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Creating EAN-13 Barcodes with C# Email Password Sign in Join Remember me? Lost password?

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Multimedia General Graphics Graphics

Creating EAN-13 Barcodes with C#

By rainman_63 | 11 May 2005
.NET1.1 .NET2.0 VS.NET2003 VS2005 C # Windows GDI+ Dev Intermediate

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Demonstrates creating EAN-13 Barcodes with C#.

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Introduction
This article came about as a response to a request to extend the UPC-A barcode example to include EAN-8 and EAN-13. In this article, we will look at the EAN-13 specification and examine some code that can produce EAN-13 barcodes.

EAN-13 Background
The EAN-13 barcode is composed of 13 digits, which are made up of the following sections: the first 2 or 3 digits are the country code, the next 5 to 7 digits are the manufacturer code, the next 3 to 5 digits are the product code, and the last digit is the checksum digit. The figure below shows a typical EAN-13 barcode.

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Country Code
The Country Code is a 2 or 3 digit number, which is used to identify the country that assigned the manufacturer code. All EAN-13 barcodes that begin with "0" are UPC-A barcodes. The following table contains the Country Codes: 00-13: USA & Canada 40-44: Germany 471: Taiwan 477: Lithuania 482: Ukraine 486: Georgia 49: Japan (JAN-13) 528: Lebanon 535: Malta 560: Portugal 590: Poland 600 & 601: South Africa 613: Algeria 625: Jordan 690-692: China 73: Sweden 742: Honduras 746: Dominican Republic 76: Switzerland 775: Peru 780: Chile 786: Ecuador 84: Spain 859: Czech Republic 87: Netherlands 888: Singapore 899: Indonesia 94: New Zealand 978: International Standard Book Numbering (ISBN) 981 & 982: Common Currency Coupons 20-29: In-Store Functions 45: Japan (also 49) 474: Estonia 479: Sri Lanka 484: Moldova 487: Kazakhstan 50: United Kingdom 529: Cyprus 539: Ireland 569: Iceland 594: Romania 609: Mauritius 619: Tunisia 626: Iran 70: Norway 740: Guatemala 743: Nicaragua 750: Mexico 770: Colombia 777: Bolivia 784: Paraguay 789: Brazil 850: Cuba 860: Yugloslavia 880: South Korea 890: India 90 & 91: Austria 955: Malaysia 979: International Standard Music Number (ISMN) 99: Coupons 30-37: France 46: Russian Federation 475: Latvia 480: Philippines 485: Armenia 489: Hong Kong 520: Greece 531: Macedonia 54: Belgium & Luxembourg 57: Denmark 599: Hungary 611: Morocco 622: Egypt 64: Finland 729: Israel 741: El Salvador 744: Costa Rica 759: Venezuela 773: Uruguay 779: Argentina 785: Peru 80 - 83: Italy 858: Slovakia 869: Turkey 885: Thailand 893: Vietnam 93: Australia 977: International Standard Serial Number for Periodicals (ISSN) 980: Refund receipts

Manufacturer Code
The EAN Manufacturer Code is a variable length number. Typically, 5 digit codes are assigned to companies, however, some companies do not produce enough products to warrant a 5 digit product code, and in such cases the EAN will issue Manufacturer Codes longer than 5 digits.

Product Code
The manufacturer is free to assign its own product codes, but they must make sure that each product code is unique within their product codes. The product codes can be as few as 3 digits long, or as long as 5 digits depending on the length of the country and manufacturer codes.

Checksum Digit

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The checksum digit is calculated using the country code, manufacturer's code, and the product code. The odd numbers starting with the right most digits are multiplied by 3 and added to the sum, while the even numbers are simply added to the sum. The reason for the EAN-13 check sum being calculated in reverse order (starting with the right most digit and considering it as being odd instead of even) is for compatibility with UPC-A barcodes. The modulus of 10 is then taken of the summed total. This is subtracted from 10, and the modulus of 10 is taken again. For example: EAN-13 001234567890 Country Code : 00 Manufacturer's Code : 12345 Product Code : 67890 The last or right most digit is '0' and is considered odd, so multiply it by 3, the second right most digit '9' is even so just add it, etc...

(0 * 3) + 9 + (8 * 3) + 7 + (6 * 3) + 5 + (4 * 3) + 3 + (2 * 3) + 1 + (0 * 3) + 0 = 85

85 % 10 = 5 ( ( 10 - 5 ) % 10 ) = 5

Symbol Size
The specifications for the EAN-13 barcode specify the nominal size as 37.29mm wide and 25.93mm high. Based upon this nominal size, the EAN-13 barcode can be scaled by a magnification factor of 0.8 to 2.0. Scaling the barcode will produce a barcode between the minimal allowable size of 29.83mm wide by 20.74mm high and the maximum allowable size of 74.58mm wide and 51.86mm high.

Digit Patterns
Each digit in a EAN-13 bar code is composed of a series of two spaces and two bars. Each digit is drawn within a space that is 7 modules wide. In addition to the 13 digits, which make up a EAN-13 barcode, the barcode symbol also has two quite zones, a lead block, a separator, and a trailing block. Each quite zone is 9 modules wide, the lead and trailing blocks are a series of lines and spaces in the format of bar, space, bar. The separator is signified by the sequence space / bar / space / bar / space.

Special Symbol Quite Zone Lead / Trailer Separator

Pattern 000000000 101 01010

where '0' represents space and '1' denotes a bar.

In addition to the special symbol patterns listed above, the EAN-13 barcode symbol uses three distinct digit patterns as well, the Left Digit Odd Parity pattern, the Left Digit Even Parity pattern and the Right Digit pattern. The Left Digit patterns start with spaces, and the Right Digit pattern starts with bars (see table below). Left Digits Odd Parity Ev e n Pa rit y 0001101 0011001 0010011 0111101 0100011 0110001 0101111 0100111 0110011 0011011 0100001 0011101 0111001 0000101

Number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Right Digits 1110010 1100110 1101100 1000010 1011100 1001110 1010000

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7 8 9 0111011 0110111 0001011 0010001 0001001 0010111 1000100 1001000 1110100

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where a '0' denotes a space and '1' represents a bar. The first digit of the Country Code is used to determine the parity of each digit of the Manufacturer's Code, see the Determining Number Parity section. The Right Digit pattern is typically used to draw the product code and the checksum digit. However, it will be used to render part of the manufacturer's code if the country code is greater than 2, or if the manufacturer's code is greater than 5.

Determining Number Parity

The first digit of the Country Code in an EAN-13 barcode is not encoded, it is used to determine the parity of the digits in the manufacturer code. The second digit of the country code is always odd and the manufacturer's code will have three left-hand numbers that use even parity and two that use odd parity, except a UPC-A compatible barcode which uses all odd parity. The table below outlines the parity for the numbers in the Manufacturer's Code. Parity First Count ry Code Digit 0 (UPC-A) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Se cond Count ry Code Digit Odd Odd Odd Odd Odd Odd Odd Odd Odd Odd Ma nufa ct ure r Code Digit s 1 Odd 2 Odd 3 Odd 4 Odd 5 Odd

Odd Even Odd Even Even Odd Even Even Odd Even Odd Even Even Even Odd Even Odd Odd Even Even Odd Even Odd Even Even Odd

Even Even Even Odd

Even Odd Even Odd Even Even Odd Even Even Odd Even Even Odd Even Odd

For example, if the country code is 75 then based upon the 1st country code digit and the above table, the 2nd digit of the country code, 5, would be Odd. The 1st digit of the Manufacturer Code would use the Even pattern, the 2nd digit would use the Odd pattern, the 3rd digit would use the Even pattern, the 4th would be Odd, and finally the 5th digit would use the Even pattern.

Using the code

First, we will examine how to use the Ean13 class, and then we'll examine how the Ean13 class works.

Using the Ean13 Class

The code excerpt below uses the Ean13 class to draw a EAN-13 barcode in a picture box control:
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private void DrawEan13( ) { System.Drawing.Graphics g = this.picBarcode.CreateGraphics( ); g.FillRectangle( new System.Drawing.SolidBrush(System.Drawing.SystemColors.Control), new Rectangle(0, 0, picBarcode.Width, picBarcode.Height)); // Create an instance of the Ean13 Class. upc = new Ean13( ); upc.CountryCode = "12"; upc.ManufacturerCode = "34567"; upc.ProductCode = "89012"; upc.Scale = (float)Convert.ToDecimal(cboScale.Items [cboScale.SelectedIndex]); upc.DrawEan13Barcode( g, new System.Drawing.Point( 0, 0 ) ); g.Dispose( ); }

The first step for the DrawEan13 function is to create an instance of the Ean13 class, and then set the country code, manufacturer code, the product code, and the scale factor properties (the check sum will be calculated by the Ean13 class). Once these properties are set, a call to the DrawEan13Barcode function is made, passing a Graphics object and a Point, which indicates the starting position to draw at, this will cause the barcode to be drawn in the picture box starting at point (0, 0).

The Ean13 Class

The most significant variables are listed below:

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// This is the nomimal size recommended by the EAN. private private private private float float float float _fWidth = 37.29f; _fHeight = 25.93f; _fFontSize = 8.0f; _fScale = 1.0f;

// Left Hand Digits. private string [] _aOddLeft = { "0001101", "0011001", "0010011", "0111101", "0100011", "0110001", "0101111", "0111011", "0110111", "0001011" }; private string [] _aEvenLeft = { "0100111", "0110011", "0011011", "0100001", "0011101", "0111001", "0000101", "0010001", "0001001", "0010111" }; // Right Hand Digits. private string [] _aRight = { "1110010", "1100110", "1101100", "1000010", "1011100", "1001110", "1010000", "1000100", "1001000", "1110100" }; private string _sQuiteZone = "000000000"; private string _sLeadTail = "101"; private string _sSeparator = "01010";

The _fWidth, _fHeight, and the _fScale variables are initialized with the nominal size. When the barcode is rendered, its actual size will be determined by the nominal size, and the scale factor, as discussed in the Symbol Size section of this article. The variables _aOddLeft, _aEvenLeft, _aRight, _sQuiteZone, _sLeadTail, and _sSeparator are all string representations of the bar/space graphics, which represent the various parts of an EAN-13 barcode. Essentially, a '1' represents a bar and a '0' represents a space, so _sSeparator would cause a space-bar-space-bar-space to be rendered. An alternate method to using a string could be to use a binary representation, where a 0 bit would be a space and a 1 bit is a bar. There are four primary functions which provide the majority of the functionality for the Ean13 class. The workhorse of these functions is DrawEan13Barcode, which uses several functions as helper functions. The helper functions are: CalculateChecksumDigit, ConvertToDigitPatterns, ConvertLeftPattern which will be discussed first. There is also a fifth function, CreateBitmap, which provides an easy means for creating a bitmap image. The first helper function DrawEan13Barcode calls the CalculateChecksumDigit function, which uses the country code, manufacturer code, and product code to calculate the barcode's check sum.
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public void CalculateChecksumDigit( ) { string sTemp = this.CountryCode + this.ManufacturerCode + this.ProductCode; int iSum = 0; int iDigit = 0; // Calculate the checksum digit here. for( int i = sTemp.Length; i >= 1; i-- ) { iDigit = Convert.ToInt32( sTemp.Substring( i - 1, 1 ) ); // This appears to be backwards but the // EAN-13 checksum must be calculated // this way to be compatible with UPC-A. if( i % 2 == 0 ) { // odd iSum += iDigit * 3; } else { // even iSum += iDigit * 1; } } int iCheckSum = ( 10 - ( iSum % 10 ) ) % 10; this.ChecksumDigit = iCheckSum.ToString( ); }

The CalculateChecksumDigit function calculates the check sum using the method discussed in the Checksum Digit section listed above. The second helper function used is the ConvertToDigitPatterns function. This function takes the individual numbers of the manufacturer code, and the product number, and converts them to the string representation of the barcode graphics.

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private string ConvertToDigitPatterns(string inputNumber, string [] patterns) { System.Text.StringBuilder sbTemp = new StringBuilder( ); int iIndex = 0; for( int i = 0; i < inputNumber.Length; i++ ) { iIndex = Convert.ToInt32( inputNumber.Substring( i, 1 ) ); sbTemp.Append( patterns[iIndex] ); } return sbTemp.ToString( ); }

The ConvertToDigitPatterns function requires two parameters:

inputNumber patterns
The inputNumber will be either the manufacturer number, or the product number, and the patterns will be the _aOddLeft, _aEvenLeft, or the _aRight array depending on whether the inputNumber is the manufacturer number or the product number. The ConvertLeftPatterns is used to create the left hand patterns discussed in the Determining Number Parity section. The ConvertLeftPatterns determines the country code, and calls the appropriate country code converter.
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private string ConvertLeftPattern( string sLeft ) { switch( sLeft.Substring( 0, 1 ) ) { case "0": return CountryCode0( sLeft.Substring( 1 ) ); case "1": return CountryCode1( sLeft.Substring( 1 ) ); case "2": return CountryCode2( sLeft.Substring( 1 ) ); case "3": return CountryCode3( sLeft.Substring( 1 ) ); case "4": return CountryCode4( sLeft.Substring( 1 ) ); case "5": return CountryCode5( sLeft.Substring( 1 ) ); case "6": return CountryCode6( sLeft.Substring( 1 ) ); case "7": return CountryCode7( sLeft.Substring( 1 ) ); case "8": return CountryCode8( sLeft.Substring( 1 ) ); case "9": return CountryCode9( sLeft.Substring( 1 ) ); default: return ""; } }

Each country code has its own separate converter function. CountryCode0 is a UPC-A barcode so it will use only the left hand odd parity patterns. CountryCode1 through CountryCode9 each uses the appropriate parity patterns discussed in the Determining Number Parity section. See the CountryCode1 code below for an example of a country code converter function:
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private string CountryCode1( string sLeft ) { // 1 Odd Odd Even Odd Even Even

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System.Text.StringBuilder sReturn = new StringBuilder( ); sReturn.Append( ConvertToDigitPatterns( sLeft.Substring( 0, 1 ), this._aOddLeft ) ); sReturn.Append( ConvertToDigitPatterns( sLeft.Substring( 1, 1 ), this._aOddLeft ) ); sReturn.Append( ConvertToDigitPatterns( sLeft.Substring( 2, 1 ), this._aEvenLeft ) ); sReturn.Append( ConvertToDigitPatterns( sLeft.Substring( 3, 1 ), this._aOddLeft ) ); sReturn.Append( ConvertToDigitPatterns( sLeft.Substring( 4, 1 ), this._aEvenLeft ) ); sReturn.Append( ConvertToDigitPatterns( sLeft.Substring( 5, 1 ), this._aEvenLeft ) ); return sReturn.ToString( ); }

The CountryCode1 function uses the parity patterns discussed in the Determining Number Parity section to send each number to the ConvertToDigitPatterns function with the correct left hand pattern. The sLeft parameter should contain the 2nd digit of the Country Code and the Manufacturer's Code. Finally the workhorse; the DrawEan13Barcode handles the rendering of the barcode graphics and requires two parameters:

g pt
This function begins by determining the width and height for the barcode by scaling the nominal width and height by the scale factor. The lineWidth is based upon the total number of modules required to render an EAN-13 barcode. The total number of modules, 113, is determined by the following: for example: EAN-13 code - 1234567890128 Numeric Value N/A N/A 1 digit - "1" Number of Modules 9 modules 3 modules

Barcode Section Quite Zone Lead 1st Digit of Country Code 2nd Digit of Country Code Manufacturer Number Separator Product Number Check Sum Trailer Quite Zone

Graphic Representation 000000000 101 Used to determine the parity.

1 digit - "2" 5 digits = "34567" N/A 5 digits = "89012" 1 digit = "8" N/A N/A

0010011

7 modules 5 digits * 7 modules = 35 modules 5 modules 5 digits * 7 modules = 35 modules 7 modules 3 modules 9 modules

01111010011101011000100001010010001 01010 10010001110100111001011001101101100 1001000 101 000000000

To determine the total module width, simply add the individual parts: 9 + 3 + 7 + 35 + 5 + 35 + 7 + 3 + 9 = 113. The 2nd digit of the Country code, 2, will have an odd parity, the 1st digit of the manufacturer's code, 3, will use the Odd pattern, the 2nd digit, 4, will use the Even pattern, the 3rd digit, 5, would use the Odd pattern, the 4th and 5th digits, 6 and 7, would use the Even pattern.
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public void DrawEan13Barcode(System.Drawing.Graphics g, System.Drawing.Point pt) { float width = this.Width * this.Scale; float height = this.Height * this.Scale; // EAN13 Barcode should be a total of 113 modules wide.

float lineWidth = width / 113f; // Save the GraphicsState. System.Drawing.Drawing2D.GraphicsState gs = g.Save( ); // Set the PageUnit to Inch because all of

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// our measurements are in inches.

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g.PageUnit = System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Millimeter; // Set the PageScale to 1, so a millimeter // will represent a true millimeter. g.PageScale = 1; System.Drawing.SolidBrush brush = new System.Drawing.SolidBrush(System.Drawing.Color.Black); float xPosition = 0; System.Text.StringBuilder strbEAN13 = new System.Text.StringBuilder( ); System.Text.StringBuilder sbTemp = new System.Text.StringBuilder( ); float xStart = pt.X; float yStart = pt.Y; float xEnd = 0; System.Drawing.Font font = new System.Drawing.Font("Arial", this._fFontSize * this.Scale); // Calculate the Check Digit. this.CalculateChecksumDigit( ); sbTemp.AppendFormat( "{0}{1}{2}{3}", this.CountryCode, this.ManufacturerCode, this.ProductCode, this.ChecksumDigit );

string sTemp = sbTemp.ToString( ); string sLeftPattern = ""; // Convert the left hand numbers. sLeftPattern = ConvertLeftPattern(sTemp.Substring( 0, 7 )); // Build the UPC Code. strbEAN13.AppendFormat( "{0}{1}{2}{3}{4}{1}{0}", this._sQuiteZone, this._sLeadTail, sLeftPattern, this._sSeparator, ConvertToDigitPatterns(sTemp.Substring( 7 ), this._aRight)); string sTempUPC = strbEAN13.ToString( ); float fTextHeight = g.MeasureString( sTempUPC, font ).Height; // Draw the barcode lines. for( int i = 0; i < strbEAN13.Length; i++ ) { if( sTempUPC.Substring( i, 1 ) == "1" ) { if( xStart == pt.X ) xStart = xPosition; // Save room for the UPC number below the bar code. if( ( i > 12 && i < 55 ) || ( i > 57 && i < 101 ) ) // Draw space for the number g.FillRectangle( brush, xPosition, yStart, lineWidth, height - fTextHeight ); else // Draw a full line. g.FillRectangle( brush, xPosition, yStart, lineWidth, height ); } xPosition += lineWidth; xEnd = xPosition; } // Draw the upc numbers below the line. xPosition = xStart - g.MeasureString(this.CountryCode.Substring( 0, 1 ), font).Width; float yPosition = yStart + ( height - fTextHeight ); // Draw 1st digit of the country code. g.DrawString( sTemp.Substring( 0, 1 ), font, brush, new System.Drawing.PointF( xPosition, yPosition ) );

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xPosition += (g.MeasureString(sTemp.Substring( 0, 1 ), font).Width + 43 * lineWidth) (g.MeasureString( sTemp.Substring( 1, 6 ), font ).Width); // Draw MFG Number. g.DrawString( sTemp.Substring( 1, 6 ), font, brush, new System.Drawing.PointF( xPosition, yPosition ) ); xPosition += g.MeasureString(sTemp.Substring( 1, 6 ), font).Width + (11 * lineWidth); // Draw Product ID. g.DrawString( sTemp.Substring( 7 ), font, brush, new System.Drawing.PointF( xPosition, yPosition ) ); // Restore the GraphicsState. g.Restore( gs ); }

The function uses the CalculateChecksumDigit function to calculate the correct check sum digit, next the call to ConvertLeftPatterns is made, and then the ConvertToDigitPatterns function is used to convert the product code and check sum number of the EAN-13 barcode number to a string representation. Once the number has been converted over to a string representation, the code uses the string representation to render the barcode, 1 will cause a rectangle to be drawn, and 0 will cause the code to skip drawing a rectangle. If the code draws a rectangle, it also takes into consideration whether it needs to shorten the rectangle to allow space for the manufacturer's number and the product number. Once the barcode is completely rendered, the code then determines the position, and draws the country code, the manufacturer's number, the product number, and the check sum digit. The CreateBitmap function simply creates a Bitmap object, and uses the DrawEan13Barcode function to render the barcode to the Bitmap object, and then it returns the Bitmap.
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public System.Drawing.Bitmap CreateBitmap( ) { float tempWidth = ( this.Width * this.Scale ) * 100 ; float tempHeight = ( this.Height * this.Scale ) * 100; System.Drawing.Bitmap bmp = new System.Drawing.Bitmap( (int)tempWidth, (int)tempHeight ); System.Drawing.Graphics g = System.Drawing.Graphics.FromImage(bmp); this.DrawEan13Barcode( g, new System.Drawing.Point( 0, 0 ) ); g.Dispose( ); return bmp; }

Special Thanks
I would like to thank m@u for pointing out the flaw in my original article and source code. I would also like to thank MArmbruckner for testing version 2.0 and making sure the barcodes would scan properly.

History
Version 1.0 - Initial application. Version 2.0 - Revised application to use the correct barcode patterns based on the 1st digit of the country code.

License
This article has no explicit license attached to it but may contain usage terms in the article text or the download files themselves. If in doubt please contact the author via the discussion board below. A list of licenses authors might use can be found here

About the Author

rainman_63
Web Developer United States Member

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Yo u m u st Sign In t o u se t h is m e ssa g e b o a r d . (secure sign-in) F AQ Profile popups Refresh Thnx Gr e a t !!! My v o t e o f 5 Sa v e a s W MF f ile is b e t t e r Sm a ll b u g w it h h o r iz o n t a l p o sit io n Gr e a t ; T h a n k Yo u Re: Great; Thank You e a n 1 3 b a r co d e h e lp f o r r a n d o m n o s g e n e r a t io n w it h o u r t in p u t im p le sit e ly Tha nk y ou, tha nk y ou, tha nk y ou! Pr o b le m s w h it h En a b le RT LMir r o r in g Re: Problems whith EnableRTLMirroring Re: Problems whith EnableRTLMirroring W r o n g EAN g e n e r a t e d Re: Wrong EAN generated p ls h e lp !.... Re: pls help!.... Lice n ce a n d u sa g e t h is so u r ce co d e in b u ssin e s e n v ir o m e n t h o w t o d e co d e EAN1 3 [ m o d if ie d ] Re a d EAN Ba r Co d e Tha nk y ou Width Bu g w it h Pict u r e Bo x .Siz e Mo d e GS1 sp e c Re: GS1 spec Re: GS1 spec Last Visit: 19:00 31 Dec '99 General News Last Update: 7:03 12 Aug '11 Suggestion Question Bug Answer Joke Rant Ro b Kir k p o n g st h Me m b e r 2 0 9 3 1 3 7 m arkW345 Jo s Br a n d e r s Ma t h iy a z h a g a n Mathiyazhagan bhr ugu1 0 Rich a r d Pla n t Lin u sJa n sso n F in la n d DosTips zacharydl a da m 8 8 zacharydl la k sh m i p r iy a .t .n physics_maha m b ie la k st r id e r b lu e Sa u r a b h So n d h i ch a n g d o l Chipilum j a v ie r m a t o s i0ne Krishnraj i0ne Noise level Medium Layout Normal Per page 25 Search Update First Prev Next 7 :1 8 1 Ma y ' 1 1 1 6 :4 0 2 8 F e b ' 1 1 1 :3 5 6 No v ' 1 0 6 :1 9 2 7 Oct ' 1 0 3 :1 1 1 7 Ja n ' 1 0 5 :3 9 1 7 Au g ' 0 9 2:30 19 Aug '09 2 2 :0 6 5 Au g ' 0 9 1 2 :4 0 2 9 Ju l ' 0 9 2 :4 7 1 8 Ma y ' 0 9 21:25 20 Feb '10 23:01 8 Dec '10 4 :1 2 1 9 Ap r ' 0 9 16:49 21 Jan '11 1 8 :1 7 2 9 Ja n ' 0 9 4:55 4 Mar '09 4 :3 8 1 6 De c ' 0 8 0 :3 5 3 No v ' 0 8 1 0 :3 2 7 Oct ' 0 8 1 0 :5 4 1 9 F e b ' 0 8 2 3 :5 4 1 9 Se p ' 0 7 7 :4 0 9 Ju l ' 0 7 2 3 :4 6 7 Ju n ' 0 7 2:17 13 May '08 0:28 15 May '08 1 2 Next Admin

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