FOUNDATION IN SCIENCE

BIO30205 HUMAN BIOLOGY

NAME:……………………………….............................

DATE :……………………………………………………

Label the Heart Diagram using the word list provided. Each answer is worth 1/2
mark each.

Word List: Superior vena cava Right pulmonary artery Right pulmonary veins
Right atrium Rt. AV Valve (Tricuspid) Right ventricle
Inferior vena cava Left pulmonary artery Left pulmonary veins
Left atrium Lt AV Valve (Bicuspid) Aorta
Left ventricle Septum

1.__________________________
2.__________________________
3.__________________________
4.__________________________
5.__________________________
6.__________________________
7.__________________________
8.__________________________
9.__________________________
10. ________________________
11. ________________________
12. ________________________
13. ________________________
14. ________________________
Please choose the most appropriate answer for questions below:

1. Where is the heart beat initiated?

A right atrium
B right ventricle
C left atrium
D left ventricle

2. The graph shows the oxygen dissociation curves of haemoglobin from an adult sheep and a
fetal sheep.

Which one of the following statements describes the difference in the behaviour of the two
types of haemoglobin?
A Fetal haemoglobin has a higher oxygen affinity than adult haemoglobin.
B Adult haemoglobin has a higher oxygen affinity than fetal haemoglobin.
C Fetal haemoglobin cannot carry as much oxygen as adult haemoglobin.
D Adult haemoglobin cannot carry as much oxygen as fetal haemoglobin.
3 Which one of the following is found in the wall of both arteries and capillaries?
A connective tissue
B smooth muscle cells
C endothelial cells
D elastic fibres

4 From which part of the body has the blood come, if it is entering the heart of a human
from the inferior vena cava?
A the abdomen
B the lungs
C the head
D the arms

5 Valves are typically found in which blood vessels?

A arteries
B arterioles
C veins
D Capillaries

*6 Fig. 7.1 shows the oxygen dissociation curves for a solution of oxyhaemoglobin, Curve P,
and for mammalian whole blood, Curve Q. R and S represent the oxygen tension (partial
pressure) in the lungs and tissues respectively.

Fig. 7.1
Whole blood (Curve Q) is physiologically more effective than a solution of oxyhaemoglobin
(Curve P). Which statement accounts for this?
A Blood can carry more oxygen than oxyhaemoglobin.
B Whole blood retains more oxygen at S than oxyhaemoglobin.
C Whole blood yields more oxygen at S than does oxyhaemoglobin.
D Whole blood has a greater affinity for oxygen than oxyhaemoglobin.
 7 Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood from tissues to lungs. In what form is this carbon
* dioxide?
A carbaminohaemoglobin in erythrocytes
B carboxyhaemoglobin in erythrocytes
C carbonic acid dissolved in plasma
D hydrogen carbonate ions in plasma

8 In the chloride shift in blood in the tissues, where do Cl - ions diffuse?

*
A Into erythrocytes to maintain electrical neutrality.
B Out of erythrocytes to maintain electrical neutrality.
C Into erythrocytes to maintain pH.
D Out of erythrocytes to maintain pH.

9 Where does the tricuspid valve prevent backflow of blood?

A From the right atrium to the right ventricle.
B From the right ventricle to the right atrium.
C From the left atrium to the left ventricle.
D From the left ventricle to the left atrium.

10 Which of the following options occur during ventricular systole in a mammalian heart?
A ventricular volume increases
B bicuspid (mitral) valve opens
C ventricular pressure increases
D aortic pressure decreases

Questions 11 and 12 relate to the following information:

When the heart beat is listened to using a stethoscope, there are two sounds. These are often
described as “lub” followed quickly by “dupp”.

11 Which one of the following contributes to the first “lub” sound?

A The closing of the bicuspid (mitral) valve.
B The opening of the tricuspid valve.
C The closing of the semi-lunar valves.
D The opening of the semi-lunar valves.

12 Which one of the following contributes to the second “dupp” sound?

A The closing of the bicuspid (mitral) valve.
B The opening of the tricuspid valve.
C The closing of the semi-lunar valves.
D The opening of the semi-lunar valves.
 13 Where are the Purkyne (Purkinje) fibres in the heart located?
A The outer wall of the left ventricle.
B The outer wall of the right ventricle.
C The wall of the right atrium.
D The septum.

Questions 14 - 16 refer to the following diagram which shows blood pressures in the left atrium,
left ventricle and aorta during the heartbeat cycle.

14 At which labelled point, A, B, C or D does the semi-lunar valve in the aorta open?

15. At which labelled point, A, B, C or D does the semi-lunar valve in the aorta close?

16. At which labelled point, A, B, C or D does the bicuspid (mitral) valve close?
 17. The graph below shows oxygen dissociation curves for haemoglobin in pigeon
blood. Increased temperature and decreased pH increase the release of oxygen from
* oxyhemoglobin.

Which one of the curves, A, B, C or D, shows the oxygen dissociation curve for blood at the
lowest temperature and the lowest carbon dioxide concentration?

Please answer the following questions:

1. Explain how the structure of a capillary allows it to carry out its function effectively.
2. Describe and explain the journey of blood from a capillary just after your leg muscles until it is
return to the same place.
3. How do cardiac muscles different from skeletal muscles in terms of their structure and
function?
4. How does the pericardium give protection to the organ that it covers?
5. What are the major effects to the blood circulation of a person who has a “hole” between the
left and right ventricles?
6. What is the role of chordae tendinae when the ventricle wall contracts?
7. (a) What is meant by statement that ‘the heartbeat of mammals is myogenic in nature?
(b) How it is known that the heartbeat is myogenic?
Heart Structure and Cardiac Cycle Questions

1. The diagram shows a section through a human heart.

C
B

(a) Which of the blood vessels labelled A to D

(i) takes blood from the heart to the muscles of the arms and legs;

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(ii) is a vein which contains oxygenated blood?

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(b) Is the right ventricle filling with blood or emptying? Give two pieces of evidence from
the diagram to support your answer.

Filling or emptying? ..................................................................................................

Evidence

1 ..................................................................................................................................

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2 ..................................................................................................................................

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The graphs show some changes in pressure and volume during part of a cardiac cycle.

Pressure Aorta

Ventricle

Volume
of
ventricle

X Y Z
Time

(c) Describe what the graphs show about the pressure and volume in the ventricle between
times X and Y.

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(d) At point Y, the valve between the aorta and the ventricle opens. Use the information
about pressure on the graph to explain why.

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(e) Explain the changes in the volume of the ventricle between times X and Z.

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2. This diagram shows a human heart seen from the front.
BC

A D

(a) (i) Which one or more of vessels A to D contains oxygenated blood?

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(ii) During a cardiac cycle, the pressure of the blood in vessel C is higher than the
pressure of the blood in vessel B. Explain what causes this difference in
pressure.

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(b) What does the diagram suggest about the pressure in the atria compared to the
pressure in the ventricles at the stage in the cardiac cycle represented in the diagram?
Explain your answer.

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(c) The wave of electrical activity which coordinates the heart beat is delayed slightly at
part X. It then passes along part Y to the base of the ventricles.

Explain the importance of

(i) the slight delay at part X;

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(ii) the electrical activity being passed to the base of the ventricles.

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3. (a) During the cardiac cycle the heart fills with blood and then the ventricles contract. The
table gives the filling time and the contraction time at different heart rates.

Heart rate/beats Filling time/seconds Contraction

per minute time/seconds
39.7 0.37 1.14
49.6 0.38 0.83
71.4 0.38 0.46
81.1 0.38 0.36
87.0 0.39 0.30

(i) Give two conclusions that can be drawn from the figures in the table.

1 ........................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................

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(ii) Explain how you would use the figures in the table to calculate the contraction
time at a heart rate of 60 beats per minute.

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 (iii) What additional information would you need in order to find the cardiac output
at a particular heart rate?

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(b) The diagram shows variations in blood pressure in different parts of the circulatory
system.

Left ventricle Aorta Vein

A B

Pressure

Time Time Time

(i) Complete the table with ticks to show whether each of the valves is open or
closed at the point indicated with the letter A on the diagram.

Valve located between Open Closed

left atrium and left ventricle
left ventricle and aorta
right atrium and right ventricle
right ventricle and pulmonary artery

(ii) A pulse can be felt when the fingers are placed over an artery that is close to the
surface. Explain why a pulse cannot be felt when the fingers are placed over a
vein which is close to the surface.

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(iii) What causes the blood pressure to increase at the point indicated with a letter B
on the diagram?

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