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BUENAVISTA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter includes an overview of relevant literature and studies in the field.

The researcher reviewed the literature and studies that provided information on themes

related to the study as well as previous research that had been undertaken in order to

complete the study. It also provides an overview of the facts on the study’s framework.

Conceptual Literature

Mental Health Among Students

Most mental health disorders have their peak onset during young adulthood.

(Kessler et al. 2007). observed that by the age of 25 years, 75% of those who will have

a mental health disorder have had their first onset. Among traditional students, the

significant disruptions associated with attending college may exacerbate current

psychopathology that first manifested in childhood and/or trigger its first onset.

Similarly, non-traditional students who may have to attend to the demands of their

numerous roles (work and family) may experience an exacerbation of their symptoms

or a relapse. Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent psychiatric problems among

college students, with approximately 11.9 % of college students suffering from an

anxiety disorder (Blanco et al. 2008). Among the anxiety disorders, social phobia has an

early age of onset (median age of onset between 7–14 years), while panic disorder,
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generalized anxiety disorders (GAD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have

somewhat later onsets (Kessler Rc, et al. 2005). (Giaconia et al. 1994) found that in a

community sample of adolescents the peak risk period for developing PTSD was

between the ages of 16 to 17 years, with approximately one third of the sample

developing the disorder by the age of 14 years (Giaconia et al. 1994). Through a

national mental health survey, (Vaingankar et al. 2012). examined 6,616 respondents

and reported that the mean age of onset for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) was

19 years of age and 20 years of age for GAD. Thus, many traditional students with

PTSD may have experienced symptoms before college, whereas those with GAD and

OCD may start experiencing symptoms while in college. Another common mental health

problem among college students is depression, with prevalence rates in college

students of 7 to 9 %. (Zisook et al. 2007) found that over half of all cases of depression

had a first onset during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood. Similarly, others

have shown an elevated risk for mood disorders beginning in the early teens increasing

with age in a linear fashion. In the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication study,

(Kessler et al. 2005) reported that one out of every five individuals with depression had

their first episode by the age of 25 years. The onset of bipolar disorder (BAD) appears

to follow a similar trend. Approximately 3.2 % of college students meet the criteria for

BAD (Blanco C, et al. 2008) An emerging literature has shown that the majority of

adults with BAD have the onset of their disorder in child and adolescent years, with at

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least a third of adults with BAD having their onset before the age of 12 years (Perlis RH,

et al. 2009) Suicide, although not a specific diagnosis, is the third leading cause of

death among young adults and is a significant problem among college students

(Prevention C.f.D.a 2013) A large survey reported that among 8,155 students, 6.7 %

reported suicidal ideation, 1.6 % reported having a suicide plan, and 0.5 % reported

making a suicide attempt in the past year (Downs MF 2012). Given that many students

with suicidal ideation do not seek treatment, it is critical to implement screening

strategies to identify them and engage them in treatment. Among the major risk factors

for suicide in this age group are depression, hopelessness, and substance us. Eating

disorders such as bulimia, anorexia, and binge eating are common and often have their

onset during adolescence with a rapid increase in risk during early adulthood (Hudson

JI, et al. 2007). For instance, a survey of 2,822 college students reported that 9.5% of

students screened positive for an eating disorder with a greater proportion of females

relative to males (13.5 vs. 3.6 %, respectively). (Stice et al. 2009) found that peak

periods of risk for onset was between 17 and 18 years of age for bulimia nervosa and

binge-eating disorder, and was between 18 and 20 years for purging behavior (feeding

or eating disorder not elsewhere classified). They also found that sub-threshold eating

disorders are even more common than full criteria-eating disorders, with both full and

subthreshold disorders associated with significant impairment (Stice et al. 2009).

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) onsets during childhood and persists

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into adulthood in approximately one half of cases and negatively affects many critical

areas in young adults. Between 2 and 8 % of college students suffer from ADHD and

approximately one fourth of students receiving disability services have ADHD. ADHD is

associated with poor academic performance, social difficulties, and an increased risk for

alcohol and drug use (Green AL, Rabiner DL 2012) that further exacerbate difficulties in

college. There is a paucity of literature regarding the prevalence of schizophrenia

among college students; however, it appears that symptoms in the psychotic spectrum

are not uncommon among college students. Studies have described the course of

schizophrenia as having its beginning in early adolescence and persisting into young

adulthood. (Sham et al. 1994) studied 270 schizophrenic probands in an older Swedish

study and found that for both males and females there was a rapid increase in the

onset of schizophrenia in late teens and early twenties followed by a lower risk of onset

in the late twenties. Similar results were found by (Hafner et al. 1993), who studied 267

patients with schizophrenia and found that the initial onset of the disorder showed an

early and steep increase in young adulthood until the age of 25 years. Furthermore,

they found that 47% of females and 62% of males in the sample had their first

symptoms of schizophrenia before the age of 25 years. Thus, young adults in college

may experience the prodromal or early manifestation of a first onset of a psychotic

disorder.

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Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) include a group of related complex and chronic

neurodevelopment disorders, which are generally characterized by a variable

presentation of problems with socialization, communication, and behavior. Although

ASDs are typically considered very disabling, a number of young people with ASDs do

not have co-occurring intellectual impairment or language speech impairment (i.e., high

functioning autism spectrum disorder and Asperger's disorder) and are able to attend

college. Interestingly, a sample of 667 college students at a single university was used

to diagnostically and dimensionally assess the rate of high functioning ASD in college

populations. The study found that depending upon the ascertainment method between

0.7 and 1.9 % of college students could meet the criteria for high-functioning ASD

(White SW 2011). Although the severity of ASD may decline during the adult period,

individuals continue to have poor social functioning and often continue to require

services. Thus, to enable people with ASD to succeed in college, providers should

ensure that specific accommodations regarding academics, independent living, and

social and vocational counseling are implemented.

Mental Health During the Pandemic

The impact of the pandemic on Mental Health varies (Pierce et al, 2020). Long-

term unemployed people are most vulnerable to adverse mental health effects (Pierce

et al, 2020) and those who were employed and retired in the months before the

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pandemic experience worse than mental health condition (Ferry et al, 2020). Reduced

worse has different effects on the mental health of different group. People who are in a

poor healthy condition or self-isolated and those who have their work reduced due to

care responsibilities, move a higher degree of psychological distress (Ferry et al, 2020).

The higher the work insecurity caused by the pandemic, the more severe the symptoms

of depression (Wilson et al, 2020). As the pandemic continues the fear of the pandemic

itself has not increased mental health problems, but the deterioration of the labor

market increase in the unemployment rate may intensity people’s fear at

unemployment, there by increasing the degree of mental distress (Timming et al,

2020). In addition due to the lockdown people’s works routines can be broken. Remote

work, interruption of work activities due to lockdown measures or increased work due

to needs of the pandemic may also become factors affecting mental health (Russi et al,

2020).

Foreign Studies

This study conducted by Ramdas Ransing, Frances Adiukwu and Ganesh Kudva

states that the emergence of mental health problems during a pandemic is extremely

common, though difficult to address due to the complexities of pandemics and the

scarcity of evidence about the epidemiology of pandemic-related mental health

problems and the potential interventions to tackle them. Little attention has been

devoted so far for this topic from policymakers, stakeholders and researchers, resulting
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in a lack of replicable, scalable and applicable frameworks to help plan, develop and

deliver mental health care during pandemics. As a response, we have attempted to

develop a conceptual framework that could guide the development, implementation,

and evaluation of mental health intervention during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

This CF was developed by early career psychiatrists from 16 countries that cover all the

WHO regions. Their opinions were elicited via a semi-structured questionnaires. They

were asked to provide their views about the current MH situation in their countries and

to elaborate on existing ‘myths’ and misinformation. They were also asked to name the

resources available and to propose solutions and approaches to provide accessible and

affordable care. The CF was prepared based on the extant literature and the views

discussed in this group; it illustrates the epidemiology of MH problems, preparedness

plans, stage-specific plans or innovative solutions, opportunities to integrate those plans

and possible outcomes at policy level. This CF can serve as a technical guide for the

future research regarding pandemics. It can be used to monitor trends and to develop

evidence based MH interventions. Still, further research focusing on the individual

components of this framework is needed.

Another study conducted by the Australian researchers states that since the

2000s reports of increased rates of mental ill health among young people worldwide

have received much attention. Several studies indicate a greater incidence of mental

health problems among tertiary students, compared with the general population, and

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higher levels of anxiety, in particular, among international students compared with

domestic students. Australia is host to many thousands of international students of an

age when mental illnesses are most likely to surface. However, this issue has received

little attention from Australian researchers. This article reports on in-depth interview

with6 professionals working with international students at an internationalized

university.

Another study conducted by Adrian Furnham and Lorrna Trezise, because of the

psychological stress associated with university life and the physical and mental stress

associated with migration, researchers have become interested in psychological

problems of foreign students. In this study four groups of foreign students from

different parts of the world were compared with two British groups on a self-report

measure of mental health. No sex difference were found yet the overseas students, as

a whole, showed significantly more disturbance than either British control or first-year,

subjects. However, despite many differences between any of the overseas groups on

the total scale or any sub-scores. Further, with the exception of Malaysian students, the

British subjects were significantly more satisfied with their social lives than the other

groups. These findings are discussed in terms of the literature on life events and illness,

culture shock and migration and mental health.

Another study conducted by Jenny Lee, Matthew Solomon, Tej Stead, Bryan

Kwon and Latha Ganti states that in the beginning of, the novel Coronavirus disease
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Covid- caused by the SARS-CoV virus, became a public health emergency in the U.S

and rapidly escalated into a global pandemic. Because the SARS-CoV-2 virus is highly

contagious, physical distancing was enforced and indoor public spaces, including

schools and educational institutions, were abruptly closed and evacuated to ensure

civilian safety. Accordingly, educational institutions rapidly transitioned to remote

learning. We investigated the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic U.S.

college students, ages 18-24 years.

Another Study conducted by Tianchua Chen and Mike Lucock states that higher

education students’ mental health has been a growing concern in recent years even

before COVID-19 pandemic. The stresses and restrictions associated with the pandemic

have put university students at greater risk of developing mental health issues, which

may significantly impair their academic success, social interactions and their future

career and personal opportunities. This paper aimed to understand mental health status

of University students at an early stage in the pandemic and to investigate factors

associated with higher levels of distress. An online survey including demographics,

lifestyle/living situations, brief mental well-being history, questioning relating to COVID-

19 and standardized measures of depression, anxiety, resilience and quality of life was

completed by 1173 students at one University in the North England. We found high

levels of anxiety and depression, with more than 50% experiencing levels above the
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clinical cur offs, and females scoring significantly higher than males. The survey also

suggested relatively low levels of resilience which we attribute to restrictions and

isolation which reduced the opportunities to engage in helpful coping strategies and

activities rather than enduring personality characteristics. Higher levels of exercising,

higher levels of tobacco use, and a number of life events associated with the pandemic

and lockdown, such as cancelled events, worsening in personal relationships and

financial concerns. We discuss the importance of longer term monitoring and mental

heal support for university students.

Local Studies

This study conducted by Grace Zurielle C. Malolos, Maria Beatriz C. Baron,

Faith Ann J. Apat, Hannah Andrea A. Sagsagat, Pamela Bianca M. Pasco, Emma Teresa

Carmela L. Aportadera, Roland Joseph D. Tan, Angelica Joyce Gacutno-Evardone, and

Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno III states that the coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19

pandemic has subjected the mental health and well-being of Filipino children under

drastic conditions. While children are move vulnerable to these determines, there

remains the absence of unified and comprehensive strategies in mitigating the

deterioration the of mental health of Filipino children. Existing interventions focus on

more general solutions that fail to acknowledge the circumstances that a Filipino child is

subjected under. Moreover, these strategies also fail to address the multilayered issues

faced by a lower-middle-income country, such as the Philippines. As the mental health

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well-being of Filipino children continues to be neglected, a subsequent and enduring

mental health epidemic can only be expected for years to come.

Another study conducted by Antover P. Tuliao states that this study aims

to provide a review of potential barriers to seeking mental health services among

Filipinos. Researchers on help-seeking behaviors among Filipinos living in the Philippines

and other countries e.g., US, Canada, and Australia suggest that mental health services

in the Philippine are inaccessible and monetarily prohibitive, and beliefs about aetiology

and nature nature of mental illness are inconsistent with the medical model. Other

cultural variables such as shame, stigma, and collectivist beliefs also discourage

Filipinos from seeking help from mental health professionals. Furthermore, these

variables could account for the preference for folk healers and lay networks in treating

mental illness. As such, cultural and economic factors need to be accounted for in

conceptualizing Filipinos’ utilization of mental health services. Implications and

suggestions to aid practice were also discussed.

Another study conducted by John Lally, John Tully, and Rene Samaniego

states that national information on mental health services in the Philippines indicates

that there are substantial gaps and inconsistencies in the delivery of mental healthcare.

The recently enacted Mental Health Act legislation provides a platform for the delivery

of comprehensive and integrated mental health services. However, there remain many

challenges in the provision of accessible and affordable mental healthcare.

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Another study conducted by Jennifer V. Ines states that Mental Health

Literacy of 797 first year Filipino college students was examined. Results showed that

55.2% of the sample was able to recognize depression in a given vignette using the

correct label and 95.7% of students expressed intention to seek help from different

sources such as family (58.5%), friends (48.8%), counselor (38.1%), etc., if they

experienced the same problem as the character in the story. Filipino college students

attributed depression to what professionals would commonly describe as triggers such

as day-to-day problems, childhood problems, and guilt over wrongful acts, trauma, etc.

People they suggested as helpful to a person suffering from depression are counselors,

family, friends, psychologist, and psychiatrist. Social workers, nurses and helplines were

among the least nominated by the participants. Preferences over non-prescribed

products such as tea, organic medicines and vitamins rather than prescribed

medications such as antidepressants and anti-psychotics were apparent. Counseling

was nominated by most college students to be helpful for a depressed individual. Lastly

avoiding stress was viewed as an effective preventive strategy which is contrary to what

professionals recommend. Differences between participants personal and perceived

stigma were also found in the study. Implications of such to proper intervention for

mental illness and importance of improving mental health literacy among Filipino college

students are discussed.

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Another study conducted by Alvin Gino M. Bautista and Elizabeth S. Manuel

states that this research was made to assess the mental health and psychological

wellness during the community quarantine of the 500 selected students from the

College of Management and Business Technology (CMBT), of Nueva Ecija University of

Science and Technology (NEUST). The CMBT was located at Sumacab, Cabanatuan

City, Philippines.

The outcomes of the present study will be beneficial and valuable to the

following: To the students. The result of this study will provide necessary pieces of

information of the mental health of the student which could be a great help to the

respondents in understanding themselves. It can also help them to be more aware

about mental and psychological health through the help of the recommendation of the

researchers; To the Parents. The results of this study will be beneficial to the parents

having children who have the same age bracket as the respondents. The

recommendations will help them in dealing with the problems with their children’s

mental health issues which is not easy to know. To the School. The results of this study

can help the school as well as the guidance counselors to know what the main problem

of the students is and immediately formulate actions to avoid possible negative effects

that can harm the well-being of the students under their supervision. To the Philippine

Mental Health Association, Inc. The results of this study will strengthen their promotion

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of mental health and the prevention of mental health disorders.    Lastly, this will also

be beneficial to future researchers to draw pertinent results to their studies.

The researchers used a set of a survey questionnaire in gathering pertinent data. The

questionnaires were disseminated via an online Google form survey sent to the

respondents. After all the data needed were gathered, the frequencies of answers in

each question were tallied and their percentage was obtained. Through these, the

researchers obtained well conclusions and suitable recommendations.

References

AdrianFurnham, LornaTrezise (2002)

Agnes Yuen-kwan Lai, Letitia Lee, Man-ping Wang, Yibin Feng, Theresa Tze-kwan Lai,

Lai-ming Ho, Veronica Suk-fun Lam, Mary Sau-man Ipand Tai-hing Lam (2020)

Alvin Gino M. Bautista Elizabeth S. Manuel (2020)

Collins Opoku Antwi , Michelle Allyshia Belle , Seth Yeboah Ntim , Yuanchun Wu 1,

Emmanuel Affum-Osei , Michael Osei Aboagye and Jun Ren, Department of Psychology,

Zhejiang Normal University (2022)

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Grace Zurielle C. Malolos, ,* Maria Beatriz C. Baron, Faith Ann J. Apat, Hannah Andrea

A. Sagsagat, Pamela Bianca M. Pasco, Emma Teresa Carmela L. Aportadera, Roland

Joseph D. Tan, , Angelica Joyce Gacutno-Evardone, and Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno III

(2019)

Jennifer V. Ines De La Salle University - Manila (2019)

John Lally, John Tully, and Rene Samaniego (2019)

Paola Pedrelli, Maren Nyer, [...], and Timothy Wilens (2014)

Ramdas Ransing, Frances Adiukwu, and Ganesh Kudva Kundadak (2020)

Tianhua Chen, Mike Lucock (2022)

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