Final Paper - Edit 1130pm

SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
Km. 30 Old National Highway, Brgy. Nueva, San Pedro City, Laguna
RESEARCH STUDY ABOUT WATER FILTERING OF
RAW WATER USING OYSTER SHELL,
RAW WATER CONVERTING
TO POTABLE WATER
A Research Presented to the

Department of Industrial Engineering
San Pedro College of Business Administration
San Pedro City, Laguna
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering
AQUINO, Adrian Miguel S.

MALABANAN, Allan Roland A.
RUIZ, Jerome Anthony A.
May 2022
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Table of Content
Title Page……………………………………………………………………………………
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………...
Approval Sheet……………………………………………………………………………...
Certificate of
originality…………………………………………………………………….
Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………
List of
Tables……………………………………………………………………...................
List of Figures…………………………………………………………………….................
CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Background of the
study……………………………………………………………………
Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………………………..
Objectives of the
study……………………………………………………………………...
Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………………………….
Theoretical Framework…………………………………………………………………….
Hypothesis…………………………………………………………………………………...
Scope and limitations……………………………………………………………………….
Significance of the
Study……………………………………………………………………
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Definition of Terms…………………………………………………………………………
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Foreign
Literature……………………………………………………………………..........
Synthesis………………………………………………………………………………….....
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
Research Design…………………………………………………………………….............
Methodological Framework……………….……………………………………………….
Data Gathering……………………………………………………………………...............
Data Gathering Procedure…………………………………………………………………
Research
Instrument……………………………………………………………………......
Sampling Technique……………………………………………………………………......
Statistical
Treatment……………………………………………………………………......
Statistical Analysis…………………………………………………………………….........
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Water Filtration System’s Design and
Dimensions……………………….........................
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List of Materials That Was Used to Develop the Water Filtration
System……………….
Checking the Effectiveness of Water Filtration in Terms of Microbial
Count…………..
Process Flow Chart on How the Researchers Converted the Oyster Shells into
Activated Carbon……………….……………….……………….……………….………...
Process Flow Chart on How the Filtration System Works……………….
……………….
Determination of time in terms of collecting or filtering water per
liter………………….
Checking the effectiveness of water filtration in terms of pH
level……………………….
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions
Recommendations
References
Appendices
Curriculum Vitae
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ABSTRACT
Water shortage is one of the problems not only the Philippines is facing but the whole
world too. Water scarcity is one of the issues confronting not only the Philippines, but the
entire world. A Water shortage happens when the water supplies are scarce, the supply is
decreased to minimize the usage of the water. Water shortage happens when there is are a
lot of consumers using water and the capacity of the stored water is going down. The
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supply of the-omit water is getting low because of the massive consumption of the-omit
water.
The main goal of this study is to create a filtration system using oyster shells, which is
already a waste product, and other natural minerals to help with the phenomenon that the
world is experiencing, which is the water shortage.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The researchers would like to acknowledge the efforts contributed of by all those
who helped the researchers accomplish this study. The researchers would like to extend
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their most sincere gratitude to the following that guided them, motivated them, helped
them, inspired them, cooperated with them, advised them, taught them, understands them,
and appreciated them which leads to the completion of the study.
Our Almighty God, for giving the knowledge and strength, and also blessed the
researchers to complete the study;
Our Family, for the guidance, assistance, prayers, moral support, and financial
support they received during the times that they are conducting this study;
Mrs. Rhadinia Tayag – Rellanes, their adviser, for serving as their motivation and
inspiration, for the guidance, and hope that made them believe that they can complete the
study;
Ms. Janice A. Hernandez, their statistician, for being approachable and kind. For
appreciating this study and for giving the researchers moral support to complete this study;
Ms. Razel P. Galindon, their grammarian, for being positive, kind, and for believing
in the researchers that they can complete this study.
And lastly,
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Friends and Colleagues, who gave them hope to continue their study. Also, for
helping and sharing their ideas and thoughts to the researchers in making this study.
Researchers;
A.M.A
A.R.M
J.A.R
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.0 List of Materials That Was Used to Develop the Water Filtration System
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.0 Conceptual Framework
Figure 3.0 Methodological Framework
Figure 3.1 Formula for the Mann-Whitney U test
Figure 3.2 Formula for T-test
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Figure 4.0 Water Filtration System’s Design and Dimensions
Figure 4.1 BGB Count
Figure 4.2 EC Count
Figure 4.3 Process Flow Chart on How the Researchers Converted the Oyster Shells
into Activated Carbon
Figure 4.4 Process Flow Chart on How the Filtration System Works
Figure 4.5 Determination of time in terms of collecting or filtering water per liter
Figure 4.6 pH level
Figure 4.7 Mann-Whitney U testing of the BGB (Brilliant Green Bile Broth)
microbial count
Figure 4.8 T-Test for the pH level of water
LIST OF APPENDICES
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CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
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According to Kevin R. Stone, drinking water is like washing out your insides. The
water will cleanse the system, fill you up, decrease your caloric load and improve the
function of all your tissues.
Two billion people lack access to clean water for drinking. In the Philippines, there
are is a 91% estimate of the population in the country having access to clean water. Water
services access 62% to 100% of the country's household hygiene and sanitation.
Getting access to safe drinking water, good hygiene, and proper sanitation are
necessities for health and wellness in the country. Learning to stay healthy can pass to be
passed to the next-generation, especially to children's health. Nutrition is mainly the focus to
increase the chances of success of healthy growth, according to UNICEF. On a remote island
where poverty is high, equality is being discriminated against due to lack of access to clean
water and sanitation, which causes a low rate of productivity due to poor health.
In the Philippines' water and sanitation crisis, there are 3 million people that depend
on any water sources that look like they are drinkable, and 7 million people did do not have
access to
potable water. The Philippines faces more incoming challenges when it comes to water
supply and proper sanitation. The Philippines is rapidly developing and urbanizing,
struggling to gain enough access to water and sanitation service services.
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The capital of the Philippines, Manila, had no changes in over a week. Water is a
problem in Manila. there There are people waiting in lines every day after going home and
bringing many empty buckets and carrying them home, then going back again in line just to
have water. As the fire trucks keep coming as early as possible to give more supply of water,
because of El Niño weather since March 9 water has been cut off every 22hours per day that
last for 3 months. Water has been cut off every 2 hours per day for 3 months due to El Nio
weather since March 9.
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2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Water is one of the the most serious scarcity problems that not only the country but
the world has been facing for a long time. More often neglected due to a lack of invention
and process knowledge. This chapter will indicate the importance of this study in helping
the phenomenon that the world is facing right now which is water scarcity. Also, this
chapter will show how the researchers came up with the idea of using oyster shells as
activated carbon. The researchers will also show how they are going to tell if the water is
already potable or drinkable.
1. How can the researchers help the water shortage?
2. What kind of materials did the researchers use?
3. How will the researchers know if the water is already potable?
4. What are the materials that the researchers used in creating their water filtration
system?
5. How do the researchers convert oyster shells into activated carbon?
6. How fast can the water be filtered?
7. How did the researchers check the pH level of the water?
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3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
3.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this study is to convert raw water like rain water, river water
and tap water into potable water, or drinkable water using oyster shells as an alternative for
to activated carbon.
3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
1. To formulate ways to eliminate water shortage using raw water.
2. To determine the type of materials that was used.
3. To determine if the water still needs to be treated with the use of water analysis
laboratory tests and pH testing.
4. To determine the list of materials that was used.
5. To formulate ways on converting oyster shells into activated carbon.
6. To evaluate the efficiency of the water filtration system.
7. To evaluate the effectiveness of the water filtration system.
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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
According to Seung Bum Lee (August 2008). Using an activation approach, the
adsorption properties of oyster shell adsorbents were studied. Discarded oyster shells were
washed and cleaned then powdered and charcoaled them at 1000 °C and at the best quality
of carbonized oyster shell powder starting at high temperatures ranges from 600 to 1000
°C. Discarded oyster shells were washed and cleaned before being powdered and
charcoaled at 1000 °C and at the highest quality of carbonized oyster shell powder, which
began at high temperatures ranging from 600 to 1000 °C. To attest the raw shell's potential
to adsorb the particle, a difference of gas and liquid phasing in adsorption was right. The
adsorbent performed poorer in the gas phase than commercially available adsorbents. The
phase of liquid shows high capability of adsorption to commercial adsorbent performance
as benzene was used.
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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK (Input, Process, Output)
Figure 1.0
For the researcher’s input, the researchers gathered their raw water which is their
control water like unfiltered rain water, unfiltered river water and , unfiltered tap water.
For the process, the raw water undergoes the five stages of filtration and also it is the test
that was used in order for the researchers to prove that their raw water was filtered. For the
The output, it is the result of the laboratory testing to determine if the water is already
potable.
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IV. HYPOTHESIS
The researchers
1. There is no significant difference between the three filtered water.
2. There is a significant difference between the three control water in terms of bacteria
count and coloration.
3. At least one type of water is different.
V. SCOPE AND LIMITATION
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study aims to prove that oyster shells can be converted into activated carbon with
due process and make use of it as an alternative filtering material. Also, the scope of this
study is to differentiate the micro bacterial count and pH level of the raw water into the
filtered water. Furthermore, the purpose of this research is to distinguish the micro-
bacterial count and pH level of raw water from filtered water. This study also includes
shows that the water after the filtration system is already potable.
RESEARCH LIMITATIONS
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The limitations of this study includes include the type of water that our filtration
system can produce, which is potable water, type types of raw waters water that can be
filtered like rain water, river water and tap water to be potable water.
VI. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this study is to prove that the oyster shells can be processed to be
an alternative material for activated carbon and be used as one of the water treatments to
convert raw water into potable water.
- Community
1. This study will help the community to have an alternative solution to the water
shortage due to the large number of water consumers in a certain area.
- Environment
2. This study will help the environment by finding purpose on some waste materials
such as the oyster shells.
- Researchers
3. This study will provide added information to the future researchers by giving them
future references and results about turning oyster shells into activated carbon with due
process and converting raw water such as river water, rain water and tap water into potable
water.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Atomic absorption spectroscopy - It determines the sample if liquid or solid through
applying the characteristic of electromagnetic radiation wavelength for the source of light.
Aqueous solution - Made from, with, or by water.
Benzene - A volatile liquid hydrocarbon colorless shows in coal tar and petroleum
Biofilm - A resistant layer of micro bacteria that protects the surfaces.
Brilliant Green Bile (BGB) Broth - Is type of process detecting or confirming the count of
coliform bacteria in water and raw water.
Cadmium - Natural element that can be found anywhere like air, water, soil, and food even
in charcoal and fertilizers.
Calcine - An organic matter that heats at high temperatures that can pulverize.
Caloric - It contains calories.
Cleanse - To wash the impurities.
Coliform - A type of rod-shaped bacteria that normally seen in the intestine.
Coloration - Quality of the water.
Concentration - A state of concentrated of matter.
Contaminants - To contaminate something.
Decolorize - Making it clear as transparent.
Descriptive - Presenting the observations or serving to describe something.
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Diatomite - It is composed of rock that fossilized skeletal remains in a single cell of aquatic
algae.
Diffusion - The state will begin spreading or transferred especially by direct contact.
Electrical Conductivity - To measure the dissolved ions in the water.
Flow Chart - A step process that separates with a picture in sequential order.
Freundlich isotherm - The equilibrium of the liquid or gas and solid that expresses the
adsorption equilibrium in between it.
Grinding - To crush into small pieces or turn it to powder.
Hygiene - Practices of maintaining cleanliness
Impurities - Unwanted substances elements that makes foul
Incubate - Maintain temperature under condition for reaction
Intraparticle - It happens when it processes the solid particles that dominate it and becomes
bigger.
Langmuir isotherm - It determines the maximum amount of gas that it can absorb the
particular substance.
Nitrogen - A part of inert atmospheres and used as refrigerant in liquid form.
Oyster Shell - Is a type of shell that needs to be crushed and used as a mineral supplement.
Urbanizing - To establish an urban culture.
Permeable - State of being permitted to pass through
pH - A measurement of acidity and alkalinity of a solution.
Phasing - To ascend as planned, carry out or to adjust as in synchronized condition.
Phosphate - A phosphoric acid organic substance in which the acid group is attached to
nitrogen or a carboxyl group in such a way that usable energy can be released.
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Porosity - State of being porous.
Potable - Water is treated and safe to drink.
Pseudo - A fake being rather than true.
Raw Water - Is an untreated water that is pure natural water like rainwater, river water, and
groundwater.
Scarcity - Wanting to have a support of life
Sanitation - Maintain sanitary or free from germs.
Surface Morphology - A tool for analytical imaging.
Toxic - Poisonous matter that can cause death.
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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This study aims to prove that oyster shells can be converted into activated carbon with
due process. For oyster shells to become activated carbon, it is necessary to understand the
certain temperature needed for the oyster shells to turn into activated carbon. This chapter
includes the research studies or references about the process of turning oyster shells into
activated carbon. This chapter also includes the importance of activated carbon in water
treatment, and the characteristics of the adsorption process of the activated carbon.
Foreign Literature
This study aims to see how the researchers better understand the process of turning
oyster shells into activated carbon to be used as water treatment. This study also includes
the importance of activated carbon in water treatment, and the characteristics of the
adsorption process of the activated carbon.
For the importance of activated carbon in water treatment,
According to Alves, A., Lasmar, D., de Andrade Miranda, I., da Silva Chaar, J. and
dos Santos Reis, J. (2021), Sheele used coal in treating of water and the activated carbon
was mostly used worldwide to adsorb contaminants, also using natural coal to decolorize
the solution since 1786. It was known as the first quantification of adsorbing power of
activated carbon in the liquid phase. Early 20th century the activated carbon appeared
commercially with the Von Ostreijko a Swedish scientist that obtained two patents in 1900
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and 1901. The basic concept of chemical and physical activation to contain the patents is
called thermal activated carbon that qualify the surface area and builds the high porous
structure. It gives probability of different application uses to design activated carbon, such
as medical uses or removal of contaminants and odors, separating gasses and purify
waters.
Activated carbon is a raw material that has high capacity of adsorbing and used to
treat the drinking water, to manufacturing this type requires high cost to consider its origin
of material, but the biological materials are low cost and vast amount of material in any
region that can be used in treatment and control of pollutant emitting, detoxification, and
etc. Being a low-cost material, it has disadvantages to process the charcoal that requires
high temperature that is over 700˚C.
In addition, powdered and granular activated carbon provides faster adsorption speeds
and it has difficulty in handling it that has industrial limited use. In these days that
activated carbon removes harmful impurities, either water or air treatment is essential. It
was mainly characterized as an organic matter in low concentration and has benefits of
reduction in bacterial growth, and its biofilms formation and corrosion have network
distribution. Getting reaction from minimizing the toxic by product. This activated carbon
is irreplaceable to guarantee its living and make drinking water.
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For the adsorption process of the activated carbon.
According to Junboum Park (2018), Oyster shell powder is a potential adsorbent
material that can be used to control pollution in groundwater. The current research
objective is to evaluate the heavy metal ion adsorption properties by oyster shell powder in
an aqueous solution. Three kinds of heavy metals (copper, cadmium, and lead) were
adsorbed using oyster shell powder from aqueous solution. The effects of different
temperatures, contact times, pH values, and initial concentrations were examined in order
to optimize the conditions used for heavy metal decontamination. Cadmium and copper
adsorption behaviors were suitable for modelling by the Langmuir isotherm, and lead
adsorption behavior was best modelled by the Freundlich isotherm. Adsorption situations
fitted a pseudo second-order kinetic model. Intraparticle diffusion of heavy metal ions by
oyster shell powder could be divided into two stages: rapid diffusion first, followed by a
stable second stage. The maximum adsorption amount was ranked in an ascending order as
that to copper, cadmium, and then lead for both single and competitive systems. The
adsorption capacities of copper, cadmium, and lead ions by oyster shell powder were
lower in a competitive system than in a single system, indicating that competitive
adsorption could occur.
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For the adsorption process of the activated carbon.
According to Seung Bum Lee (2008). Using an activation approach, the adsorption
properties of oyster shell adsorbents were studied. Discarded oyster shells were washed
and cleaned then powdered and charcoaled them at 1000 °C and at the best quality of
carbonized oyster shell powder starting at high temperatures ranges from 600 to 1000 °C.
To attest the raw shell's potential to adsorb the particle, a difference of gas and liquid
phasing in adsorption was right. The adsorbent performed poorer in the gas phase than
commercially available adsorbents. The phase of liquid shows high capability of
adsorption to commercial adsorbent performance as benzene was used.
According to Chunhua Xia, Xueying Zhang, Linghui Xia (March 2021). There are
60% of oyster shells that can be found in the beach that pollute the soil. In 800 °C of heat
can completely process the oyster shell into carbon oxide, it also has the mesoporous
characteristic structure. Purifying water that uses permeable oyster shell bricks was
improved through the process of aggregating oyster shells. It also has the ability to adsorb
the effects of the heavy metal ions. The result of pH values was explored while using the
permeable oyster shell bricks via atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results were
optimum and the oyster shell’s content has a standard weight of 2.5 kg while permeable
oyster shell bricks weight’s 515-525 g. The effect of adsorbing the Nickel, Zinc,
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Manganese in their water measure 7.5 -7.9 pH values at a long time period. The results
show that it has great potential for continuous adsorption effect for treating the water.
There are 5 Steps of preparing Permeable Oyster Shell Brick
1. Crushing - After the oyster shells gets clean which came from the beach, the shells go
in the crusher for 5 min and place on screen mesh sieves and transferred to the tool basin.
The crushed shells get on the screen to gather the powdered or granulated shells.
2. Weighing - The quantity of the following items was weighed according to the
specification
a. Oyster Shell
b. Cement
c. Diatomite
d. Additives
e. Water
1. Stirring - After weighing, it goes to the blending process. Dye and water was slowly
poured and stirred for 30 min.
2. Molding - after stirring, it was loaded to mold and pressed for 10 minutes and will be
stored at a ventilated area for 24 hours and placed in the furnace for 10 minutes to calcine.
3. Maintaining - The permeable oyster shell brick will be wrapped in a plastic film and
gets watered once at a day.
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According to Dennis Abraham Thazhamon (2021). Activated carbon assures the
water consumption is free from harmful contaminants such as pesticides and
pharmaceuticals products. It also has taste and odor control that removes undesirable tastes
and odor. Activated carbon excels in controlling disinfectant by product at drinking water
station.
Activated carbon excels at adsorption which helps to trap different chemicals. As the
activated carbon is used with water or gas, it takes away one or more atoms, molecules, or
ions on its surface.
Activated carbon has the ability to absorb all contaminants that are excellent choices
for water treatment in plants which removes harmful chemicals and metals.
SYNTHESIS
According to some foreign and local researchers, oyster shells has have the potential
to be adsorbent material that can be used to control polluted water. Also, the raw water
that was examined by the researchers has heavy metal decontamination due to the aqueous
solution. The researchers also studied that oyster shells has have a potential on adsorbing
liquid, this study also shows how oyster shells can be processed to be activated carbon
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with the process of steam activation at the temperature of 700 to 800 Celsius and
carbonized at 600 to 1000 Celsius.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, the researchers will discuss the research design that was used, the
process that was made in the study, the methodological framework, the procedures on how
the researchers gathered their data, the statistical treatment of data that was used in this
study, and the sampling technique. This methodology will help the researchers to gather
data, test data, insights about the study, and to present the data in a formal way and to have
more reliable results.
RESEARCH DESIGN
This study has quantitative experimental research design because this study aims to
gather quantitative data to prove that the study is effective and efficient. Also, this study
aims to make use of the waste materials like oyster shells, rain water rainwater, river
water, etc. so that it they can be innovated into something that is beneficial to the
community.
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METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK
Figure 3.0
The researchers used quantitative research design, which has an experimental research
method, because the researchers gathered their numerical data through the results of
laboratory testing in Bambang, Sta. Cruz, Manila. The sampling technique that was used is
random sampling because we gathered our sample or control water in the river in
Nagcarlan, Laguna and the rain water and tap water is from Parañaque City. The research
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instrument instruments that was were used are water analysis testing which is made done
by the laboratory and the pH testing which is conducted by the researchers with the use of
a pH testing kit. The data analysis that was used is statistical analysis because the
researchers used the data that was gathered from the testings testing and analyzed it using
a control chart.
DATA GATHERING
The researchers gathered their data by making performing water analysis testing,
water potability testing and pH testing through laboratory testing in the Manila Health
Department, District III at Bambang St, Sta. Cruz, Manila.
The Manila Health Department, District III issued six sterile vials to the researchers
for them to fill with three control waters and three filtered waters with three different
sample sources. The researchers were given instructions by the medical technology
clinical laboratory scientist after filling the sterile vials. It takes two to three days for the
clinic to incubate and check if there will be a possible colonization of the microorganisms
that will happen. After checking if there is colonization of microorganisms that happened
to the sample water, the laboratory will now release the results. The researchers also used
a pH tester kit that was bought in an online market and tested the three different control
waters and the three different filtered waters.
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The results were evaluated and tabulated using Microsoft Excel and were submitted to
the statistician to fully analyze and evaluate the results for a more precise and accurate
comparison of the water samples.
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
The researchers collected three control water samples from river water, rain water,
and tap water and three filtered water samples and stored it them in a sterile vial. The
researchers submitted the sterile vials to the laboratory for the laboratory to do the water
analysis testing. The water will be incubated for two to three days for the micro bacteria to
culture if there is are any. The results will be given to the researchers after a week. For the
pH testing, the researchers collected three control water samples and three filtered water
samples and stored it them in a container. The researchers dipped the pH testing kit to the
water samples and checked the pH level of the water for the researchers to differentiate the
pH level of the different water samples.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
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The researchers used water analysis testing to check the total coliform coliforms and
the fecal coliform of the water. Total coliforms are the bacteria that was were found in
soils and the fecal coliform is the group of total coliforms, a bacteria which that are
warm-blooded animals have. The researchers also used pH testing to test the acidity of the
water. The researchers used an observation method based from the result, the researchers
found out that the micro bacterial count of total coliform and fecal coliform of the control
water is a lot higher than the micro bacterial count of the filtered water. Based on the
results, the researchers used an observation method and discovered that the micro bacterial
count of total coliform and fecal coliform in the control water is significantly higher than
the micro bacterial count in the filtered water.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
The researchers used random sampling because the researchers went to the river and
collected their sample or control water without bias.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT
The researchers used Mann-Whitney U test and T-test to differentiate the data that
was gathered by the researchers at the laboratory. The researchers used Mann-Whitney U
test to compare for the significant difference between the unfiltered group and the filtered
group. The researchers also used T-test to compare the means of the unfiltered group and
the filtered group.
Formula for the Mann-Whitney U test
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Figure 3.1
Formula for T-test
Figure 3.2
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Mann-Whitney U
Water sample from filtered water (Mdn = 1.1) were higher than water sample from
unfiltered water (Mdn = 2.6). A Mann-Whitney test indicated that this difference was
statistically not significant, U(NFiltered = 3, NUnfiltered=3,) = 1.5, z = -1.549, p=0.121.
T-Test
Filtered water has a higher PH level (M = 7.77, SD = 0.73) than unfiltered water (M =
6.82, SD = 1.09). However, the difference is not significant because the null hypothesis is not
rejected, t(4)=1.254, p(0.278)>0.05.
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CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter includes the results, and discussion of the data that was gathered
“Research Study about Water Filtering of Raw Water Using Oyster Shells, Raw Water
Converting to Potable Water”. This chapter contains the ways on how the researchers
filtered raw water and turned it into potable water with the use of oyster shells and other
natural minerals. To create this study, the researchers must gather oyster shells, red lava
rocks, mesh (any kind of garment that can be used as mesh), sand, black lava rocks,
canisters, piping, and control water to come up with the idea of treating the water with the
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use of those kind of materials. Oyster shells are being burnt and powdered. The
researchers burned the oyster shells to produce activated carbon which is needed in
filtering water. The researchers pulverized the burnt oyster shells, black lava rocks, red
lava rocks, and sand to increase its surface area so that there will be more room for the
absorption of the unwanted microorganisms.
Water Filtration System’s Design and

Dimensions
36
Figure 4.0
Table 4.0 List of Materials That Was Used to Develop the Water Filtration System
Materials Description
One of the raw material that we use
to have activated carbon
Oyster shells
37
The main highlight of the study, it is
the first layer of the filtration system.
It is used to adsorb any heavy metals
such as copper, lead, cadmium; it
also has a lot of porous so that the
good beneficial bacteria’s will
colonize.
Processed oyster shells (activated carbon)
The second layer of the filtration
system, it is used to remove any
floating and sinkable particles.
Sand
Raw material to make red lava rock
granules.
Red lava rocks
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The third layer of the filtration
system; It is used to provide surface
area so the beneficial bacteria can
colonize.
Processed lava rocks (granules)
Black lava rock is used to make
black lava rock granules to have a lot
of porous so that the good bacteria
can colonize.
Black lava rocks
The fourth layer of the filtration
system
It is used to provide surface area
where the beneficial bacteria can
colonize.
Processed Black lava rocks
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The main container of the filtration
system, it is used to contain the
oyster shells as activated carbon,
lava rock, sand sponge and mesh.
Canister
It is used to connect the filtration
stages to become one.
PVC orange male adapter with
locknut electrical
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To prevent leakage on the connector
of the filtration system.
O-ring
It is used as a filter of any granules
minerals of the filtration system, to
avoid contamination of the filtered
water.
Fabric mesh sheet
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It is used as a filter of any large
granules minerals of the filtration
system, and also it has a lot of
surface area for the beneficial
bacteria to colonize.
Sponge
It is used as a container for the oyster
shell inside the furnace.
Stainless steel Tray
To sort out the small mineral
particles for a better filtration
system.
Metal strainer
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It is used to pulverize activated
carbon oyster shell, and lava rocks.
Grinding Pulverizer Machine
It is used to burn the oyster shells at
the recommended temperature to be
activated carbon.
Electric Laboratory Oven
43
It is used to drill holes in the
containers.
Hand Drill
It is used to determine the pH level
of the sample waters.
pH Level Tester
44
It is used to create holes in the
canisters.
Hole Saw
It is used to wrap around the
threaded part of the canister to avoid
leakage on the filtration system.
Teflon Tape
It is used as connector and support
on the filtration system.
Pvc Pipes
45
Used for containing unfiltered
sample water.
Upper Catch Basin
It is used to separate solid sediments
inside the upper catch basin.
Cylinderical filter
It is used to adsorb metal fragments
inside the upper catch basin.
46
Magnets
Used for containing filtered Sample
water.
Lower Catch Basin
Used as sample water or control
water.
River water
water.
Tap water
47
water.
Rain water
48
Checking the Effectiveness of Water Filtration in Terms of Microbial Count
Figure 4.1
Figure 4.2
49
These figures (Figure 4.1 and Figure 4.2) shows the effectiveness of the water
filtration in terms of microbial count. As it is shown in the figure, the BGB (Brilliant
Green Bile Broth) and the EC (Electrical Conductivity) is a way lot higher before the
water was filtered. After filtration, the BGB and the EC’s count dropped down to less than
1.1.
50
Process Flow Chart on How the Researchers Converted the Oyster Shells into
Activated Carbon
A
Start
Powdered
Collecting oyster shells

Burning
Sorting shells by size No

Is The
Oyster Shells
Burned?
Yes
Clean the oyster shells
Straining
No
Are the Wash out the
oyster
shells burnt oyster
clean? shells or
activated carbon
Ye
s No Yes
A Water still
yellow
End
Figure 4.3
This figure shows the process on how the reserchers converted oyster shells into
activated carbon with the process of burning, sorting, pulverizing, and washing out the
particles that is not included in the water filtration process.
51
Process Flow Chart on How the Filtration System Works
Start
Separation of
sediments
First stage of filtration
Second stage of
filtration
Third stage of
filtration
Fourth stage of
filtration
Fifth stage of filtration
No
Is the
oyster
clean?
Yes
Filtered water
storage
End
Figure 4.4
52
This figure shows the water filtration system that the researchers built. The first step
in the researchers’ water filtration system is the upper catch basin which will serve as the
source of water. After the catch basin gets filled up with raw water, it will undergo the first
stage of the researchers’ filtration system which is the oyster shells that turned into
activated carbon. After that stage, it will go through the next stages of filtration system
which is the natural minerals that the researchers’ gathered. Then, it will be stored in the
lower catch basin which will serve as the storage of the filtered water.
53
Determination of time in terms of collecting or filtering water per liter
Figure 4.5
The figure shows that it takes 4 minutes and 32 seconds to fill up a 1.5-liter bottle
using the researchers’ filtration system. The figure also shows that the more time it
consumes the more filtered water the filtration system produces.
54
Checking the effectiveness of water filtration in terms of pH level
Figure 4.6
This figure shows the comparison between the effectiveness of the water with the use
of pH level of the unfiltered water to the pH level of the filtered water.
55
Mann-Whitney U testing of the BGB (Brilliant Green Bile Broth) microbial count
Figure 4.7
Water sample from filtered water (Mdn = 1.1) were higher than water sample from
unfiltered water (Mdn = 2.6). A Mann-Whitney test indicated that this difference was
statistically not significant, U(NFiltered = 3, NUnfiltered=3,) = 1.5, z = -1.549, p=0.121.
T-Test for the pH level of water
Figure 4.8
56
Filtered water has a higher PH level (M = 7.77, SD = 0.73) than unfiltered water (M =
6.82, SD = 1.09). However, the difference is not significant because the null hypothesis is not
rejected, t(4)=1.254, p(0.278)>0.05.
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CONCLUSION
The researchers conclude the following:
1.) Oyster shells can be turned into activated carbon which is one of the components in
water filtration.
2.) The micro bacterial count of the raw water is a lot higher than the filtered water with
the use of activated carbon.
3.) The BGB (Brilliant Green Bile Broth) count must be less than 1.1 in order for the water
to pass the water analysis testing.
57
4.) The EC (Electrical Conductivity) count must be less than 1.1 in order for the water to
pass the water analysis testing.
5.) The pH level of the raw water will change through the process of the researcher’s
filtration system.
6.) The filtration system of the researchers takes 4 minutes and 32 seconds to have 1.5
liters of filtered water.
RECOMMENDATION
The researchers recommendations are the following:
1. The researchers recommends the use of oyster shells as active carbon in water filtration
of tap, river, and rain water to turn into potable water.
2. Establishment of standard procedure to be the basis of the process in filtering rain water,
river water and tap water.
3. The researchers recommends the water filtration system to help in giving solutions to
water shortage or water scarcity that is a common phenomenon in the world.
58
4. The researchers also recommends to use natural waste materials in water filtration.
For the alternative course of action:
1. The researchers may include to study the testing of alkalinity.
2. The researchers may include to study the mineral components of the water.
3. The researchers may include to study the benefits of drinking the filtered water.
4. The researchers can improve their product by manufacturing the materials needed in the
filtration system in application of CNC machines or plastics molder.
5. The researchers can apply the method of reverse osmosis to apply force on the filtration
system for the unfiltered water to go through the smallest holes to filter the water.
6. Continuous monitoring of water filtration performance to check the timespan of the
filter before changing or disposing the filter components.
59
7. Conduct microbial testing after water filtration to determine the consistency of the
quality of the filtered water.
8. Conduct pH testing after filtration to determine if the water's acidity is consistent.
REFERENCES
60
APPENDICES
WATER SAMPLE = FILTERED WATER
Case Processing Summarya

Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
BGB 3 100.0% 0 0.0% 3 100.0%
EC 3 100.0% 0 0.0% 3 100.0%
a. WATER SAMPLE = FILTERED WATER
Descriptivesa
Statistic Std. Error
BGB Mean 1.1000 .00000
95% Confidence Interval for Lower Bound 1.1000
Mean Upper Bound 1.1000
5% Trimmed Mean 1.1000
Median 1.1000
Variance .000
Std. Deviation .00000
Minimum 1.10
Maximum 1.10
Range .00
Interquartile Range .00
Skewness . .
61
Kurtosis . .
EC Mean 1.1000 .00000
5% Trimmed Mean 1.1000
Median 1.1000
Variance .000
Minimum 1.10
Maximum 1.10
Range .00
Interquartile Range .00
Skewness . .
Kurtosis . .
Tests of Normalitya
Kolmogorov-Smirnovb Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
BGB . 3 . . 3 .
EC . 3 . . 3 .
b. Lilliefors Significance Correction
BGB
62
63
64
EC
65
66
WATER SAMPLE = UNFILTERED WATER

Cases
Valid Missing Total
BGB 3 100.0% 0 0.0% 3 100.0%
EC 3 100.0% 0 0.0% 3 100.0%
a. WATER SAMPLE = UNFILTERED WATER
Descriptivesa
BGB Mean 3.9667 2.16050
95% Confidence Interval for Lower Bound -5.3292
5% Trimmed Mean .
Median 2.6000
Variance 14.003
Std. Deviation 3.74210
Minimum 1.10
Maximum 8.20
Range 7.10
Interquartile Range .
Skewness 1.424 1.225
Kurtosis . .
EC Mean 3.4333 2.33333
95% Confidence Interval for Lower Bound -6.6062
5% Trimmed Mean .
Median 1.1000
Variance 16.333
Minimum 1.10
Maximum 8.10
67
Range 7.00
Skewness 1.732 1.225
Kurtosis . .
Tests of Normalitya
BGB .309 3 . .900 3 .385
EC .385 3 . .750 3 .000
BGB
68
69
EC
70
71
SPLIT FILE OFF.

NPAR TESTS
/M-W= BGB BY VAR00001(1 2)
/MISSING ANALYSIS.
NPar Tests
Notes
Output Created 11-MAY-2022 07:19:15
Comments
Input Active Dataset DataSet0
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
N of Rows in Working Data File 6
72
Missing Value Handling Definition of Missing User-defined missing values are

treated as missing.
Cases Used Statistics for each test are based
on all cases with valid data for
the variable(s) used in that test.
Syntax NPAR TESTS
/M-W= BGB BY VAR00001(1 2)
/MISSING ANALYSIS.
Resources Processor Time 00:00:00.00
Elapsed Time 00:00:00.02
Number of Cases Allowed a
449389
a. Based on availability of workspace memory.
Mann-Whitney U Test
Ranks
WATER SAMPLE N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks
BGB FILTERED WATER 3 2.50 7.50
UNFILTERED WATER 3 4.50 13.50
Total 6
Test Statisticsa
BGB
Mann-Whitney U 1.500
Wilcoxon W 7.500
Z -1.549
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .121
Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)] .200b
a. Grouping Variable: WATER SAMPLE
b. Not corrected for ties.
NPAR TESTS
/M-W= EC BY VAR00001(1 2)
/MISSING ANALYSIS.
73
NPar Tests
Notes
Comments
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
Missing Value Handling Definition of Missing User-defined missing values are
treated as missing.
Cases Used Statistics for each test are based
on all cases with valid data for
the variable(s) used in that test.
Syntax NPAR TESTS
/M-W= EC BY VAR00001(1 2)
/MISSING ANALYSIS.
Number of Cases Alloweda 449389
a. Based on availability of workspace memory.
Mann-Whitney U Test
Ranks
WATER SAMPLE N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks
EC FILTERED WATER 3 3.00 9.00
UNFILTERED WATER 3 4.00 12.00
Total 6
74
Test Statisticsa
EC
Mann-Whitney U 3.000
Wilcoxon W 9.000
Z -1.000
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .317
Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)] .700b
a. Grouping Variable: WATER SAMPLE
b. Not corrected for ties.
SORT CASES BY VAR00001.

SPLIT FILE SEPARATE BY VAR00001.
SPLIT FILE OFF.
SORT CASES BY VAR00001.
SPLIT FILE SEPARATE BY VAR00001.
EXAMINE VARIABLES=PHLevel
/PLOT BOXPLOT HISTOGRAM NPPLOT
/COMPARE GROUPS
/STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVES
/CINTERVAL 95
/MISSING LISTWISE
/NOTOTAL.
Explore
Notes
Comments
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File WATER SAMPLE
75
Missing Value Handling Definition of Missing User-defined missing values for

dependent variables are treated
as missing.
Cases Used Statistics are based on cases
with no missing values for any
dependent variable or factor
used.
Syntax EXAMINE VARIABLES=PHLevel
/PLOT BOXPLOT HISTOGRAM
NPPLOT
/COMPARE GROUPS
/STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVES
/CINTERVAL 95
/MISSING LISTWISE
/NOTOTAL.
WATER SAMPLE = FILTERED WATER

Cases
Valid Missing Total
PHLevel 3 100.0% 0 0.0% 3 100.0%
Descriptivesa
PHLevel Mean 7.7700 .41956
5% Trimmed Mean .
Median 7.6200
76
Variance .528
Minimum 7.13
Maximum 8.56
Range 1.43
Skewness .889 1.225
Kurtosis . .
Tests of Normalitya
PHLevel .248 3 . .968 3 .657
PHLevel
77
78
WATER SAMPLE = UNFILTERED WATER

Cases
Valid Missing Total
PHLevel 3 100.0% 0 0.0% 3 100.0%
Descriptivesa
PHLevel Mean 6.8233 .62733
5% Trimmed Mean .
Median 7.4000
Variance 1.181
79

Minimum 5.57
Maximum 7.50
Range 1.93
Skewness -1.716 1.225
Kurtosis . .
Tests of Normalitya
PHLevel .369 3 . .789 3 .088
PHLevel
80
81
SPLIT FILE OFF.

T-TEST GROUPS=VAR00001(1 2)
/MISSING=ANALYSIS
/VARIABLES=PHLevel
/CRITERIA=CI(.95).
T-Test
Notes
Comments
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
82

Missing Value Handling Definition of Missing User defined missing values are
treated as missing.
Cases Used Statistics for each analysis are
based on the cases with no
missing or out-of-range data for
any variable in the analysis.
Syntax T-TEST GROUPS=VAR00001(1
2)
/MISSING=ANALYSIS
/VARIABLES=PHLevel
/CRITERIA=CI(.95).
83
1. BGB Table
2. pH level Table
3. EC Count Table
84
4. BGB Graph
5. EC Graph
6. Time Study Graph
85
7. Time Study Table
86
8. Process
9. Rain Water
87
10. River water
11. Gathering of River Water
88
12. Lake Water
13. Dripping test
89
14. The Efforts of making the product
15. Prototype Our Product
90
16. Water filter
17. First Filtered Water
91
18. pH and PPM First Filtering testing Rain Water
19. 2nd Raw Tap Water Testing
92
20. 2nd water filtered pH testing
21. Bringing Water sample test bottle
93
22. Tapped water unfiltered Result
23. .River Water Unfiltered Result
94
24. .Rain Water unfiltered Result
25. Tapped Water Filtered Result
26. River Water Filtered Result
95
27. Rain Water Filtered Result
28. Group Picture “At the Laboratory in Bambang Sta. Cruz Manila”
96
97
STATISTICIAN’S CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled Research Study about Water
filtering of raw water using Oyster Shell, Raw water converting to
potable water.
Prepared by:
Aquino, Adrian Miguel S.

Malabanan, Allan Roland A.
Ruiz, Jerome Anthony A.
For the degree of Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering
Has undergone careful statistical analysis and has been reviewed by the
undersigned.
Signed in the 11th of May in the year of our Lord 2022 at San Pedro
College of Business Administration
Signed
Ms. Janice A. Hernandez

09770354174
ACTIVITY Start End of FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE
98
of WEEK
Date
Date 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1
Discussion of IE Capstone
Project Research 9-Feb- 9-Feb-
Guidelines 22 22
Brainstorming of Title & 9-Feb- 10-
Topic 22 Feb-22
Discussion of Acceptance 13- 13-
Form Instructions Feb-22 Feb-22
Start of Draft for Chapter 1 13- 19-
&2 Feb-22 Feb-22
Discussion of Chapter 1 & 15- 15-
2 Format Feb-22 Feb-22
Filling out for the 15- 15-
Researcher List Feb-22 Feb-22
Presentation of Title/Topic
with Draft of Chapter 1 & 18- 18-
2 Feb-22 Feb-22
Submission of Acceptance 24- 24-
Form Feb-22 Feb-22
1-Mar- 1-Mar-
Proposal Defense 22 22
Planning for Final Title & 1-Mar- 1-Mar-
Topic 22 22
Finalizing of Final Title & 1-Mar- 2-Mar-
Topic 22 22
15-
Continuation of Chapter 1 2-Mar- Mar-
&2 22 22
13-
Start of Product 3-Mar- Mar-
Development 22 22
15-
Consultation for Chapter 1 15- Mar-
&2 Mar-22 22
Finalizing of Chapter 1 & 18-
2 with Gantt chart & 16- Mar-
Product Design Mar-22 22
Submission of Chapter 1 & 18-
2 with Gantt chart & 18- Mar-
Product Design Mar-22 22
27-
Continuation of Product 21- Mar-
Development Mar-22 22
28- 1-Apr-
Start of Chapter 3 Mar-22 22
2-
Product Development and 3-Apr- May-
Testing 22 22
9-
Water Sample Testing At 2-May- May-
Laboratory 22 22
25- 25-
Statistician Consultation Apr-22 Apr-22
24-
23- May-
Start of draft Chapter 4 Apr-22 22
6-
Statistician Follow-Up 6-May- May-
Consultation 22 22
9-
9-May- May-
Final Adviser Consultation 22 22
8-
7-May- May-
Start of Chapter 5 22 22
Revision & Grammarian 8-May- 9-
Checking 22 May-
99
22
10- 10-
May- May-
Submission of Final Papers 22 22
13- 13-
Approval of Final May- May-
Manuscript 22 22
14- 17-
Submission of Approved May- May-
Manuscript by Adviser 22 22
22- 22-
May- May-
Defense 22 22
23-
Revision & Submission of May- 4-Jun-
Hard Bound 22 22
ALLAN ROLAND A. MALABANAN

Blk1 Lot 8 Phase 1 Love Avenue
100
Olivarez Homes Subdivision, San Pedro Laguna

Email Address: allan.roland04@gmail.com
Contact #:09057278732
EMPLOYMENT BACKGROUND:
 DAIWA SEIKO PHILS
June 05, 2018 – November 10, 2018
JOB DESCRIPTION:
1. Production Operator under Production Department
Duties and Responsibilities

1. Ensure efficient equipment to meet production requirements
2. Do physical set up of machines and equipment
3. Performs preventive & predictive maintenance of machines & equipment
4. Implement immediate correction trouble shooting during machine or equipment breakdown
5. Safe keeps & maintain machine tools equipment and spare parts
6. Monitors daily & up-keeps of machines and equipment performance and records
7. Maintains and performs Safety & 3Q6S activities in the production line
 5S MANPOWER SERVICES COOPERATIVE

ALASKA MILK CORPORATION
July 17, 2016 – March 11, 2017
JOB DESCRIPTION:
1. Production Helper
 POWERLANE RESOURCES INC

NIDEC PHILIPPINES INC.
April 28, 2014 – Jan 31, 2016
JOB DESCRIPTION:
1. Equipment Technician under Machinery Department
Duties and Responsibilities

1. Production Technician – ensure efficient & equipment to meet production requirements
2. Do physical set up of machines and equipment
3. Performs preventive & predictive maintenance of machines & equipment
4. Implement immediate correction trouble shooting during machine or equipment breakdown
5. Safe keeps & maintain machine tools equipment and spare parts
6. Monitors daily & up-keeps of machines and equipment performance and records
7. Supports the engineers in implementing productivity & system improvement activities
8. Maintains and performs Safety & 3Q6S activities in the production line
9. Supports machine shop activities
10. Carries out directions and instructions that may be assigned by Engineers, supervisors and
Department manager
 CHEMSOL INDUSTRIES INC

PEPSI COLA PRODUCTS PHILIPPINES INC
April 10, 2013 – September 10, 2013
Tunasan, Muntinlupa City
JOB DESCRIPTION:
1. Production Sanitation
101
 J. ALCABASA ENTERPRISES & GENERAL SERVICES INC

TOYOTA AUTOPARTS INC.
March 26, 2012- August 31, 2012
Pulong Sta. Cruz, Sta. Rosa, Laguna
JOB DESCRIPTION:
1. Production operator of Constant Velocity Joint.
2. Operates Tripod Machining with 6 machines.
3. Operates Shaft 2 machining with 8 machines.
4. Buffer stockman responsible for repair, replenishment and issuance
of grinded parts to the assembly line if machine trouble occurs.
 MR.BIGG’s INASAL
March 1, 2010 – April 30, 2010
National Highway San Pedro Laguna
JOB DESCRIPTION:
1. Food crew and server
SEMINARS AND TRAINING:

1. Six Sigma March 9, 2019
2. Demand and Supply March 9, 2019
3. Supply Chain Management March 9, 2019
4. Lean Management March 9, 2019
5. Occupational Health and Safety March 9, 2019
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:
Tertiary Education
Km. 30 Old National Highway, Barangay Nueva
San Pedro, Laguna
Jan 2019 – Present
University of Perpetual Help System Laguna

Biñan, Laguna
June 2007 - October 2009
Technical and Vocational

San Pedro Manpower Development Institute
Crismor Ave, Elvinda Village San Pedro Laguna
Automotive Servicing
Batch 115 January 17 – May 2011

Building Wiring Installation
Batch 115 January 17 – May 2011

Welding course
Batch 114 September 1, 2010 – January 15 2011
102
SECONDARY
St. Paul Montessori School
St. Joseph Village Laguna
April 2007
PRIMARY
St. Paul Montessori School
St. Joseph Village Laguna
March 2003
PERSONAL DATA:
Age: 30 yrs. old
Date of Birth: July 08, 1991
Birthplace: Biñan Doctors Hospital
Nationality: Filipino
Gender: Male
Religion: Catholic
Civil Status: Single
Height: 5’7
Weight: 165 lbs
SSS#: 04-2522351-4
PHILHEALTH#: 08-025444418-2
I hereby certify that the above information is true and correct
SIGNATURE
_________________________
103

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SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

RESEARCH STUDY ABOUT WATER FILTERING OF

RAW WATER USING OYSTER SHELL,

RAW WATER CONVERTING

A Research Presented to the

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

AQUINO, Adrian Miguel S.

CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………………………..

Scope and limitations……………………………………………………………………….

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Data Gathering Procedure…………………………………………………………………

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Water Filtration System’s Design and

List of Materials That Was Used to Develop the Water Filtration

Checking the Effectiveness of Water Filtration in Terms of Microbial

Process Flow Chart on How the Filtration System Works……………….

Determination of time in terms of collecting or filtering water per

Checking the effectiveness of water filtration in terms of pH

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

world is experiencing, which is the water shortage.

and appreciated them which leads to the completion of the study.

researchers to complete the study;

in the researchers that they can complete this study.

Figure 1.0 Conceptual Framework

Figure 3.0 Methodological Framework

Figure 3.1 Formula for the Mann-Whitney U test

Figure 3.2 Formula for T-test

Figure 4.0 Water Filtration System’s Design and Dimensions

Figure 4.1 BGB Count

Figure 4.2 EC Count

into Activated Carbon

Figure 4.6 pH level

Figure 4.8 T-Test for the pH level of water

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

function of all your tissues.

struggling to gain enough access to water and sanitation service services.

weather since March 9.

2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

already potable or drinkable.

1. How can the researchers help the water shortage?

2. What kind of materials did the researchers use?

3. How will the researchers know if the water is already potable?

5. How do the researchers convert oyster shells into activated carbon?

6. How fast can the water be filtered?

7. How did the researchers check the pH level of the water?

3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

3.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

1. To formulate ways to eliminate water shortage using raw water.

2. To determine the type of materials that was used.

laboratory tests and pH testing.

4. To determine the list of materials that was used.

5. To formulate ways on converting oyster shells into activated carbon.

6. To evaluate the efficiency of the water filtration system.

7. To evaluate the effectiveness of the water filtration system.