Cambridge International AS and A level Physics

b equation 2: b 0 = 402 + 2a × 2200; a = −0.36 m s −2

s=
(u + v ) × t c t = 40 / 0.36 = 111 s
2 d, e

100 =
( 41+ 28) × t
2
100
t= = 2.9 s
34.5

v
Exercise 2.4 Motion under gravity area = distance travelled

1 negative
2 a
Quantity Displacement Velocity Acceleration 0
0 t
stone
moving + + −
straight line shows uniform acceleration
upwards
2 a initial velocity = 0
stone at use s = ut + ½ at2
highest + 0 −
2h
position g=
t2
stone falling b The electromagnetic force may not drop to zero immediately.
+ − −
downwards This increases the measured time and decreases the
calculated value of g, a systematic error.
b Graph B is correct; gradient is constant and negative.
Measurements of h are made with a ruler to ± 1 mm and so
3 a velocity at highest point = 0 this will provide a random error.
0 = 6.52 – 2 × 9.81 × s c horizontal component of velocity = 12.0 cos45° = 8.5 m s −1
s = 2.2 m 14.7
time taken = = 1.7 s
4 8.5
b final velocity = −6.5 m s −1
d vertical component of velocity = 12.0 sin 45° = 8.5 m s −1
t=
(v u) = 13.0 = 1.33 s 8.5
a 9.81 acceleration = × = 9.8 m s −2
1.73
c s = −55 m
v2 = 6.52 + 2 × 9.81 × 55.0 = 1121
Chapter 3:
v = −33.5 m s −1
(v u) ( + ) Dynamics – explaining motion
d t= = = 4.08 s
a 9.81
Exercise 3.1 Identifying forces
4 a vertical component of initial velocity = 24 sin 45° = 17.0 m s −1
b vertical displacement = 0 1 a contact force
c 0 = 17.0 × t – 0.5 × 9.81 × t 2

17.0
t= = 3.47 s
(0.5 × 9.81)
push of man
d horizontal acceleration = 0
e horizontal component of initial velocity 24 cos 45° = 17.0 m s −1
f distance travelled horizontally = 17.0 × 3.47 = 59.0 m
weight
5 vertical component of initial velocity = 24 sin 50° = 18.4 m s −1
0 = 18.4 × t – 0.5 × 9.81 × t2 b contact force
18.4
t= = 3.753 s
(0.5 × 9.81)
horizontal component of initial velocity 24 cos 50° = 15.4 m s −1
distance travelled horizontally = 15.4 × 3.75 = 57.8 m drag push of man

Exam-style questions
1 a acceleration: rate of change of velocity weight
or acceleration = change in velocity / time taken
 Answers

c The force of the car on the ground acts on the ground, not on the c weight, contact force, drag (of brakes)
car. The free body diagram only shows forces acting on the car. d 800 N to the left
2 a contact force
friction Exercise 3.3 Force, mass and acceleration
1 a F = ma = 40 × 103 × 1.2 = 48 kN
b a = F/m = 48 / 2.8 = 17.1 m s −2
c m = F / a = 200 / 0.40 = 500 kg
2 a weight = mg = 95 × 9.81 = 932 N
b resultant force = 1200 − 932 = 268 N upwards
c acceleration = 268 / 95 = 2.82 m s −2 upwards
3 a a = 510 / 680 = 0.75 m s −2; v = u + at = 12 + 0.75 × 20 = 27 m s −1
weight b s = (12 + 27) / 2 × t = 390 m

b contact force 4 a s = ½ gt2 so g = 2s / t2 = 2 × 2.0 / 1.62 = 1.6 m s −2

b m = weight / g = 3.9 / 1.6 = 2.4 kg
c weight on Earth = mg = 2.4 × 9.81 = 24 N

Exercise 3.4 Terminal velocity

1 a 250 kN forwards (to the right)
b 1.25 m s −2
c 0 m s −2
friction
d They are equal in magnitude, opposite in direction.
e increase the thrust of the engines; reduce drag by
streamlining the shape, etc.
weight 5
f graph C; acceleration is maximum at start, so gradient of v–t
graph is maximum at start, decreases to zero
3 a upthrust
g
Acceleration

resistance forward force

of water
0
0
weight Time
(The precise shape of the graph is uncertain, but acceleration
b decreases towards zero.)
2 a upward force = drag (air resistance); downward force = weight
b diagram 1; air resistance is greater than in diagram 2
c diagram 2; the two forces are equal and opposite
weight
d Air resistance is much greater than his downward weight, so
there is a resultant force which acts upwards.
Exercise 3.2 How forces affect motion
Exam-style questions
1 a, b 20 N F 0.12
1 a Initially the air resistance is zero, so a == = 10 m s −2 .
M 0.012
4N b Air resistance increases with speed and eventually becomes
B C equal to the weight. Then there is no resultant force and no
acceleration.
Forces on A are balanced. c i v2 = u2 + 2as = 80; v = 8.9 m s −1
ii F = 3.2 × 10−5 m s−1 which is much less than the weight,
c B will accelerate upwards; C will accelerate to the right. 0.15 N.
2 a diagram 1 F 0.12 − 0.05
d a= = = 5.8 m s −2
b 350 N to the right M 0.012
 Cambridge International AS and A level Physics

2 a 4 a
contact force
1200 kN

F resultant
friction force
30°
weight 500 kN

b scale drawing; resultant force = 807 N at 48° to drag force

Resultant force = F − force due to friction
b i acceleration = resultant force = 3.3 m s −2 = 6
M t Exercise 4.2 Resolving forces
t = 1.8 s
ii The acceleration is the same and the same change in 1 a 100 cos 30° = 86.6 N
speed occurs so the time is the same. However since b 100 sin 30° = 50 N
distance = average speed x time and the average speed c 502 + 86.62 = 10 000 = 1002
is higher, then the distance travelled is larger.
c The force due to friction has become equal to F and the 2 a horizontal = vertical component = 177 N
resultant force is zero.

3 a vertical
component
45°
weight air resistance horizontal
component
b downwards
c Acceleration will be less. Weight is the same but air resistance b Each component is at 45° to the force.
6 is now upwards, reducing the resultant force and hence the
resultant acceleration. 3 a 700 cos 70° = 239 N
d Acceleration = g at highest point. It is instantaneously stationary b 239 − 120 = 119 N
so air resistance = 0; the only force acting on the ball is its weight. c It is at 90° to the slope, so its component down the slope is
zero.
d resolving at right angles to the slope; component of weight =
Chapter 4: 700 cos 20° = 658 N = contact force
Forces – vectors and moments 4 The angle between NE and E is 45°. The component of velocity =
300 cos 45° = 212 m s −1.
Exercise 4.1 Adding forces
1 a the hypotenuse Exercise 4.3 Moment of a force
b 22.4 N (by Pythagoras) 1 a 37.5 N m anticlockwise
c tan−1 2.0 = 63.4° b 30 N m clockwise
c not in equilibrium – resultant moment acts anticlockwise
2 a, b
2 a 9 N m anticlockwise
9
3N b X= = 36 N
15 N 0.25

3 a total clockwise moment = 5.0 × 0.20 + 2.0 × 0.60 = 2.2 N m

2.2
15 N b = = 11 N
3N 0.20
c C = 11.0 + 5.0 + 2.0 = 18.0 N
a b
4 a uniform
c 15.3 N
b resultant
d tan−1 5.0 = 78.7° moment C
2.0 m 0.5 m 2.5 m
3 a scale diagram of triangle with sides of length 6 cm and 10 cm
b length = 14.0 cm so resultant force = 280 N A B
c angle = 32° 45 g 40 g 25 g