Science reviewer [DNA vs RNA, DNA replication, Protein synthesis

(Transcription & Translation) Mutations (Genetic & Chromosomal

mutations), genetic codes, disorder, and engineering]
DNA vs RNA Parts of rNA:
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the information
molecule. it stores instructions for making
other large molecules, called proteins. These
instructions are stored inside each of your
cells, distributed among 46 long structures
called chromosomes. These chromosomes are
made up of thousands of shorter segments of
DNA, called genes.
DNA is double-stranded.
RNA (ribonucleic acid) is present in all living components of DNA and rna
cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger DNA:
carrying instructions from DNA for adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
controlling the synthesis of proteins. However, RNA:
in some viruses RNA rather than DNA has the adenine, uracil, thymine, cytosine, guanine
genetic information.
RNA has one strand.

DNA replication
types of RNA: DNA replication is the process through which cells
mRNA (messenger RNA) make copies of the genome's DNA. A cell must first
tRNA (transfer RNA) copy (or duplicate) its entire genome before it can
rRNA (ribosomal RNA) divide, ensuring that each daughter cell has a
complete genome upon division.
Parts of DNA:
Protein synthesis (Transcription
& Translation)
The process by which DNA is copied to RNA is called
transcription, and that by which RNA is used to
produce proteins is called translation.

Genetic codes
Mutations
changes in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA
may occur in somatic cells
may occur in gametes and be passed to
offspring
almost all mutations are neutral
chemicals and UV radiations can cause
mutation
repaired by enzymes
has two types: chromosomal and genetic
mutations
Chromosomal mutation
a mutation involving a long segment of DNA. These
mutations can involve deletions, insertions,
inversions, or translocations of sections or
segments of DNA. In some cases, deleted portions
may attach to other chromosomes, disrupting both
the chromosomes losing the DNA and the one
gaining it.
types of Chromosomal
mutation:
1. deletion - is a type of mutation that involves
the loss of one or more nucleotides from a
segment of DNA.
2. inversion - occurs when a chromosome
breaks in two places; the resulting piece of
DNA is reversed and re-inserted into the
chromosome.
3. translocation - genetic change in which a
piece of one chromosome breaks off and
attaches to another chromosome.
4. duplication - a type of mutation in which one
or more copies of a DNA segment (which can
be as small as a few bases or as large as a
major chromosomal region) is produced.
5. nondisjunction - failure of homologous
chromosomes to separate correctly during
meiosis.
gene mutation
A gene mutation is a change to a gene's DNA
sequence to produce something different.
types of gene mutation:
1. point mutation - occurs in a genome when a
single base pair is added, deleted or
changed. (deletion, substitution, and
insertion)
2. frameshift mutation - An insertion or
deletion involving a number of base pairs
that are not a multiple of three, which
consequently disrupts the triplet reading
frame of a DNA sequence.
genetic disorders
cri du chat - caused by deletion of part of
the short arm of chromosome 5. babies with
cri du chat have high-pitched cries that
sound like a cat. (deletion)
down syndrome - is caused by an extra copy
of chromosome 21(trisomy) (nondisjunction)
edward's syndrome - is caused by an extra
copy of chromosome 18 (nondisjunction)
Jacobsen syndrome - caused by deletion of
the long arm of chromosome 11. most have a
bleeding disorder called paris-trousseau
syndrome (deletion)
Klinefelter syndrome - caused by additional
x chromosome (nondisjunction)
turner syndrome - one of the X
chromosomes (sex chromosomes) is missing
or partially missing. (deletion)
genetic engineering
a process that uses laboratory-based
technologies to alter the DNA makeup of an
organism.

human karyotyping
a test to examine chromosomes in a sample
cells
can help identifying genetic problems as the
cause of disorder or disease.