deep understanding of physics, chemistry and
statistics. The way the organ is shaped to every micro detail of its function, growth and
layers need to be perfected before we can take the next step in the engineering of
composite organs.