Igc2 1 PDF

GC-2
ELEMENT-1
Workplace Hazards and Risk
Control
1
Learning Outcomes
 Health, Welfare and Work Environment Requirements
 Violence at Work
 Substance Misuse at Work
 Movement of People
 Construction Hazards and Control
 Working at Height
 Excavation
2
Health, Welfare & Work Environment
Work Environment Requirements
 Ventilation
 Temperature
 Lighting
 Space
 Seating Arrangements
3
Welfare Requirements
 Drinking water
 Sanitary conveniences
 Washing facilities
 Changing rooms
 Accommodation for clothing
 Resting and eating facilities
4
Factors to consider when providing
workplace lighting
 At least minimum light level to be achieved

 Natural lighting instead of artificial to be preferred
 Light level should be adjusted
 Higher levels of lighting to be given on critical areas
 Lighting to be arranged to avoid reflections and creation of
shadows
 Flickering should be avoided
 Suitable for the environment (intrinsically safe)
 Emergency lighting in the event of main supply failure
5
Health and Safety Effects of Working in

a Hot Environment:
 Dehydration
 Muscle cramp
 Heat stress
 Heat exhaustion
 Heat stroke
 Other effects like skin burn from
exposure to sunlight or burn from
contact with hot surfaces
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Control Measures – Hot Environment
 Provide adequate ventilation

 Insulate heat sources
 Shield heat sources
 Provide cool refuges
 Provide easy access to drinking water
 Provide frequent breaks and job rotation
 Provide appropriate clothing
7
Health and Safety Effects of Working in a

Cold Environment:
 Hypothermia
 Frost Bite
 Freeze burn injuries
 Slip Hazards
8
Control Measures – Cold Environment
 Prevent or protect workers from draughts

 Shield / Lag extremely cold surfaces
 Provide warm shelters
 Appropriate PPEs
 Provide frequent breaks and job rotation
 Provide easy access to warm food and drinks
 Avoid or scrape slippery floor
9
body temperature
0F 0C
109.4 43 Unconsciousness / fitting.
Heat 107.6 42 Confused / restless.
105.8 41 Headache, dizzy, uncomfortable.
Stroke 104 40 Strong bounding pulse.
Heat 102.2 39 Flushed dry skin, hot to touch.
Exhaustion 100.4 38 Cramps in stomach / arms / legs.
98.6 37 Pale sweaty skin.
Normal Nausea / loss of appetite.
96.8 36
95 35 Normal Body Temperature
Mild Hypothermia 93.2 34
91.4 33
Shivering
89.6 32 Fatigue, Slurred speech
87.8 31 Confusion, forgetfulness
86 30 Shivering stops, muscle rigidity
84.2 29 Very slow, very weak pulse
Severe Hypothermia 82.4 28 Noticeable drowsiness
80.6 27
Severe reduction in response levels
78.8 26
Unconsciousness
77 25
Dilated pupils
75.2 24
Pulse undetectable
Appearance of death
Death
Violence at Work
Any incident in which a person is abused, threatened or
assaulted in circumstances relating to their work
Risk factors for violence at work:

 Cash handling
 Lone working
 Representing authority (police, traffic warden, etc.)
 Wearing a uniform
 Dealing with people under stress
 Dealing with people under the influence of drugs, alcohol,
etc.
 Censuring or saying no
11
Job factors for violence:
 Hospital staff
 Police
 Social workers
 Bus and taxi drivers
 Fire fighters and paramedics
 Traffic wardens
 Railway staff
 Estate agents
12
Violence at Work
Precautionary Measures:
 Queue management and information

 Change the job to give less face to face contact
 Use cheques, credit cards, tokens instead of
cash
 Check credentials of "clients" and meeting
locations
 Avoid lone working in high risk areas
 Call-in system for lone workers
 Video cameras, alarm buttons, visible security
staff
 Protective screens and coded security locks
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Substance Misuse at Work
Effects of Drugs and Alcohol:
 Absenteeism
 Late Attendance
 Reduction in quality of work
 Reduction in work rate
 Deterioration in working relationships
 Dishonesty
 Theft
 Irritability and mood swings
14
Substance Misuse at Work
Risk Control Measures:
The employer should establish a clear drugs and alcohol
policy, which might contain;
 Rules restricting access to alcohol in work place or
during working hours
 Statutory legal requirements
 Non statutory requirements
 Arrangements for random drugs and alcohol testing
 Arrangements for rehabilitation and treatment
programme
 Disciplinary action
 Provision of information, instruction and training to
workers, supervisors and managers
15
Movement of People
Hazards to pedestrians
1. Slips, Trips & Falls
 Slip: Typical slip hazards – smooth floor

surfaces, floor with slippery contaminant, frost
and ice
 Trips: Typical trip hazards – uneven or loose

floor surfaces, trailing cables, objects on the
floor
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Movement of People
 Falls From Heights: Typical hazards – working next to an

unprotected edge, working on a fragile roof, using access
equipment (MEWP), using different types of ladders,
standing on objects to reach high levels
2. Collision with moving vehicles: Typical hazards – walk

ways near to vehicle traffic route, pedestrian crossing
point, exits open to traffic routes, work area adjacent to
moving vehicles
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Movement of People
3. Striking by Moving, Flying or Falling Objects:
Typical moving object hazards – Automated machinery,
unsecured objects like a container on the moving deck of a
ship
Typical flying object hazards – Ejected parts (sharp metal
waste ejected during metal drilling), thrown objects such
as scaffold coupling
Typical falling object hazards – Load falling from height
during lifting and handling operations, objects being
disloaded during work at height, Objects falling from
height because of adverse weather condition or wear and
tear , toppling of unstable objects(unsecured ladder).
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4. Striking Against Fixed or Stationary Objects:
Typical hazards – Objects that project in to a pedestrian area

or route, narrow door ways in a pedestrian route, low over
heads
19
Movement of People
Control Strategies
 Risk Assessment
 Slip resistant surfaces
 Spillage control and drainage
 Designated walkways
 Fencing and Guarding
20 20
Movement of People
Control Strategies
 Use of Signs and Personal Protective Equipments
 Maintenance of a safe workplace
 Environmental Considerations
 House keeping
21
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Main Construction Hazards and Controls:
1) Machinery
(a) Cement mixer hazards –
 Entanglement with rotating drum and internal blades

 Entrapment by belt drive
 Dry cement dust can be inhaled
 Wet cement dust is corrosive and burns the skin
 Risk of exposure to vapours and exhaust gases as mixers
are powered by diesel
 Noise and vibration
 Over turning while in use
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1) Machinery
(a) Cement mixer control measures:
 Equipment is suitable for the task and environment

 Use is restricted to competent operators
 Information, instruction and training are provided
 Equipment is inspected and maintained periodically
 Appropriate guards and devices are provided and used
 Appropriate PPEs are provided and used at all times
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2) Vehicles
(A) Fork Lift Trucks Hazards:
 Collision with structures and pedestrians
 Poor visibility, especially when reversing
 Overturning
(B) Dumper Truck Hazards:
 Collision with structures and pedestrians
 Overturning on slopes and the edge of excavations
 Poor maintenance
 Unauthorized use
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2) Vehicles
Control measures-
 Careful design of site for the safe movement of vehicles
and pedestrians
 Pedestrian walk ways and vehicle routs are provided
with appropriate markings, barriers, signage and
lightings
 Vehicles are suitable for the use and environment
 Proper maintenance of vehicles
 Drivers are qualified and medically fit
 Information, instruction, training and supervision
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3) Unauthorized Access
Control Measures-
 Robust perimeter fence and signs

 Secure gates to all site access points
 Security staff at all access points
 Adequate lighting
 CCTV cameras and/or site alarm
 All portable equipments under locked store
 Secure all mobile plant
 Cover or barrier off excavations
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4) Demolition:
Hazards-
 Premature collapse of structures

 Work at height
 Plant and machinery
 Contact with live overheads or buried services
 Asbestos, dust, movement of vehicles, explosives
 Hazardous substances, biological hazards
 Sharp objects
 Manual handling
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4) Demolition:
Control Measures-
 Careful selection of demolition methods

 Elimination or control of work at height
 Structural survey to assess strength and stability of
building
 Disconnection of services (electricity, water, gas)
 Removal of hazardous materials (asbestos)
 Secure the area with fencing
 Damping down with water spray to reduce dust creation
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Working at Height
Main Risks Associated with Work at Height:
 People falling from height

 Objects falling from height
Basic Hazards of Work at Height:
 Deterioration of Materials
 Unprotected Edges
 Unstable or Poorly Maintained Access Equipments
 Weather conditions
 Lose or unsecured Materials
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Working at Height
Fragile Roofs - Any roofing structure which is not
specifically designed to carry loads and only has sufficient
strength to with stand the forces produced by weather is
considered as fragile roof.
Hazards
 Fall from roof edges
 Fall through fragile roof sheet
 Fall through openings in the roof
 Hot Bitumen material when using it
 Material Fall from height
 Electrocution
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Working at Height
Fragile Roof - Control Measures
 Provide edge protection around the roof perimeter

 Cover or guard the openings on the roof
 Use crawler board on slope fragile roof
 Provide proper access and egress to the roof
 Tie safety net below the roof
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Working at Height
Fragile Roof - Control Measures
 Materials shall be lowered from height, no material shall

be dropped.
 Do not keep any loose materials unsecured on the roof
 Tie the tools used for roof work to the waist
 Sheets shall be secured and kept on roof
32
Working at Height
Roofs:-
Sloping (Pitched) Roofs – These are roofs with a pitch
greater than 10 degrees.
Slope Roof
Flat Roof more than 10 degree pitch
Less than 10 degree pitch
33
Safe Working Practices for Access
Equipment
1) Ladders - Hazards
 Falls from Height:

- falling off the ladders
- toppling of ladders to sideways
- ladder base slipping out from the wall
 Objects falling from height
 Contact with live overheads
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Safe Working Practices for Access Equipment
1) Ladders – Safety Precautions
 Do not site or handle near overheads

 Site on a solid, flat base. Weight should only be supported on
the rungs, never on the styles
 Angle of the ladder should be75* to the horizontal or at a ratio
of 1:4 distance away from the wall to height
 Top of the ladder must be one meter from the landing and
secured properly
 The base should also be secured, or be footed by some one
standing on the bottom rung
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Equipment
1) Ladders – Safety Precautions
 Face the ladder when ascending or descending

 Maintain 3 point contact on the ladder
 Only one person shall climb the ladder at a time
 Do not place the ladder in aisles or where there may be the
danger of traffic
 Do not stretch or reach beyond the side rails of a ladder
 Do not carry anything on hand while using the ladder
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Equipment
2) Step Ladders – Safety Precautions
 Ensure the arms between the ladder are fully opened and
locked
 Do not work off the top two rungs
 Sit on top of the step, keeping the legs on either side of the
ladder
 Carry out daily check
 Avoid over reaching and side on working
 Place only on firm and level surface
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Equipment
3) Staging Platforms – Safety Precautions
 Free from trip hazards or gaps through which persons or

materials could fall
 Big enough to allow safe passage and safe use of
equipment and materials
 Fitted with toe boards and hand rails
 Keep clean and tidy
 Placed on firm and level surface
 Should not be overloaded
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NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE
Standard
Working
Board
Mid-Guard Rail
Guard
Rail
Intermediate
Transom Transom
Toe Board
Ledger
Brace
Base
Plate
Sole Board
Guard Rail
System with
Toe Boards &
Scaffold board
Longitudinal Transom
Brace
Ledger
Cross
Bracing Post
Base plate
Sole Plate
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Equipment
4) Independent Tied Scaffolds – Hazards
 Falls from the scaffold during erection

 Falls from the work platform
 Objects falling from the platform
 Collapse of structure
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Equipment
4) Independent Tied Scaffolds – Cause of Collapse
 Scaffold built on soft ground without use of adequate sole
boards
 Work platform over loaded
 Scaffold not tied adequately to building
 Insufficient bracing
 Standards are not up right
 Standards bent, heavily corroded
 High wind
 Incorrect couplers used
 Scaffold struck by mobile plant
 Erected by incompetent persons
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Equipment
5) Mobile Tower Scaffolds – Hazards
 Falls from work platform

 Falling objects
 Collapse of structure
 Overturn of structure
 Unintended movement of wheels
 Overhead live contact
Safe Working Practices for Access Equipment
5) Mobile Tower Scaffolds – Safety Precautions
 Guardrail to be fitted
 Tower must not be over loaded
 Wheels should be locked
 Must be placed on firm, level ground
 People or material should not remain on tower when it is
moved
 Care to be taken to avoid over head
 Outriggers to be used when necessary for stability
 People should not climb from out side of the tower
 Tower must be built by trained NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE
people 45
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Equipment
6) Mobile Elevating Work Platform – Hazards
 Falls from the work platform

 Objects falling from the platform
 Collapse
 Overturn
 Contact with overhead power lines
 Unauthorized use
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NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE
Equipment
6) Mobile Elevating Work Platform – Safety Precautions
 Vehicle be placed on firm, stable ground

 Keep distance from overhead obstructions
 Barricade MEWP including the cradle
 Guardrail around the cradle and safety harness as an
additional safety
 Not driven with cradle raised
 Must not be over loaded
 Must be inspected periodically
 Use restricted to authorized people
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE
Excavations
Excavation: any man-made cut, cavity,

trench, or depression formed by earth
removal
Trench: a trench can be considered as a

narrow excavation. In general its depth
is greater than its width
48
Hazards Associated with
Excavation work
 Soil Collapse/Cave in
 Striking buried services
 People falling in
 Objects falling in
 Flooding
 Hazardous substances
 Collapse of adjacent structures
49 49
Excavations - Control Measures
 Prevention of collapse
- battering :- slopping the sides
- shoring:- supporting the sides
- trench box:- temporarily supporting by a
metal box
 Prevention of falls
- prevent people from falling (barrication)
- prevent materials and vehicles falling (scaling, using
protective barricades, etc.)
 Prevent striking buried services (estimation of location,
isolation, usage of hand tools and protection)
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Excavations - Control Measures
 Accumulation of Water – Dewatering

provisions, Re-routing to common
collection point Using spoils.
 Vehicle Traffic – Install barricades, Stop

logs, Hand/Mechanical signals
 Access and Egress – Adequate systems

shall be provided for the ease of worker
movement
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Excavations
Inspection Requirements:-
 When they are first erected

 After any substantial alteration
 After any events that may effect their
stability, eg. After being struck by a
vehicle or after high winds
 Periodically (typically weekly)
52
Any
Questions?
Assignment Question
 Q. 1) Work is to be carried out in an excavation 2.5 metres deep. The
work is expected to last for two weeks.
Outline control measures which could be put in place to help reduce
the risk to workers in and around the excavation. (8)
 Q. 2) Outline how the misuse of drugs or alcohol could affect the safety
of a worker and those around them. (6)
 Q. 3) Identify basic work environment requirement in an organisation.
(4)
 Q. 4) Identify control measures for working in Hot & Cold
environment.(8)
 Q. 5) Identify hazards & control measure of demolition operation at
construction site. (8)
 Q. 6) Identify hazards and control measures while using ladder at
workplace. (8)
 Q. 7) Identify hazards of working on Mobile Elevating Work Platform
and safety precautions. (8)
 Q. 8) Outline control measure to minimize risk to pedestrian at
workplace. (6)
 Q. 9) The influence of drugs on workers in the workplace can
have a significant effect on health and safety.
a) Identify the possible reasons why a person may be in
possession of drugs in the workplace. (2)
b) Outline control measures that an employer could take in
order to reduce the misuse of drugs in the workplace. (6)
Model Question
Periodic maintenance on a large item of
machinery will require employees to work at height.
• (a) Identify factors to consider in order to assess work at height
risks. (4)
• (b) Outline precautions that could be taken to reduce working at
height risks. (8)
• (c) Outline additional control measures that may be required for
the safe maintenance of the machinery. (8)
56
Suggested Answer
• (a) Factors to be taken into account in assessing the risks from working at
height in the scenario:
• the distance of any potential fall and its consequences;
• the frequency of the maintenance work and its likely duration;
• the number and experience of the persons to be involved
• the tools and equipment they might have to carry;
• the effectiveness of the control measures currently in place.
[Many candidates seemed unsure as to what was required in answer to this part of
the question and identified the precautions to be taken rather than the factors to
be considered in assessing the risk from working at height.]
57
Suggested Answer
• (b) To reduce the risks from working at height, consideration should first
be given to the creation of a permanent workplace such as a fixed gantry.
• If this was not possible, then a scaffold, MEWP or ladder would have to be used
and since this was an outline question, candidates were expected to detail in
each case the required safeguards to prevent falls.
• As well as reducing the risks for persons carrying out the maintenance work, the
safety of persons working below would also have to be considered both by
taking precautions to prevent the fall of materials or tools from the working
area and by preventing access to the area immediately below the machine.
• [To obtain the marks available, candidates were again expected to give details of
how these precautions would be achieved.]
58
Suggested Answer
(c).
• carrying out the maintenance outside normal working hours;
• isolating and locking off the power supply to the machine;
• allowing time for moving parts to stop and hot parts to cool;
• releasing any stored energy or pressure.
• competence of the workforce,
• the type of information that should have been given to them
• the personal protective equipment that should be provided, again in each case
giving relevant examples.
[ General references to the provision of barriers, signs and training is not enough ]
59
MOCK EXAM E-1
 Q. 1) A three-metre trench has to be dug across a car park.
a) Identify a range of hazards associated with the work. (4)
b) Outline a range of control measures to be implemented. (4)
 Q. 2) Identify basic work environment requirement in an

organisation. (4)
 Q. 3) Identify hazards of working on Mobile Elevating Work

Platform and safety precautions. (8)
 Q. 4) Outline control measure to minimize risk to pedestrian at

workplace. (6)
 Q. 5) Identify hazards & control measure of demolition operation

at construction site. (8)
IGC-2
ELEMENT-2
Transport Hazards and Risk
Control
1
Learning Outcome
 Safe Movement of Vehicles in the Workplace

 Hazards from Workplace Transport Operation
 Control Measures
 Driving At Work
 Significance of Work Related Road Injuries
 Managing Work Related Road Safety
 Risk Assessment
 Evaluating and Controlling the Risk
2
Hazards from Workplace Transport
Operations:
Loss of Control & Overturning:
A driver may lose control of their vehicle for various reasons
 Driver Error
 Environmental Conditions
 Mechanical Failure
 Driver in influence of drugs or
Alcohol
3
3
Operation
 Collisions
Collision can occur between the vehicle and:
 Other Vehicles
 Pedestrians
 Fixed Objects
4
4
Operation
Factors increase the risk of vehicle collision:
 Driving too fast

 Inadequate lighting
 Reversing with out banks man
 Blind spots, such as corners and entrances
 Bad weather conditions
 Obstructed visibility
 Poor design of pedestrian walkways and crossing points
 Lack of vehicle maintenance
5
Control Measures – Reversing Vehicles
 Avoid reversing by implementing one way traffic system

 Segregation of pedestrians and vehicles
 Provisions of mirrors at blind spots
 Provisions of banks men
 Good vehicle selection, so that drivers have adequate
visibility
 Provisions of audible reversing alarm and flashing beacons
 Use of high visibility clothing
 Training for drivers and pedestrians working in the area
6
Operation
Non – Movement Related Hazards:
 Loading
 Unloading
 Securing
 Coupling
 Maintenance Work
7
Transport Operation
Control Measures
The measures necessary to control the risks created by

vehicle operation can be grouped into three:
1) The Workplace Environment

2) The Vehicle
3) The Driver
8
Transport Operation
Control Measures
 Vehicle Free Zones

 Pedestrian Free Zones
 Vehicle Traffic Route Layout
 Segregation of Vehicles and Pedestrians
 Crossing point may be implemented
 Adequate Lighting
 Appropriate Signage should be installed
9
Transport Operation
Control Measures
 Gradient should be avoided

 Blind spots should be avoided
 Good visibility for the operator should be ensured
 Banks men shall be used
 Speed limits should be set for traffic routes
10
Transport Operation Control Measures
2) The Vehicle
 Suitable for intended use

 Suitable for the environment
 Maintained in safe working order
 Inspected routinely before usage
11
Transport Operation Control Measures
3) The Driver
 Competent to drive the vehicle

 Medically fit to drive
 Provided with specific information, instruction and
training
 Supervised
12
Driving at Work
Factors which affect the risk of being involved in road

traffic incident:
 Distance Travelled
 Driving Hours
 Work Schedules
 Stress
 Weather Conditions
Vehicle condition
13
Driving at Work
Risk Assessment
1) Identify the various hazards

2) Identify the groups at risk
3) Evaluate the risks by considering the existing controls
4) Record the findings
5) Review the risk assessment and revise if necessary
14
1) Identify the Hazards:
These can be categorized under the

heading of:
 The Journey – Routes, Scheduling,
Time, Distance and Weather Conditions
 The Vehicle – Suitability, Condition,

Safety Equipment, Safety critical
information
 The Driver – Competency, Training,

Fitness and Health
2) Identify the people who might be harmed:
The driver but may also include passengers and other road
users. Certain groups might be more at risk, such as young
drivers.
3) Evaluate the risks:

The level of risk must be estimated and decisions made
about appropriate control measures
4) Record the findings and Implement them:
Date of journey, Hazard Identified, people at risk,
material to be carried, risk level and its control measure,
name of driver.
5) Review:
The risk assessment should be reviewed following the

incidents, after significant change and periodically
Factor for Risk Assessment for Long Distance Driver
(JVDL)
Job:
 What is the duration of journey

 How is the road condition
 What is the means of communication
 Any security problem
Vehicle:
 What is the vehicle condition

 Is the cabin and driver seat of the vehicle ergonomically
designed
 Is the vehicle maintained well
 Is the vehicle suitable to carry the load 18
Driver:
 Driver Fitness
 Capable to drive for long distance
 Trained for the task
 Knows the route
 Knows the emergency contact numbers
 Knows the precautionary and emergency procedures
regarding the load.
Load:
 Type of load being transported

 Weight, Size and type of the load. Load is labeled properly
19
Any
Questions?
Assignment Question
 Q. 1) Identify Control Measures while reversing the vehicle. (8)
 Q. 2) Outline Transport Operation Control Measures. (8)
 Q.3) An organisation operating a large fleet of heavy vehicles in its
business outline the factors to be considered in assessing risk for
deciding control measures. (8)
(Students must remember IDERR technique as learnt in IGC 1 and
apply this to answer this question)
 Q. 4) Identify elements of Risk Assessment for Long Distance
Driver. (8)
 Q. 5) Identify Non – Movement Related Hazards in transporting at
workplace. (4)
MOCK EXAM E-2
 Q. 1) Identify Control Measures while reversing the
vehicle. (8)
 Q.2) An organisation operating a large fleet of heavy
vehicles in its business outline the factors to be
considered in assessing risk for deciding control measures.
(8)
(Students must remember IDERR technique as learnt in IGC 1
and apply this to answer this question)
 Q. 3) Identify elements of Risk Assessment for Long
Distance Driver. (8)
IGC-2
ELEMENT-3
Musculoskeletal Hazards and
Risk Control
1
Learning Outcomes
 Work Related Upper Limb Disorders (WRULD)
 Manual Handling – Hazards, Risks and Control Measures
 Manually Operated Load Handling Equipment
 Mechanically Operated Load Handling Equipments
2
Work Related Upper Limb Disorders:
 Work related Upper Limb Disorders (WRULD) do not happen
as a result of a single accident or injury, they develop gradually
as a result of repeated trauma
 Typical forms of ill-health associated with poor work design
are;
- Back injuries and back pain
-Carpel tunnel syndrome
- WRULD
- Other chronic soft-tissue injuries
- Knee and joints pain
- Tendon & Ligament damage
Collectively all these conditions can be referred to as
musculoskeletal disorders MSDs .
4
High Risk Activities
Activities that may result in MSDs:
 Using Display Screen Equipment (DSE)

 Factory assembly of small components
 Brick laying
 Checkout Operations
5
What is Ergonomics?
Ergo = work , nomics = rules or laws laws of work
Ergonomics is a field of study dealing with comfort

and safety of the human body by adjusting tools, work
stations and work processes to fit the worker or
The study of the relation ship between the worker,

the activity that they are doing and the environment
In which they are doing it.
OSHA defines ergonomics as the science of designing the job

to fit the worker, instead of forcing the worker to fit the job.
MSD Risk Factors:
 Task Factors - Repetitive motion, Awkward posture,

Forceful movement, Physical force, Twisting, Restless job
 Environmental Factors – Temperature, Lighting, Humidity,

Noise, Vibration
 Equipment Factors – Equipment Design, Equipment

Adjustability
7
Control Measures for MSD
 Mechanization
 Job Rotation
 Team Work
 Workplace Design
 Tools and Equipment Design
 Work Practices
 Regular Breaks
 Training
 Medical Surveillance
8
Display Screen Equipment (DSE)
Risks
 WRULDs
 Eye strain
 Fatigue and Stress
 Back pain
 Ligament damage
 Carpel tunnel syndrome
9
DSE Control Measures:
 Carry out a work station risk assessment

 Provide basic DSE work station equipment that meets
minimum standards in terms of good ergonomic design
 Plan the user’s work routine so that they can take short,
frequent breaks from screen and key board use
 Provide DSE users with a free eye test and spectacles for
screen use, if required
 Provide information and training on the potential health
risks of DSE
IGC2-7 Physical and Psychological health hazards and control 12
Factory Assembly Line : Risks
Assembling small components on a factory production line

will have many of the same health effects as DSE use:
 WRULD
 Eye strain
 Back pain
 Ligament damage
 Fatigue and stress
13
Factory Assembly Line : Control Measures
 Carry out an ergonomic assessment of work station

 Plan the worker’s work routine
 Provide information and training
 Automation of process
 Re-layout of work station
 Provide comfortable shoes and floor mats to relieve foot
pressure if sitting is not possible
 Allow short, frequent breaks or job rotation
 Appropriate lighting
 Introduce ergonomically designed hand tools
14
Manual Handling – The lifting, carrying, pushing and pulling
of a load by bodily force.
Risk:
 Back injuries
 Tendon and ligament injuries
 Muscle injuries
 Hernias
 WRULDs
 Cuts, burns, dislocation and broken bones
15
Manual Handling Risk Assessment Factors
 Task
 Individual
 Load
 Environment
17
Task
 Away from the body?

 Twisting, stooping etc?
 Distance?
 Pushing or pulling?
 Repetitive handling?
 Rest breaks?
 High work rate?
18
Individual
 Gender
 Physical strength
 Body Structure (Physique, Height, etc)
 Level of training
 Hazards to pregnant women
 Person’s perception of their ability
19
Load
 How heavy?
 What is the Size, Shape and Volume?
 Any gripping facility?
 Any sharp edges?
 Is the load hot?
 What is stability of the object
 Is it stacked well?
20
Environment
 Any restriction on the passage?

 Is the surface floor slippery or uneven?
 Any changes on the floor (steps, stair)
 Proper illumination?
 What is the temperature and humidity?
 Clothes or PPE hindering?
21
Manual Handling Control Measures:
 Eliminate the Manual Handling (by automation or

mechanization)
 Assess the Manual Handling that can not be eliminated
 Use of handling aids
 Modify the task, load and environment
 Ensure individual capabilities are matched to the activity
 Team Handling
 Rest Pause
 Training
22
Safe lifting technique
Before lifting
 Check the weight, C of G and stability of the load
 Plan the route of the carry
 Establish a firm grip
While lifting
 Bend the knees and use the leg muscles to lift
 Keep the back upright
 Keep the load close to the body
 Avoid twisting, over reaching, jerking
Setting down
 Use the same principles as when lifting
 Maintain good balance
 Set the load down and then adjust its position using body
weight
Manually Operated Load Handling
Equipment's
 Wheel Barrows
 Pallet Trucks
 Platform Trucks
 Trolleys
 Keg Trucks
 Shelf Trucks
25
Hazards:
 Pushing or Pulling can result in manual handling risks

 Falling of load due to instability
 Moving down, up or across slops causing loss of control
 Improper parking causing obstruction in a traffic route
 Trapped feet under the wheels or when lowering load
 Striking the pedestrians
26
Precautions:
 Avoiding of uneven ground and slopes

 Use ramps over steps
 Follow the safe working load limits of the truck
 Securing the load
 Use the brakes when ever truck is stationary
 Care to be taken when moving or lowering the load
 Safe parking and storage to avoid obstruction
 Periodic inspection and maintenance
 Use safety shoes or boots to avoid crush injuries
27
Mechanically Operated Load Handling Equipments:
Fork Lift Trucks
A small industrial vehicle with a power operated forked

platform in front that can be inserted under loads to lift
and move them
28
Fork Lift Truck over turn-Factors:
 Cornering while being driven too fast

 Uneven loading of the forks
 Driving over patholes
 Driving with the load elevated
 Uneven tyre pressure
 Driving across a slope
 Excessive braking
 Collisions, especially with kerbs
 Unauthorized use
29
Fork Lift Truck-Pre-use Checks
 Tyre pressure
 Parking breaks and servicing brakes
 Steering
 Fuel, oil and water systems for leaks
 Batteries, to ensure that they are charged and leak free
 Lifting and tilting systems are working
 Audible warning
 Lights
 Mirrors
30
FLT-Typical Parking Rules
 Park away from other vehicles on a firm, level surface

 Do not obstruct a traffic route
 Do not obstruct a pedestrian route
 Do not obstruct emergency escape routes
 Apply hand break
 Lower the forks to rest on the floor and tip the mast
forwards
 Switch the power off
 Remove the key and return it to a responsible person
31
Hazards associated with Forklifts
 Tripping over
 Pedestrians being struck
 Hit by falling objects
 Operators falling
 Collisions
 Operator’s body protruding out
 Operators suffering back injuries
32
Precautions
Vehicles should only driven over the surface they are

designed for
Avoid steep slopes, uneven or slippery surfaces, kerbs and
sharp turns
Vehicle should be driven at a suitable speed for the task,
load, and ground condition
Never be overloaded, operate within SWL(WLL)
Loads should be evenly distributed
Speed limits must be considered
Loads should be carried by suitable vehicles
Loads should be carried in a lowered position where
possible
Use Roll over protective structure.(ROPS)
33
FLT – Battery Powered
FLT – Battery Powered
Specific Hazards
 Charging batteries emit hydrogen gas which is explosive

 Batteries contain dilute H2SO4 which is corrosive
 Batteries are extremely heavy and present a manual
handling risk
 The electricity can cause arcing, shock, burns or fire
 Battery contents are an environmental hazard requiring
an appropriate disposal
 Increase the risk of collision with pedestrians as the
vehicles can be very quiet or almost silent
 Battery leads can short and result in burns and electric
shock
35
Precautionary Measures
 Batteries must be charged in well ventilated areas only,

away from ignition sources
 Sulphuric acid only be handled with appropriate PPEs
 Battery handling should be machanised
 Use of insulated tools and gloves to prevent

electrocution
 Provision of Alarm system and flashing Beacons as the
vehicle is silent.
36
FLT – Diesel Powered
Specific Hazards
 Dermatitis caused by contact of diesel with the skin
 Slip hazard due to spillage of diesel
 Large spills might be pollute the environment
 Exhaust fumes are toxic
 General hazards associated with the bulk storage of

diesel
37
37
38
 Should only be used in well ventilated area
 No ignition/smoking
 Spill kits should be available
 Gloves should be worn when handling diesel
 Storage of diesel should be away from workplace and

ignition source.
39
FLT – LPG Powered
Specific Hazards
 Exhaust fumes are toxic
 LPG is an explosive gas
 Manual Handling risk as LPG cylinders are heavy
 General hazards associated with the bulk storage of LPG
40
40
 Should only be used in well ventilated areas only,
 away from ignition sources
 Mechanized handling of LPG cylinders
 Safe Storage of cylinders
41
General Precautions at Work Areas
 Warning signs and devices

 Barricades
 Safe Access for Pedestrians
 Operating areas
 Good path
 Work areas
 Speed Limits
 Lighting
 Atmospheric Pollution
42
Hoists
Hazards
 Falling objects – such as load falling

from hoist, or the hoist it self falling due
to structural failure
 Becoming entangled in moving parts
 Falling of personal from height
 Being struck by the load during
lifting operation
43
Precautions:
 Follow Manufacturer's recommendations

 Erected by competent persons
 Anchored to the building
 Hoist enclosure to prevent obstructing others
 Interlocked Gates at all landings
 Safe working load – displayed
 Prevent people from getting underneath the hoist
44
Precautions:
 Regular Inspection
 Upper and Lower Limit switches
 Emergency Switch, Alarm and Lamp
 Illumination
 Load limiting device
 Communication system
 Emergency brake system
45
Conveyors
Hazards
 In running nip points – where fingers

might be drawn in to moving parts
 Entanglement – loose clothing
 Falling objects – from over head
conveyor system
46
Precautions:
 Warning alarm or siren to alert people that the belt is about to
start moving
 Guarding of moving parts
 Ensure the provision of emergency stop button
 Provide barriers to prevent access to the hazardous area
 Provide guards underneath of over head conveyors to catch

falling objects
 Controlling loose clothing and long hair
 Authorized person for maintenance
 Provision of defect reporting system

47
Cranes
A type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist, wire

ropes or chains and sheaves, that can be used both to lift
and lower materials and also to move them horizontally. It
is mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting
them to other places.
48
Hazards
 The crane collapsing or

toppling over
 The arm (jib) of the crane striking
against other structures during movement
 The load (or part of it) falling
 The load striking against objects or people while being
maneuvered
 Contact with live over head power lines
49
Control Measures:
 Load to be lifted is with in the safe lifting capacity
 Careful positioning of crane on an even, stable ground
 Outriggers to be fully extended
 Provide record maintenance
 Restrict the use of crane to trained and competent

operators only
 Provide proper supervision and competent rigger
 Provide banksman
50
Control Measures:
 Ensure over load are operational and handled correctly

 No obstructions are in the vicinity of lift
 Be aware of wind speed
 Lifting the load as close to the ground as possible
 Use appropriate PPEs
 Provide suitable sign boards, barricade around
51
DOCUMENTS REQUIRED
Crane Documents
• TPC [ Third Party Certificate ]
• Insurance
• Gate Pass
• Daily Check List
• Load test certificate for lifting gears
Operator Documents
• Competency Certificate
• Driving License
• Training Certificates
ELEMENT-1 FOUNDATIONS IN HELATH AND

NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 52
SAFETY
Work Related Documents and Preparedness for lifting operation
• Permit to work
• Lifting Plan
• Safe Systems of Work
• Tool Box Talks
• Barricading
• Signage

NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 53
SAFETY
Lifting Accessories
 Certified and tested

 Safe Working Load (SWL)
 No repair on the accessories
 Not used for purposes not intended
 Provide packing
 Store properly
 Inspection shall be done prior to use;
- Every 12 months where it is not used to carry people
- Every 6 months where it is used to carry people
54
Crane – Inspection
 Before using for the first time

 Once in 12 months by a 3rd party competent person
 Whenever crane is assembled or altered for any reason
 There should be regular daily, weekly and monthly
Inspection
 After any event that may affect the strength and stability
55
Any
Questions?
Assignment Question
 Identify activities that may result in MSDs. (4)
 Identify MSD control measures. (4)
 An organisation is using multiple DSEs at its work place Identify risk
factors associated with use of DSEs and also its control measures. (8)
 Outline hazards associated with the use of a powered materials hoist
in a workplace. (8)
 Identify checks that should be carried out before using a mobile crane
for a lifting operation.(8)
 In order to minimise the risk of injury when undertaking manual
handling operations:
(a) Identify FOUR types of manually operated load handling aids or
equipment that can be used to assist manual handling operations. (4)
(b) other than using manually operated load handling aids or equipment,
Outline ways to reduce the risks that could be presented by the load.
(4)
 outline factors to be considered in manual handling risk assessment.
(8)
57
Suggested Answer (a)
• different types of trucks,
• barrows
• Conveyors
• devices such as hooks
• suction pads.
• [Those who did not pay sufficient attention to the wording of the
question identified powered equipment such as fork lift trucks and
cranes.]
58
Suggested Answer - part (b)
• making the load lighter by splitting it;

• marking its weight;
• indicating its centre of gravity;
• providing handles for the load; and
• covering or removing sharp edges.
Again a failure to read the question with sufficient care resulted in many
candidates wasting time by dealing with factors other than the load.
59
MOCK EXAM E-3
 An organisation is using multiple DSEs at its work place
Identify risk factors associated with use of DSEs and
also its control measures. (8)
 Identify activities that may result in MSDs. (4)
 In order to minimize the risk of injury when undertaking
manual handling operations:
(a) Identify FOUR types of manually operated load
handling aids or equipment that can be used to assist
manual handling operations. (4)
(b) other than using manually operated load handling aids
or equipment, Outline ways to reduce the risks that
could be presented by the load. (4)
 outline factors to be considered in manual handling risk
assessment.(8)
IGC-2
ELEMENT-4
Work Equipment Hazards
and Risk Control
1
Learning Outcomes
 General Principles for Selection, Use & Maintenance of

Work Equipment
 Hand Held Tools – Hazards & Control
 Machinery Hazards – Hazards & Control
2
Types of Work Equipments
Work Equipments can be classified into following groups:-
 Hand tools
 Hand held power tools
 Single machines
 Mobile work equipment
 Machine assemblies
3
Work Equipment Maintenance
Types of Maintenance:
Planed Preventive Maintenance(PPM):

Condition Based Maintenance(CBM):
Failure Based Maintenance(FBM):
Work Equipment Maintenance
RISK:
Maintenance work often creates risk for the staffs involved
because:
 Power sources may be exposed (electrical supply)

 Stored power may be released (compressed spring)
 Access may be awkward
 Handling of parts may be difficult
 Guards and enclosure's have to be removed to allow
access
 Safety devices have to be removed or disabled
 Equipment has to be partially or completely dismantled
5
5 5
Maintenance Precautions:
 Competent person
 Permit to work
 Correct tools
 Handling Aids
 Switch off Power
 Isolation of energy sources(LOTO)
 Stored power should be released or
secured to prevent accidental discharge
6
Maintenance Precautions:
 Cool hot components

 Apply Brake
 Prevent fire and explosions
 Access & Egress
 PPE
 Barricade the area
 Supervision
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 7
FREQUENCY OF MAINTENANCE
Following factors could be considered to determine the

maintenance requirements of a work equipment:
 type and age of the equipment
 frequency and duration of use of the equipment
 statutory requirements
 manufacturer’s recommendations
 reliability of the equipment based on breakdown history
 the environment in which the equipment is used (the
effects of temperature, humidity or dust)
 Competency of the operator
 Type of Task.
Responsibility of Maintenance Operators
 Only operate equipment they are authorised to use

 Operate equipment in accordance with instruction and
training
 Only use equipment for its intended purpose
 Carry out all necessary safety checks before using
equipment
 Not use the equipment if it is unsafe
 Report defects immediately
 Not use equipment under the influence of drugs or alcohol
 Keep equipment clean and maintained in safe working
order.
Hand-Held Tools
Hazards
 Using Broken tools may fly off

 Incorrect use of tools
 Ergonomically not designed
 Heated tools
 Flying particles
 Electrocution
 Mushroom head tools
 Sparks
10
Portable Power Tools
Hazards
 Electricity
 Fuel
 Noise
 Vibration
 Dust
 Ejection of debris
 Tripping due to poor cable management
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 11
Safety Precautions:
 Operate electric tools within their design limitations.
 Provide ELCB / RCD.
 Disconnect power when not in use.
 Ensure that it do not start automatically.
 Ensure that cords from electric tools do not present a

tripping hazard.
 Never pull cord to disconnect.
 Do not carry the power tool by the cord.
 Do not use electric tools in damp or wet locations unless they

are approved for that purpose. 12
 Keep work areas well lighted when operating electric
tools.
 Ensure earthing is given.
 Store electric tools in a dry place when not in use.
 Do regular inspection and maintenance for the tool
 Remove faulty tools
 Establish procedures to report and replace damaged

tools
 Use gloves and appropriate safety footwear when using

electric tools.
13
Machinery Hazards
The hazards of machinery can be divided
in to:
 Mechanical Hazards
 Non-mechanical Hazards
 Entanglement: loose items such as
clothing or hair get caught on a rotating
machine part and the person is drawn onto
the machine
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 14
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 14
 Entrapment/Traps: caused by
rotating parts on machinery which
causes in nip point
Impact: happens during the back and

forth or up and down motion of a
machine
 Ejection: impact, stabbing or puncture

injuries caused by flying objects, e.g.
sparks, chips, molten metal or broken
components
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 15
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 15
 Crushing: happens when the body is trapped between two
moving parts or one moving part and a fixed object
 Shearing: when the body parts are trapped between two

parts of machine, one moving Fast the other with some
speed
 Cutting : results when the body parts come in contact with

the sharp edge
 High Pressure Fluid Injection: When

the high pressure fluids used in hydraulic
machines, penetrate the skin of the
human body

NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 16
SAFETY
Mechanical Hazards
Drawing in Crushing Entanglement Shearing
17
Mechanical Hazards
One machinery may have many hazards like;
Trapping
Ejection
Entanglement Contact
18
IGC2-3 Work Equipment Hazards and Control
ENTICE FFS
 Entanglement
 Nips [ Trap]
 Traps
 Impact
 Crushing, Cutting
 Ejection
 Friction
 Fluid Injection [High Pressure ]
 Shearing
19
 NEVERFIBS - ADOM
 Noise
 Electricity
 Vibration
 Extremes of temperatures [ Hot or Cold]
 Radiation [Non-ionizing radiation]
 Fire or explosion
 Ionizing radiation
 Biological Hazards
 Substances hazardous to health
20
 Access and egress

 Dust and fumes
 Obstructions
 Manual handling
21
Guards
Requirements of Guards and Safe guarding devices
 Suitability for the intended purpose

 Good construction – Strong and robust
 Should meet relevant standards
 Must not interfere with machine parts
 Not easily bypassed
 No increased risks
 Situated at sufficient distance from danger zones
 Prevent any chance of contact by user
 Maintenance
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 22
22
Different types of Safe Guards
Fixed Guards:
A fixed guard is a physical barrier that prevents a person
from coming into contact with dangerous moving parts
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 23
Fixed Guards:
Advantages
 Creates a physical barrier

 Requires a tool to remove it, so can not be by passed easily
 No moving parts there fore requires very little maintenance
 Easy to inspect
Disadvantages
 No protection if removed
 Requires a tool to remove, so will unable to remove in case of
emergency.
 If solid, it hampers visual inspection
 If solid, may cause problems when heat
24
Interlocked Guards:
When the guard is opened or removed the power
automatically shuts off and the machine can not be started
until the guard is back in place. e.g. microwave oven,
washing machine
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 25
Advantages
 Convenient for access for maintenance.

 Give flexibility of design
 A time delay can be built in.
Disadvantages
 More complex, therefore potentially unreliable or can fail

to unsafe condition
 More difficult to inspect
 Difficult to maintain
 Subject to operator abuse
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 26
SAFETY
Adjustable Guards
Can be adjusted to the work or work piece. Proper adjusting
and supervision are important for the effectiveness. These
are commonly used to safe guard wood working and metal
working machinery, eg. a bench-mounted circular saw.
Advantages
 Provides good protection
Disadvantages
 Requires positive action by the operator to set the gap to
the minimum, which is rarely done in practice
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 27
Self Adjustable Guards
As the machine operates the guard adjusts automatically. It
does not require the operator to set it to the right position,
e.g. Hand held circular saw
Advantage:
 Guard automatically adjusts to the work piece

Disadvantages:
 Do not completely prevent access underneath

the material
 They can become damaged or loose
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 28
Devices
Presence Sensing:- The photoelectric presence sensing

device uses a system of light sources. If this light field is
broken the machine stops and will not cycle. This device
must be used only on machines which can be stopped
before the worker can reach the danger area.
Pullback:- It utilizes a series of cables attached to the

operator’s hands, wrists or arms. When the arm is up, the
operator allowed access to the point of operation. When
the arm begins to descend, a mechanical linkage
automatically assures withdrawal of hands from the
point of operation
29
Restraint:- This device utilizes cable and straps that are
attached to the operator’s hands and fixed point. The cables
or straps must be adjusted to let the operator’s hands travel
with in a predetermined safe area.
Safety Trip Controls:- It provides a quick means for

deactivating the machine in an emergency situation. If the
operator or any one trips, loses balance or is drawn in to the
machine, will apply pressure to the bar and stop the
operation.

NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 30
SAFETY
Advantage of Safety Trip Controls
 Simplicity of use
Disadvantages
 All controls must be manually activated

 May be difficult to activate controls because of their
location
 Only protects the operator
 May require special fixtures to hold the work
 May require a machine break

NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 31
SAFETY
Pullback, Restraint , Safety Trip Control
Two Hand Controls
The way of protecting the machine operator’s hands where
operation of the machine can only be achieved when two
start buttons are pressed at the same time.
Limitations
 Do not protect other parts of the body
 Relatively easy for two operators working together to
bypass the system
 Provides protection only to the operator
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 33
33 33
Hazards and control of different types of
Machineries
1) Photocopier - Hazards
 Drawing in and entanglement
 Electricity
 Stability
 Chemicals
 UV Light/heat
Protection
 Fixed or interlocked guards
 Routine inspection and proper maintenance
 Use in a ventilated room to avoid accumulation of dust
34
2) Paper Shredder - Hazards
 Drawing in to cutters
 Electricity
 Ergonomic from handling of waste
 Dust
Protection
 Fixed or interlocked guards
 Routine inspection and maintenance
 Turn off power supply when clearing blockage
 Be aware of loose clothes
 Provide ELCB
 Double insulation or proper earthing
Keep away from open flame and heat sources
35
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 35
3) Pedestal Drill - Hazards:
 Entanglement
 Hot surfaces (especially the drill bit)
 Impact due to jamming of drill bit )
 Drawing in
 Stabbing or puncture by the drill bit
during normal use or if the bit breaks
 Puncture by ejected materials during
metal cutting
 Electricity
 Dermatitis (from cutting fluid)
 Noise
36
Protection
 Guards for chuck and spindle, or trip devices

 Provide adequate clamps to secure work piece to base
 Be aware of loose clothing and long hair
 Routine Maintenance
 Periodical Inspection
 Adequate PPE’s eye protection
 Competent Operators
37
4) Bench-Top Grinder – Hazards
 Abrasion – (abrasive wheel)

 Drawing in
 Ejection of parts of wheel or debris
 Entanglement
 Electricity
 Noise
 Vibration
 Dust
 Hot parts caused by friction
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 38
Protection
 Trained operators
 Check the work area for unwanted materials
 Keep people away from work
 Adjust wheel height before starting motor
 Secure grinder in position
 Fixed enclosing guards around motor and parts of wheel
 Adequate Ventilations
 Regular checks of abrasive Wheels
 Adequate PPE’s
39
5) Cylinder Mover – Hazards
 Entanglement
 Cutting on contact with moving blades
 Impact or crushing
 Drawing in
 Noise
 Vibration
 Biological hazards
 Fire and Explosion
 Ejection of materials
40
Protection
 Fixed or adjustable Guards

 Competent Operator
 Job Rotation
 Refueling carried out in well ventilated
area
41
6) Strimmer or Bush Cutter – Hazards
 Entanglement
 Contact with cutting blades
 Puncture by objects ejected
 Vibration
 Noise
 Biological Hazards
 Ergonomics from repetitive movement,
twisting, carrying
42
Control Measures
 Fixed enclosing guards

 Partial side guards
 Interlocked throttle trigger
 Competent operator
 Job Rotation
 Never leave the strimmer unattended
43
7) Petrol Driven Chainsaw – Hazards
 Entanglement
 Cutting on contact with moving blades
 Drawing in
 Vibration
 Noise
 Burns
 Ergonomics
 Dust & Fumes
44
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 44
Protection
 Fixed Enclosure Guards

 Hand Guards
 Interlocked Throttle Trigger
 Chain Brakes
 Job Rotation
45
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 45
8) Compactor – Hazards
 Crushing
 Impact
 Shearing
 Ergonomics
 Electricity
 High pressure fluid ejection from
hydraulic system
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 46
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 46
Protection
 Fixed perimeter guards

 Interlocked guards
 Routine inspection and portable
appliance testing
 Maintenance
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 47
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 47
9) Checkout Conveyor System – Hazards
 Entanglement
 Friction
 Drawing in
 Electricity
 Ionising Radiation
 Ergonomics
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 48
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 48
Protection
 Fixed and interlocked guards

 Trip fitted to conveyor to prevent drawing in
 Routine Inspection
 Maintenance
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 49
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 49
10) Cement Mixer - Hazards
 Entanglement
 Crushing
 Drawing in
 Electricity
 Friction or abrasion
 Ergonomics
 Health hazard (irritant, corrosive)
 Hazards due to fuel (electricity or
Petrol)
 Being struck by vehicles operating
in the area
 Manual handling
50
50
Protection
 Fixed guards
 Locating on firm, level ground
 Location away from traffic
 Routine Inspection and use of RCD
 Safe storage of fuel
 Reduction in manual handling
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 51
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 51
11) Bench-Mounted Circular Saw - Hazards
 Entanglement
 Trapping or drawing in nip points
 Cutting if contact with blade
 Drawing in
 Ejection of work piece during cutting
 Electricity
 Ergonomics
 Manual handling
 Noise
 Wood Dust
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 52
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 52
Protection
 Fixed guards
 Adjustable top guard
 Routine Inspection
 Regular Maintenance
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 53
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 53
Any
Questions?
Assignment question
 1.(a) Identify mechanical hazards associated with the use of a pedestal
drill. (4)
(b) Outline control measures that could be put in place to help reduce the
risk of injury to operators of pedestal drills. (4)
 2(a) Outline defective conditions of non-powered hand tools that could
present risks to the user. (5)
(b) Outline the requirements for the safe use of non-powered hand tools. (3)
 3. Outline the main categories of Guards and Safe Guarding devices that
may be used to reduce the risk of contact with dangerous parts of
machinery. (8)
 4. Identify the factors that would help to determine the maintenance
requirements of an item of work equipment. (8)
 5. Identify four Mechanical & non-mechanical hazards associated with use of
machinery at workplace. (8)
 6. Identify hazards and control of Petrol Driven Chainsaw. (8)
 7. Identify hazards and control while working on cement mixer machine.
(8)
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 55
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 55
Model Question
Large sheets of wood are cut to size in a workshop using a
powered mechanical saw. The cut sheets are then joined
together using a solvent based adhesive.
• (a) Outline factors to consider when undertaking an
assessment of the health risks associated with exposure to
wood dust and the adhesive. (4)
• (b) Outline control measures that could be taken to reduce
risks to the health of workers from exposure to wood dust
and the adhesive. (4)
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 56
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 56
Suggested Answer Part (A)
• the hazardous nature of the materials, their possible routes

of entry to the body and any relevant exposure limits.
• the quantity of materials used or produced, the likely
duration and frequency of exposure, the number and types
of persons who would be exposed and the effectiveness of
the existing control measures.
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 57
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 57
Suggested Answer Part (B)
• the possibility of substituting the adhesive with one that was

solvent free;
• segregating the processes such as by cutting the wood and
applying the adhesive in booths fitted with local exhaust
ventilation;
• reducing the frequency and duration of exposure by the use
of job rotation and using respiratory and other personal
protective equipment.
• [health surveillance as a possible control measure may not be a control
measure as it does nothing to reduce it.]
• [Do not write on safety issues when ”risks to health‟ is clearly stated.]
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 58
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 58
Model Question
• Outline factors to be considered in the selection and use of
personal head protection at work.
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 59
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 59
Suggested Answer
• its suitability for the task,

• its quality, for instance whether it carries a ISI marking,
• its compatibility with other personal protective equipment
such as ear defenders for example.
• its fit and adjustability and those connected with its comfort.
• procedures for its regular inspection for signs of
deterioration,
• its storage when not in use, and
• its replacement at the intervals recommended by the
manufacturer.
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 60
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 60
MOCK EXAM E-4
 1.(a) Identify mechanical hazards associated with the
use of a pedestal drill. (4)
(b) Outline control measures that could be put in place
to help reduce the risk of injury to operators of pedestal
drills. (4)
 2. Outline the main categories of Guards and Safe
Guarding devices that may be used to reduce the risk of
contact with dangerous parts of machinery. (8)
 3. Identify the factors that would help to determine the
maintenance requirements of an item of work equipment.
(8)
 4. Identify four Mechanical & non-mechanical hazards
associated with use of machinery at workplace. (8)
IGC-2
ELEMENT-5
Electrical Hazards and
Control
1
Learning Outcomes
Basic circuitry
Relationship between voltage, current and

resistance
Hazards of Electricity
Control Measures
2
Electricity
Is the flow of electrons through a conductor in a closed
circuit. To flow through the conductor, there must be a
power source.
Basic parameters of an electrical system:
 Voltage – a measure of the potential difference or
electrical driving force/pressure that is forcing electricity
through the conductor (unit: volt)
 Current – a measure of the rate of flow of electricity
through a conductor (unit: ampere)
 Resistance – a measure of how much a component in
the circuit resists the passage of electricity (unit: ohm)
Electrical Terms
Volt: The unit of measurement of electrical
potential
Ampere (Current): The unit of measurement of
electric current flow
Ohm (Resistance): The unit of measurement of
electrical resistance
4
Ohm’s law:
Voltage = Current x Resistance
Volt = amps (I) x ohms (R)
V =IxR
5
Effect of Current on Human Body
Effect of current Milli

Amps.(mA)
Threshold of sensation 0.5 -2
Tingling sensation, muscle tremor, painful 2 - 10

sensation
Muscle contraction, inability to let go, 10 - 60
inability to breathe
Ventricular fibrillation, cardiac arrest,

extreme muscle contraction, burns at 60 and
contact points and deep tissues above
6
Hazards
The primary hazards presented by electricity are
 Burns
 Shock
 Arcing BSAFE
 Fire
 Explosion
These hazards are not limited to electricians working
on electrical circuits, shock and burns often occur
when construction workers come into contact with
overhead or buried services.
Subsequently secondary effects from the
hazards of electricity include;
 Falls from height following an electric shock

 Unintentional movement of machinery, e.g. short circuit
across control box
 De-activation of control measures and security systems,
e.g. power failure
 Loss of information, e.g. computer hard drives and
damage to IT equipment
 Throw off (sudden movement of the body causing the
individual to be thrown leading to sprains and fractures)
Electric shock
Electric shock can occur in two ways
 Direct contact
Which is contact of a person or implement a person is
holding with a live conductor that is supposed to be
live. This may be caused by:
 Unsafe work practices, e.g. touching an overhead
power line with a scaffold pole
 Indirect contact
Which occurs when there is contact with a conductor
that should not be live under normal conditions, but is
live through a fault
Faulty or ineffective insulation of conductors, e.g.
damaged insulation
Health effect
The health effects on human body from a severe electrical
shock are:-
Damage to nervous system

Irregular heartbeat (fibrillation)
Internal burns
Muscular contractions
Physical trauma
Stopping breathing (respiratory paralysis)
Surface burns to the skin
Such health effects may be so severe that they ultimately

result in death. They may also result in secondary effects
such as being thrown off a ladder.
Factors influencing severity of electrical shock;
 Voltage: as per Ohm’s law, the higher the voltage,

the greater the current
 Duration: the length of time that a person is
exposed to the flow of electricity is critical. The
duration of exposure is measured in milliseconds
 Frequency: of the AC current
 Current path: the most dangerous routes the
current flows through the body are across the
chest and is likely to affect heart
 Resistance: the inverse relationship between
current and resistance – the higher the resistance
the lower the current, eg. dry skin has more
resistance where as a wet or damaged skin has
less resistance.
Factors influencing severity of electrical shock;
 Contact surface area: the more skin that is in contact

with the live surface, the lower the resistance and the
more severe injury
 Environment: wet surfaces, humid air, metal surfaces,
etc. can reduce resistance resulting an increase in
current flow
 Nature of clothing and foot wear
 Presence of potential secondary hazards: eg. person
falling from a ladder
Emergency action to take for a person suffers
severe electric shock:-
Don't touch the victim

Unplug or turn off the power
If you can't turn off the power, use a piece of wood, a
broom handle to separate the victim from the power
source
Call for emergency help
Check breathing
If not breathing apply CPR
Treat any obvious burns
Make sure they get professional medical treatment
13
Treatment for electric shock
14
Electric Burns
Contact with electricity may cause
Direct burns
Which occur when an electric current generating heat
as it passes through the body, causing internal and
external burns
Indirect burns
which occur when a short circuit melts a tool or test
instrument, e.g. test probes or screwdrivers. The
spray of molten metal and accompanying UV light
causes burns.
Electrical Fire
Major Causes:
Overloading of circuits
Sub-standard material
Improperly rated fuse
Poor/damaged insulation
Poor connections
Flammable material near electrical equipment
16
Arcing:
Arcing is where electricity jumps across an air gap (a
portable electric drill). The higher voltage the greater
distance arc can travel. High voltage power lines can
arc across distance of over 10 meters through air.
Main risks associated with arcing;
 Electric shock
 Direct burns
 Indirect burns (from the melting of any equipment
struck)
 Damage to eye as a result of UV that is emitted by the
arc
Static Electricity:
Static electricity refers to the build up of a potential

difference (voltage) between surfaces as a result of
friction between them.
When a person walks across a new carpet and scuffs

their feet they may get a small static shock when they
touch a door handle.
High Risk Activities
 Use of poorly maintained electrical equipment

 Work near over head power lines
 Contact with under ground power cables
 Work on live supplies
 Use of electrical equipments in wet environment
Protective Devices
Fuses
Earthing
Reduced voltage
Isolation
Residual Current Device
Double insulation
20
Protective Devices:
I Fuses: is a device to prevent current overload. In case the
amount of current exceeds the specified limits the fuse melts
to disconnect the electricity flow and provide protection
Advantages:
- very cheap and reliable
- offer good level of protection
Disadvantages:s
- the current flow must be above the fuse rating (60mA),
which is capable of causing fatal injury
- a fuse doesn’t stop current flow quickly enough to
prevent ventricular fibrillation
- Very easy to bypass
21
II) Earthing
in the event of an electrical fault, current flows safely to
earth, since the earth wire has a low resistance
Advantages:
- protects the person from fatal electric shock
- primary protection to people and secondary protection
to equipment
Disadvantages:
- poor or broken earth wire doesn’t give protection
- easy to disconnect and disable
22
III) Isolation:
removal of electrical power from a circuit or system,
which might be achieved by using a switch or by pulling
the plug out (ensure LOTO system)
Advantages:
- ensures more safety
Disadvantages:
- since the electrical system is dead, certain types of
testing, fault findings which require the system on, can
not be done.
IV) Reduced and Low Voltage Systems:
Reducing the voltage of portable power tools by means of a
transformer to a lower safer voltage e.g. 110v, 50v or even 12v.
Advantage:
- intrinsically safe
Disadvantage:
- insufficient to transmit power and can not be used for
many industrial applications
24
V) Residual Current Devices (RCD):
specifically designed to protect human life in the event of
electric shock.
Advantage:
- excellent protection
Disadvantage:
-
- have to be tested periodically, which is often not done
- can cause repeated circuit breaking, which encourage
people not to use them
VI) Double Insulation:
there are two layers insulation between the user and any
live conductors. This eliminates the need to provide
earth protection, so double insulated equipments will
have a two-core flex; live and neutral only.
Advantage:
Good level of protection for people
and equipment
Disadvantage;
- it relies on insulation rather than the electrical system it
self for safety
- the insulation must be routinely visually inspected as
there is no earth protection
Portable Electrical Equipment Accident
– Causes
 Using unsuitable equipment

 Using equipment in wet, damp or humid conditions
 Misuse, eg. sticking wires directly in to a socket rather
than using a plug
 Physical abuse, eg. carrying the tool by the flex
 Repairs carried out by unauthorized personnel
 Continued use of faulty, defective equipment
 Chemical damage to the flex, eg. by corrosive wet
cement
 Lack of routine inspection, testing or maintenance
Precautions be taken to reduce risk of harm from
Electrical Equipment in a work place:-
 Consider the use of battery powered equipment
 Consider the use of reduced and low voltage (110 V)
equipment
 Provide RCD
 Proper cable management
 Consider the use of double insulated equipment
 Carry out pre-use checks
 Train operators about safe use of equipments
 Avoid using in wet conditions
 Implement a programme of routine visual inspections
and thorough testing of electrical equipment and cables
Range of checks that should be made for electrical
equipments :-
 User Checks :- Operator

 Routine Visual Inspection :- Qualified person
 Combined Inspection and Testing :- connect to a
portable appliance test meter by a competent person
User checks
(hazards discovered by visual inspection)
 Damage to the plug and socket
 Whether equipment is of an approved
standard
 Damage cable sheath and casing
 Any overheating in any part of the
equipment
 Whether the joints made are adequate
 Body of the equipment is intact
Routine Visual Inspection:
 Equipment is of an approved standard

 The wiring and casing are free from mechanical
damage
 The wiring is free from defect
 Cables are correctly routed to avoid damage or tripping
hazards
 The system is not overloaded
 The fuse is correctly rated
 The plug is correctly wired
 Users are competent
Combined Inspection and Testing
 A polarity test ( carried out on extension cables and

supply leads to ensure that live and neutral conductors
are wired correctly )
 Earth continuity test
 Insulation resistance test
 Earth leakage test
Reason for keeping inspection record:
Whether the machine is inspected by an authorized

person
In case the test label is removed the record would help
to identify the next inspection and test date
To ensure the inspection and test are done as per
schedule
History of the records helps to assess the machine
condition
33
Factors influencing the frequency of inspection and
testing of portable appliances:
 Legal standards and codes of practice
 Type of equipment
 Manufacturer’s recommendations
 Initial integrity and soundness of equipment
 Age of the equipment
 The environment working
 Frequency and duration of work
 Foreseeable abuse of the equipment
 Effects of any modifications or repairs to the equipment
 Analysis of previous records of maintenance
Permit System
Lock Out & Tag Out Procedure (LOTO)
35
Lock Out Tag Out [ LOTO]
• LOTO consists of a Lock and Key and a Tag
• Ensure that the main source of supply is
isolated and locked, before the
commencement of any job on an electrical
equipment. A tag must be placed near the
feeder which consists of the following
information.
• Work location
• Details of performer
• Date of commencing
• Date of Completion etc
• LOTO should not be removed till the
entire work is finished
LOTO- Disadvantage
Since the electrical system is dead, certain

types of testing or fault finding cannot be
done.
Any
Questions?
Assignment Question
• Q. 1) Identify control measures to reduce the risk of electric shock

when using a portable electric drill. (8)
• Q. 2) Describe how the following two protective measures reduce
the risk of electric shock AND, in EACH case, give an example of
their application.
(a) Reduced low voltage. (4)
(b) Double insulation. (4)
• Q. 3) Identify the effects on Human body from severe shock. (4)
• Q. 4) Identify Hazards of Electricity. (4)
• Q. 5) Identify factors influencing severity of electrical shock. (8)
• Q. 6) Outline Emergency action to take for a person suffers severe
electric shock. (6)
MOCK EXAM E-5
• Q. 1) Identify control measures to reduce the risk of
electric shock when using a portable electric drill. (8)
• Q. 2) Identify the effects on Human body from severe
shock. (4)
• Q. 3) Identify factors influencing severity of electrical
shock. (8)
• Q. 4) Outline Emergency action to take for a person
suffers severe electric shock. (6)
Model Question
Outline the precautions that should be
included in a safe system for work on a UK
mains (230V) electrical circuit. (8)
Suggested Answer
• switch off the current from the circuit, isolate and lock off the
supply to prevent re-connection and test the circuit to ensure
that it was dead.
• It would be important to have good lighting and sufficient space
round the working area which should be segregated by the
provision of barriers where possible.
• It is important to deploy competent workers and appropriate
tools, test equipment and protective clothing.
• precautions that should be put in place to deal with any
emergency that might occur.
Model Question
• Outline a range of controls that should be in place to improve
electrical safety in a workplace. (8)
• visual inspections for damage to cables, plugs and sockets

• overloaded sockets and coiled cables;
• ensuring that all fuses are of the correct rating
• equipment where possible is connected to a reduced voltage
system or a residual current device;
• ensuring that means of isolation are provided and that
equipment is switched off after use; and
• introducing a specific testing procedure for fixed installations and
portable appliances, and
• a procedure for reporting defects or damage.
IGC2-6
ELEMENT-6
Fire Hazards and Control
1
LEARNING OUTCOMES
 The fire triangle; sources of ignition, fuel, and oxygen

 Classification of fires
 Methods of heat transmission and fire spread: convection,
conduction, radiation and direct burning
 Common causes and consequences of fires in workplaces.
 Assessment of Fire Risk
 Control Measures
 Fire detection, fire warning and fire-fighting equipment
 Emergency evacuation procedures
2
WHAT IS FIRE?
• EXOTHERMIC CHEMICAL REACTION
RELEASING ENERGY IN THE FORM OF
HEAT (FLAME)
OR
• RAPID OXIDATION OF COMBUSTIBLE

MATERIAL IN PRESENCE OF HEAT AND
OXYGEN
HAZARDS OF FIRE
• TOXIC VAPOUR AND GAS

• HEAT
• Fuel
• Combustible material
EFFECT OF FIRE
• PERSONAL BURN INJURY

• DEATH
• SUFFOCATION
• LOSS OF PROPERTY
• ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE
PRODUCT OF FIRE
• SMOKE
• HEAT
• RADIATION ENERGY (LIGHT)
• SMELL
Principles of fire and Combustion
FIRE TRAINGLE
7
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE
Fire Type of Fuel

A Solid (wood, glass, clothes, papers, etc.)
B Liquids (petrol, oil and solvents)
C Gases (acetylene, methane and propane)
D Metals (magnesium and aluminum)
F High temperature fats and oil
8
Methods of Fire Spread
 Conduction
Convection
 Radiation
 Direct contact
Direct contact
9
Methods of Fire Spread
Convection : Movement of hotter gases up

through the air
Conduction : movement of heat through a

material (usually solid). Metals are good
conductors of heat
Radiation : Transfer of heat through

electromagnetic waves in the air
Direct contact : Combustible materials in

contact with naked flame.
10
Common Causes of Workplace Fire
 Electrical equipments
 Deliberate ignition
 Hot work
 Smoking
 Cooking appliances
 Heating appliances
 Unsafe use and storage of flammable liquids and
gases
 Mechanical heat
 Chemical reaction
11
Fire Risk Assessment
 Identify the fire hazards
- Sources of fuel
- Sources of ignition
- Sources of oxygen
 Identify the people who might be harmed

- People in the premises
- Special consideration to vulnerable people
12
Fire Risk Assessment
Evaluate and implement the fire precaution that are

required
- Fire prevention
- Prevention of spread of smoke and flame
- Fire detection and alarm
- Firefighting equipments
- Means of escape
- Signs and notices
- Lighting
 Record findings, plan and train
- Emergency plans
- Information, instruction and training
 Review and revise the assessment as necessary
Methods of reducing risk of fire in work place
The best course of action to ensure fire safety is to prevent

fires from starting. It is based on some simple ideas taken from
the fire triangle;
 Control of fuel sources
 Control of ignition sources
 Control of oxygen
14
Fire Safety
Control of fuel sources:-
 Eliminate the flammable materials entirely from workplace,

by disposing old stocks.
 Substitute with lesser risk, eg. Substitution of petrol

powered generator with diesel one.
 If both elimination and substitution can not be done,

minimise the quantity of materials, by good stock control.
 For flammable materials like LPG, there must be a safe use

and storage policy.
15
Fire Safety
Control of Ignition Sources:-
 Electrical equipments
 Hot work
 Smoking
 Cooking and heating appliances
 Mechanical heat
 Deliberate ignition
16
Fire Precaution
Fire exit:
 Fire doors should open in the direction

of travel (outwards)
 Doors providing means of escape
should never be locked
 Display notice on the doors
 Signs along escape routes
 Corridors and other escape routes must
be unobstructed
17
Fire Precaution
Directional Signs: Display Emergency safety signs
Escape route - Left Escape route - Right
Emergency Lighting: Provide at Passage ways & Escape

routes
18
Principles of Fire extinction
Cooling: Reducing the temperature of the heat , by using

fire extinguishers
Eg. Using Water fire extinguishers for cooling
Starvation : Removing or not feeding further fuel to fire

Eg. In case of fire in a paint storage, remove the
containers so that it does not catch fire
Smothering : Extinguishment by separation of oxygen

from fire is called smothering effect
Eg. In case of fire in an oil tank, foam type extinguishers
might be used, so that the layer of foam on the surface of
oil will cut off the supply of oxygen.
19
Portable Fire Extinguishers
Fire Type of Fuel Extinguishing Agent
Solid (as wood, glass, clothes, Water, Dry Chemical

A
papers, etc.) Powder
Liquids (as petroleum & Foam

B
paints) Dry Chemical Powder
Gases (as Acetylene, Hydrogen CO2 , Dry Chemical

C
Sulphide, Natural Gas) Powder
Powder Graphite,
Metals (as Sodium, Magnesium, Powdered Limestone
D
Aluminum)
Sand
20
Portable Fire Extinguishers
Water Solution Extinguisher Foam Type Extinguisher
CO2 Extinguisher Dry Chemical Powder

21
Installation of Fire extinguisher
 Accessibility
 Proximity to exits and escape route
 Visibility and signage
 Location of the ground with adequate support
 Suitable type
 Protection against damage and weather

Emergency Evacuation Procedure
 Means of raising the alarm
 Contacting the emergency services
 Fire evacuation routes
 Fire evacuation signs
 Who are and the role of fire marshals
 When not to tackle a fire
 Types of extinguishers
Prevention of spread of fire e.g. closing fire doors
 Not to use lifts
 Evacuation in an orderly fashion
 Prevention of return
 Disabled evacuation procedure
 Identifying the fire marshals
 Assembly points and muster rolls
 Mock Drills
23
Any
Questions?
Assignment Question
 Q. 1) Outline the principles of extinction of fire. (6)
 Q. 2) Identify factors to consider in installation of fire
extinguishers. (4)
 Q. 3) Outline factors to be considered when designing fire exit for
evacuation. (8)
 Q. 4) Outline methods of reducing risk of fire in work place. (8)
 Q. 5) An organisation is assessing the fire risk at its workplace.
Identify the content of fire risk assessment. (8)
MOCK EXAM E-6
 Q. 1) Identify factors to consider in installation of fire
extinguishers. (4)
 Q. 2) Outline methods of reducing risk of fire in work
place. (8)
 Q. 3) An organisation is assessing the fire risk at its
workplace. Identify the content of fire risk assessment.
(8)
Model Question
(a) Outline the factors to be addressed when carrying out a fire risk
assessment. (10)
(b) Outline how the structural features of buildings can help

prevent the spread of fire and smoke. (6)
(c) Identify:
(i) TWO types of fire detection systems; (2)
(ii) TWO types of fire alarm systems. (2)
29
Suggested Answer Part (a)
the factors connected with the structure of the premises are
its fire resistance, the fire protection and prevention measures
escape routes and exits taking into account the number of
people to be evacuated including particular groups at risk
and the travel distances involved.
the amount of high risk substances and combustible materials
used and/or stored in the building
the possible sources of ignition.
procedural factors such as the means for raising the alarm and
its audibility
making contact with the emergency services;
procedures for the maintenance of equipment, alarms and
detection systems;
location of a fire assembly point;
the training of personnel in evacuation procedures including
those with special responsibilities such as fire marshals.
30
Suggested Answer Part (b)
(b) There should bes arrangement for compartmentation

within the building; providing protection for steel members;
using fire resisting materials such as bricks or blocks; sealing
gaps and holes in walls and fitting fire stops in ceiling voids.
(c ) The two types of fire detectors are:
Smoke detector and

Heat Detector
Two Types of Fire Alarms are:

Audible alarms such as Sirens
Visible alarms such as flashes / beacons
31
IGC-2
ELEMENT-7
Chemical and Biological
Health Hazards and Risk
Control
1
Learning Outcome
Forms, Classification and Health Risk from Hazardous

Substances
 Assessment of Health Risks
 Workplace Exposure Limits
 Control Measures
 Specific Substances Hazardous to Health
 Safe Handling and Storage of Waste
2
Forms of Chemical Agent
Physical forms of chemicals are:-
 Solid – lead
 Dust – floor dust, rock dust
 Fume – welding
 Gas – CO2
 Mist – spray painting
 Vapour – vapour given off by acetone solvent
 Liquid – water, petrol
3
3
Forms of Biological Agents
 Fungi: Most are harmless but some can cause disease, like
fungal infections (athlete’s foot) and farmer’s leg
 Viruses: Very small infectious organisms that reproduce by
hijacking living cells to manufacture more viruses. May
cause disease (hepatitis,HIV)
 Bacteria: These are single-celled organisms which can live
both inside and outside the human body. Some are
harmless, some are beneficial and some cause diseases
(leptospirosis)
4
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 4
Biological Hazards - Control Measures
 Cleaning / Disinfecting
 Water treatment programs
 Vermin (pest) control
 Procedures for handling, containment & disposal
 Personal hygiene
 Immunization
 Health surveillance, Trainings, PPE’s
5
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Biological Hazards – Hepatitis
Hepatitis is a disease of the liver and can cause high

temperatures, nausea and jaundice. It can be caused by
virus. The virus can be transmitted through infected blood.
Health workers, care workers and any workers handling
body fluids are particularly at risk.
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NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 6
Hepatitis – Control Measures
 Decontamination and Disinfection Procedures

 Correct disposal of potentially contaminated materials such
as clinical waste
 Vaccination
 Procedures to deal with accidental exposure
 Use of adequate Personal protective equipments such as
gloves and eye protection.
7
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 7
Biological Hazard– Legionella Bacteria
Airborne bacterium can be found in water in locations such as

cooling towers, water etc. Inhalation of airborne droplets of
water containing the legionella bacteria leads to a form of
pneumonia (legionaries disease) the symptoms of which
are breathing difficulties, high temperature and possible
death. Elderly people are more at risk.
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Legionella – Control Measures
 Water treatment programs to kill the bacteria

 Enclosing water systems to minimize the risk of
contamination
 Prevention of lime scale build up
 Routine cleanup of cooling towers
 Water sampling and analysis
 Use of biocides for some water systems
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Classification of Chemicals Hazardous to Health
 Toxic – Even small doses can kill a person (potassium cyanide-

KCN)
 Harmful – Cause death or serious ill-health when inhaled,
swallowed or absorbed via skin in large doses
 Corrosive - Destruction of living tissue at point of contact
(concentrated Sulphuric acid, sodium hydroxide)
 Irritants – Cause inflammation of the skin, eyes or lungs
through immediate, prolonged or repeated contact, e.g.
adhesives and detergents
 Carcinogenic: Substances which cause disorders in cell growth
that may lead to cancer or increase its incidence, eg. asbestos
Mutagens - May cause genetic mutations.
Toxic to reproduction – May cause sterility or affect an
unborn child
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 10
10
Two different types of effect can occur when a person is
exposed to hazardous substances…..
 Acute Effects - as a result of exposure to high levels of the

substance, sometime for a very short periods of time, eg.
Exposure to very high concentration of chlorine gas causes
immediate irritation to respiratory system
 Chronic Effects – as a result of exposure to lower levels of

the substance, over long period of time, after exposure
began, eg. Asbestosis
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 11
The study of how different materials affect the human body.
The factors to be considered are:
 Routes of Entry
 Dose
 Body Response
12
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 12
12
Routes of Entry
 Inhalation - Substances can enter the body through

inhalation and reach the lungs and blood. All dusts can not
travel down in to the lungs….
= Inhalable dust – Particles less than 10 micron can be

inhaled through nose and mouth
= Respirable dust – particles less than 7 microns in dia
can travel deep in to the lungs on inhaled breath
 Ingestion – Substance is taken through mouth and

swallowed down in to the stomach and then move on
through the digestive system
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13
Routes of Entry
 Absorption - Substances can enter through the skin, cuts

or abrasion and conjunctiva of the eye
 Injection – Substance passes though the skin barrier

either by physical injection or through damaged skin
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 14
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE
Dose
How much of a substance one is exposed to and how long

the exposure lasts. Effects due to the dosage can be in the
form of:
 Localized
 Systemic
And both effects can be:
 Acute
 Chronic
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NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 15
15
Dose
 Localized Effects - Some substances have only a localized
effect on one part of the body where the hazardous agent
comes into contact, e.g. acid burn
 Systemic Effects - Systemic effects are problems caused

inside the body once a hazardous agent has entered, eg.
Anemia (a shortage of red blood cells) caused by lead
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16
Body Response
Body reacts to the exposure of the dosage of hazardous

substances taken. Body response of a person depends upon
 Body Weight
 Age
 Skin Type
 Sex
 Diet
 Health
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 17
17
17
Sources of Information
Information about the nature of substances can be obtained

mainly from:-
 Product Labels
 Material Safety Data Sheet
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18
Product Label
Product Label will carry the following informations:
 Complete product name
 Some idea about the components which make the

product hazardous
 An indication of the danger (may be by specific phrases

or symbols or a combination of both)
 Basic precautions to take
 Name, address and telephone number of the supplier
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 19
19
19
Material Safety Data Sheet
 Identification of substance / preparation and supplier

 Composition and information on ingredients – chemical
names
 Hazard identification
 First aid measures
 Fire fighting measures
 Accidental release measures
 Handling and storage
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 20
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20
 Exposure control and personal protection
 Physical and chemical properties
 Stability and reactivity
 Toxicological informations – acute - chronic effects,

routes of exposure and symptoms
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 21
21
21
 Ecological information
 Disposal considerations
 Transport information
 Regulatory informations
 Other information – explanation of abbreviations used
22
If the occupational exposure limit exceeds:
 Stop the process
 Remove employees from the area
 Make area safe
 Investigate reason
 Assess existing control measure
 Monitor procedures
 Assess ill health to workers
 Record the incident
23
Health Risk Assessment
Identify the hazardous substances present and Gather

information about the substances
Identify the people who might potentially be exposed
Evaluate the health risk

Identify any controls needed and implement them
Record the assessment and implement the action
Review the assessment periodically and revise if necessary
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 24
24
24
Health Risk Assessment – Factors to be Considered
 Hazardous nature of the substances present – toxic,

corrosive, carcinogenic, etc.
 Potential ill health effects – from short and long term

exposure
 Physical forms – solid, liquid, vapour, etc.
 Routes of entry – inhalation, ingestion, etc.
 The quantity of the hazardous substances - present in the

work place
25
25
25
Health Risk Assessment – Factors to be Considered
 The concentration of the substances – diluted or not
 Population - potentially exposed
 Frequency of exposure – weekly, daily, continuously, etc.
 Duration of exposure – very brief, several hours, all day,

etc.
 Existing control measures – ventilation, PPE,etc.
26
Control Measures
 Elimination: Eliminate the chemicals totally from

workplace
 Reduction: Substitute with less hazardous chemicals
 Isolation: keep away from worker
 Control
= Personal and General Environmental Hygiene
= Health surveillance
= Administrative methods
= Housekeeping
 Personal protective equipment (PPE)

Disciplinary action: safety culture , behavior , IITS
27
27
Hazardous Substance Monitoring
Monitoring can be carried out using various items of

equipments like………
 Continuous Monitoring Devices

 Stain Tube Detectors
 Passive Samplers
 Smoke Tubes
 Dust Monitoring Equipments
 Dust Lamp
28
28
28
• Continuous Monitoring Devices
• Stain Tube Detectors
• Passive Samplers
• Smoke Tubes
• Dust Monitoring Equipments
8-hour TWA mg/m³
inhalable dust - 10 - - respirable - 4
• Dust Lamp
Limitations of Monitoring
There are several limitations that must be considered before

monitoring hazardous substances…..
 Accuracy of results
 Variations in personal exposure
 Absence of a standard
 Other exposure routes
36
Workplace Exposure Limits – WEL
Maximum concentrations of airborne contaminants,

normally measured across a particular reference period of
time, to which employees may be exposed (WEL in UK and
TLV in USA)
 Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL)
The maximum concentration of a chemical to which a
worker may be exposed continuously for up to 15 minutes
without danger to health or work efficiency and safety
 Long Term Exposure Limit (LTEL)/Time Weighted
Average (TWA)
An average concentration over an 8 hours work per day
37
37
37
Limitations of Exposure Limits
 WELs are designed only to control the absorption in to the

body of harmful substances following inhalation
 They take no account of individual personal susceptibility
 They do not take account of the combined effects of

mixtures of substances, eg. The use of multiple substances
 They may become invalid if the normal environmental

conditions are changed
38
38
38
Limitations of Exposure Limits
 The organization may believe that limits are being adhered

to but the employees may be working with controls which
are no longer effective
 The monitoring equipment may become contaminated,

resulting in inaccurate results
 Some limits are only guidelines
 Some limits do not consider all the possible health effects

of a substance, eg. Impact on the skin, such as dermatitis,
would not be considered with an airborne limit
39
Methods of Control
 Elimination or Substitution
 Process change
 Reduce Exposure Time
 Enclosure and Segregation
 Local Exhaust Ventilation
 Dilution Ventilation
 Respiratory Protective Equipment
 Other Personal Protective Equipment
 Personal Hygiene and Protection Regimes
 Health Surveillance
40
Local Exhaust Ventilation
The basic principle of an LEV system is the extraction of

contaminated air at the point of generation and then the
filtering of the contaminant out of the air, allowing the clean
air to exhaust to atmosphere. LEV system should be
routinely inspected and maintained to ensure their ongoing
effectiveness. An LEV system consists of:-
 Intake hood
 Duct work
 Filter system
 Fan
 Exhaust duct
41
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 42
Local Exhaust Ventilation
Effectiveness of an LEV system will be reduced by:-
 Poorly positioned intake hoods

 Damaged ducts
 Excessive amount of contamination
 Ineffective fan due to low speed or lack of maintenance
 Blocked filters
 Build up of contaminant in the ducts
 Sharp bend in ducts
 Unauthorised additions to the system
43
Dilution Ventilation
It operates by diluting the contaminant concentration in the

general atmosphere to an acceptable level by changing the
air efficiently in the workplace over a given period of time,
eg. a number of complete changes every hour. These air
changes might be achieved passively (by providing low
and/or high level louvers) or actively (by powered fans)
Dilution ventilation is appropriate where:-

 The WEL of the harmful substance is high
 The rate of formation of the gas or vapour is low
 Operators are not in close contact with the contamination
generation point
44
Dilution Ventilation
Limitations of dilution ventilation:-
 Not suitable for the control of substances with high toxicity

 Do not cope well with the sudden release of large
quantities of contaminant
 Do not work well for dust
 Do not work well where the contaminant is released at a
point source
 Dead areas may exists where high concentrations of the
contaminant are allowed to accumulate
45
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 46
Respiratory Protective Equipment
Any type of personal protective equipment specially designed

to protect the respiratory system. There are two main types:-
Air-Purifying Respirator
 Filters dangerous substances from the air
 Never use in oxygen deficient atmosphere
Air-Supplying Respirator
 Delivers a safe supply of breathing air from a tank
or an uncontaminated area nearby
 Must be adequately monitored
47
 Filtering face piece respirator

 Half-mask or ori nasal respirator
 Full face respirator
 Powered respirator
 Fresh air hose BA

 Compressed air BA
 Self contained BA
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 48
• Filtering face piece respirator
• Half-mask or ori nasal respirator

• Full face respirator
• Powered respirator
• Fresh air hose BA
• Compressed air BA (CABA)
• Self contained BA (SCBA)
Factors affecting the suitability of RPE
 Concentration of the contaminant and its hazardous

nature
 Physical form of substance, eg. dust or vapour
 Level of protection offered by RPE
 Presence or absence of normal oxygen concentrations
 Duration of time that it must be worn
 Compatibility with other items PPE that must be worn
 Shape of the user’s face and influence on fit
 Facial hair that might interface with an effective seal
 Physical requirements of the job such as the need to move
freely
 Physical fitness of the wearer
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 54
Specific Substances Hazardous to Health
1) Asbestos:- Asbestos is hazardous by inhalation of its

particles. Some forms of diseases are associated with
asbestos exposure:-
 Asbestosis
 Lung cancer
 Diffuse pleural thickening
2) Blood Born Viruses:- There are many viruses that can be

transferred from one person to another by transfer of
blood and body fluids (Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, AIDS, etc.)
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 55
3) Carbon Monoxide:- A colourless, odourless gas usually

encountered as a byproduct of partial combustion (poorly
maintained heating boiler)
4) Cement:- In its dry powder form it is an irritant dust,

easily inhaled or blown in to the eyes. Once mixed with
water it is corrosive on skin and eye
5) Legionella Bacteria:- These are water loving bacteria.

The most common sources for outbreaks of disease are
outdoor cooling towers associated with air conditioning
systems
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 56
6) Leptospira Bacteria:- Commonly infect animals such as

rats, mice, cattle and horses
7) Silica:- A component of rock commonly encountered in

the mining, quarrying, pottery and construction industries.
When inhaled, it causes scar tissue to form (silicosis – very
similar to asbestosis)
8) Wood Dust:- Is hazardous on inhalation and causes

asthma
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 57
Waste Management
Waste:- Something that is discarded, or going to be discarded

Classification of Waste:-
1) Domestic Waste
• Food
• Paper
• Cardboard
• Cloths
• Plastic Bottles
• Tin
• Oil
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 58
Waste Management
2) Hazardous Waste
 Diesel fuel
 Brake fluids
 Lubricants
 Solvents and chemicals
 Cement additives and residues
 Paints
 Battery acid
 Liquid hazardous waste
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 59
Water Pollution:
• Pollution of rivers & other water sources can
have serious effects on the health of living
organisms.
• Leakage from industrial soak away or chemical
factories.
• Sewer discharge & oil spill contaminating
underground water
• Water samples should be taken from water
sources & sewers.
• MSDS to advise on proper disposal of different
hazardous substances
60
Air Pollution:
• Outdoors; machinery & industry emissions &
smoking. Indoors; heating systems & sprays…
etc
• Mainly by emissions; carbon monoxide, sulphur
dioxide, nitrogen dioxide & lead… etc
• Leads to Acid rain & global warming
• Have serious Health effects on human beings
61
Storing Waste
When storing hazardous materials the precautions should be:
• Storage area of a sufficient size
• Storage area suitably located away from drains etc.
• Storage area clearly labeled
• Individual containers clearly labeled
• Different types of waste stored separately
• Incompatible wastes never stored together
• Appropriate containers for type of waste
• Storage of waste kept to a minimum
• Protect wastes from the elements if necessary
• If necessary protect storage area with bunds etc.
• Do not dispose of hazardous waste in general waste skips
• Ensure storage area is secure
62
Waste Management Hierarchy:
• Prevention: by changing the process so that the
waste is not produced.
• Reduction: improving the efficiency of the process
• Reuse: by recycling the waste back into the process
• Recovery: releasing energy through the combustion
or recycling of waste.
• Responsible disposal: disposal in accordance with
regulatory requirements & never mix different types
of hazardous wastes.
63
Any
Questions?
Assignment Question
 Workplace Exposure Limits (WELs) are set for hazardous
substances.
(a) Outline the purpose of a workplace exposure limit (WEL). (4)
(b) Identify the reference time period for:
(i) short term exposure limit (STEL); (1)
(ii) long term exposure limit (LTEL). (1)
 a) Identify possible routes of entry of biological agents into the
body. (4)
b) Outline control measures that could be used to help reduce the
risk of infection from biological agents. (4)
 Outline what is Legionella Bacteria and give control measures. (8)
 Identify classification of Chemicals Hazardous to Health. (8)
 Identify factors that will reduce the effectiveness of an LEV
system.(8)
MOCK EXAM E-7
 Workplace Exposure Limits (WELs) are set for hazardous
substances.
(a) Outline the purpose of a workplace exposure limit
(WEL). (4)
(b) Identify the reference time period for:
(i) short term exposure limit (STEL); (1)
(ii) long term exposure limit (LTEL). (1)
 a) Identify possible routes of entry of biological agents
into the body. (4)
b) Outline control measures that could be used to help
reduce the risk of infection from biological agents. (4)
 Outline what is Legionella Bacteria and give control
measures. (8)
Model Question
Workplace Exposure Limits (WELs) are set for hazardous substances.

• (a) Outline the purpose of a workplace exposure limit (WEL). (4)
• (b) Identify the reference time period for:
• (i) short term exposure limit (STEL); (1)
• (ii) long term exposure limit (LTEL). (1)
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 68
Model Question
• (a) The purpose of a workplace exposure limit is to protect workers from the
risk of inhalation of dangerous substances where exposure cannot be avoided.
• (b)The WEL sets a concentration of a substance in air over a reference period

which should not be exceeded.
• Short term exposure limit STEL is set for 15 minutes
• Long term Exposure Limit LTEL is set for a TWA of 8 hours
• (c) The identified classifications of hazardous substances are carcinogens,

respiratory sensitisers and mutagenic substances.
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 69
Assignment Question
• a) Identify possible routes of entry of biological agents into the body. (4)
• (b) Outline control measures that could be used to help reduce the risk of
infection from biological agents. (4)
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 70
IGC-2
ELEMENT-8
Physical & Psychological Health
Hazards and Risk Control
1
Learning Outcome
 Noise
 Effects of exposure to Noise
 Noise exposure controls
 Vibration
 Effects of exposure to Vibration
 Vibration exposure controls
 Radiation
 Radiation: Principles and Practice
 Stress
 Causes, Effects & Prevention Strategies
2
Effects of Exposure to Noise
Health Effects:-
 Stress – caused by irritating nuisance or back ground noise

 Temporary reduction in hearing sensitivity as a result of
short duration exposure to excessively loud noise
 Temporary ringing in the ears as a result of short duration
exposure to excessively loud noise
 Noise Induced Hearing Loss(NIHL) - permanent loss of
hearing as a result of repeated exposure to excessively loud
noise
 Tinnitus – persistent ringing in the ears as a result of
repeated exposure to excessively loud noise

Effects of Exposure to Noise
Safety Effects:-
 Inability to hear
- hazards such as vehicles
- alarms and warning sirens
- conversation and spoken instructions
 Difficulty in concentration and an increase in errors

caused by nuisance/background noise
4
ILL-HEALTH EFFECTS OF NOISE
Acute Chronic
• Temporary Threshold Shift: • Noise-induced hearing loss:
caused by short excessive noise permanent damage of the hearing
exposure. Reversible when the sensory receptors.
noise is removed. • Permanent Threshold Shift:
• Tinnitus: a ringing sensation results from prolonged exposure
caused by intense high noise to loud noise & is irreversible
level. Might continue up to 24 due to permanent reduction in
hours after the noise had stopped. nerve impulses to the brain.
• Acute acoustic trauma:
temporary deafness due to • Tinnitus: same as the acute but
affection of the eardrum by a becomes permanent
very loud noise & is Reversible. Note: Presbycusis is hearing loss in
Might cause permanent hearing older people.
loss if reaches 140 dB
5
Noise Assessment
Different types of noise meter used to under take noise

measurement:-
 Sound level meter
 Integrating sound level meter
 Dosimeters
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 6
Noise Exposure
Factors affecting Noise Damage
 Intensity
 Sound pressure
 Frequency Duration
 Decibel scale dB(A)
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 7
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 7
Acceptable & Unacceptable Levels of Noise:
 Exposure Action Value: level of noise at which certain

action must be taken.
o These Exposure action & Limit Values are:
– Lower Exposure Action Level: 80 dB (A) / 8 hours / day
– Upper Exposure Action Level: 85 dB (A) / 8 hours / day
 Exposure Limit Value: level of noise above which an

employee must not be exposed. i.e,87 dB (A)
8
Reflected
Direct
Noise
Source
Ground and structure

NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 12
Noise Exposure Control
Noise exposure can be controlled in three ways:-
 Reduce the noise at source
 Interrupt the pathway from source to receiver
 Protect the receiver

Reduce the noise at source
 Eliminate the source:-complete removal of noise, even though it is

impractical
 Substitute the source:- change a petrol-driven machine for an electric
version
 Maintenance
 Damping:- Damping changes the resonance characteristics of the metal
part to prevent it ringing. This can be achieved by changing the part,
stiffening it or even adding material to one side of it
 Silencing by using silencer
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 14
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 14
Interrupt the Pathway
 Insulation:- a static diesel generator can

be place in a separate building with
sound insulating walls
 Isolation:- separating the machine from
any supporting structure using
vibration absorbent mats or springs
 Absorption:- erecting sound absorbing
wall in between origin point and
receiver
 Keeping the noise source at distance
15
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 15
Protect the Receiver
 Acoustic haven (safe place):- a safe place can be built that
workers can retreat from the noisy environment
 Hearing protection:- ear defender or muffs, ear plugs
Ear Defender or Ear Muff
Advantages Limitations
Easy to supervise and enforce use as Uncomfortable for long time

visible
Less chance of ear infections Must be routinely inspected, cleaned

and maintained
Higher level of protection Efficiency may be reduced by long

hair, spectacles or earrings
Can be integrated with other PPE

like hard hats Needs dedicated storage facility
Reusable
Ear Plugs
Advantages Limitations
Cheap and easy to use Difficult to see when fitted, so
supervision and enforcement
difficult
Disposable Risk of infection if dirty
Available in range of types and Need to be correctly sized to fit the

designs individual
Often more comfortable to wear Effectiveness decreases with usage
Do not interfere with any other Interfere with communication

PPEs
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 18
Radiation
Radiation is energy that is emitted by a source. Radiation

can be categorized into many different types, but all these
types belong to two main classes
 Ionizing Radiation
 Non-Ionizing Radiation
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 19
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 19
Ionizing Radiation
Radiation that causes ionization in the material that absorbs it. Types
of Ionization Radiation:-
 Alpha particles: Sub atomic particles emitted by radioactive

substances. Penetration power is less and can be stopped by thin
material like paper (smoke detectors & science labs)
 Beta particles: Sub atomic particles emitted by radioactive
substances. Penetration power is higher as it can penetrate
through skin in to living tissues (science labs & thickness gauges)
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 20
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 20
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 21
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 21
 X-rays: A form of high energy electromagnetic radiation
emitted by some radioactive substances and X – ray
generators (medical radiography & security scanners)
 Gamma rays: A form of very high energy electromagnetic
energy emitted by some radioactive substances. Have high
penetration power and can shine through human body,
even bones (Industrial Radiography)
 Neutrons: Sub atomic particles emitted by radioactive
substances, can easily penetrate through the body (Nuclear
power stations)
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 22
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 22
23
Non Destructive Testing (NDT)
Using X or Gamma Radiation Sources

24
X-Rays
25
Health Effects
Acute Effects:-
 Radiation Sickness – Nausea & Vomiting

 Blistering and Ulceration of the skin
 Reduced immune system due to white blood cell damage
 Hair loss
 Dermatitis
 Cataracts(loss of eyesight)
 Anemia, due to red blood cell damage
 Infertility
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 26
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 26
Health Effects
Chronic Effects:-
 Cancer
 Genetic mutations
 Birth defects
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 27
Protection from Ionizing Radiation
 Time:- minimise the duration of exposure
 Distance:- the greater the distance from the radiation source to

the exposed worker the lower the dose of radiation received
 Shielding:- thin shields for alpha and beta, thicker denser

material such as lead for X and gamma rays
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 28
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 28
Non - Ionizing Radiation
Radiation that does not cause ionization in the material that absorbs
it. Types of Non-Ionizing Radiation:-
 Ultra Violet: High frequency electromagnetic radiation emitted with

hot materials such as the arc produced during arc welding or
excessive exposure to the sun
 Infra-red: Lower frequency electromagnetic radiation emitted by

red hot materials such as molten metal being poured in to castings
(red hot steel in a rolling mill, glass manufacture)
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 29
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 29
Non - Ionizing Radiation
 Visible light: Electromagnetic radiation between the UV and IR

frequencies and visible to human eye, arising from artificial lighting
and display screens (Laser leveling device, laser pointer)
 Microwaves: Lower frequency electromagnetic radiations emitted by

microwave generators (Microwave Oven, Mobile phone antenna)
 Radio waves: Higher frequency electromagnetic radiation emitted by

an antenna (Radio, TV or Radar antenna)
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 30
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 30
Non-Ionising Radiation
Ultra-violet
Infra-red
Lasers
Microwave
31
Ultra-Violet / Infra-Red
Ultra-Violet
Welding, sun rays
Two main hazards effects on skin and
eyes
Infra-red
Hot metal e.g. foundries
Heat and for eyes risk of cataracts
32
Lasers In Use
Cutting Surgery
Eyes are more vulnerable to damage from mild retina burns to
permanent blindness
33
Microwave
Risk of burns to skin and eyes
34
Health Effects
Non Ionising
Health effects
Radiation
 Effects on the eye (arc eye or snow blindness),
 Redness and burns to skin (sun burn),
 Ultraviolet rays
 Increased risk of skin cancer,
 Premature aging of the skin
 Redness and burns to the skin,
 Infrared rays
 Development of eye cataracts over time (retinal burns)
 Instant skin burns,
 Radio waves
 Eye damage
 Internal heating of the skin
 Microwaves
 Internal organ damage and could be fatal
 Temporary blindness
 Visible light
 Permanent eye damage
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 35
Protection from Non Ionizing Radiation
 Shielding
 Isolate
 Distance
 Time
 Protective creams
 Health Surveillance
 Environmental Monitoring
 PPE
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 36
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 36
Unit of Radiation: becquerel (Bq)
Vibration
Effects of Exposure to Vibration
 Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)

- Vibration White Finger
- Nerve Damage
- Muscle Weakening
- Joint damage
 Whole Body Vibration Effects (WBV):

- Back Pain
- Spinal cord damage
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 38
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 38
Vibration Risk Factors
 The frequency of the vibration

 Magnitude of energy
 Strength of grip
 Exposure time
 Frequency of exposure
 Extreme temperature
 Individual factors e.g. health, age etc.
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 39
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 39
Vibration Exposure Control Measures
 Reduce vibration at source
 Interrupt the path way from source
 Limit the duration of exposure

Reduce vibration at source
 Eliminate the source:- completely remove the vibration

source, mechanization
 Substitute the source:- change the vibration source for

some thing else that does the same job but generates less
vibration
 Changing work techniques:- for making holes in masonry

use a diamond tipped drill rather than a tungsten hammer
drill
 Maintenance
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 41
Interrupt the path way
 Isolation:- separating vibrating parts from the user’s hands

using anti-vibration mountings
Limit the duration of exposure
 Change the work schedules (job rotation, more rest period)
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 42
Stress
The adverse reaction that people have to excessive pressure
or other demands placed on them
Effects of Stress
 Psychological:- Anxiety, depression
 Physical:- Sweating, high BP, fast heart beat, skin rashes,
muscle tension, headache, dizziness
 Behavioral:- Sleepliness, inability to concentrate, irritability
Consequences for individual
Job loss, divorce, alcoholism, drug addiction, etc.
Consequences for employer
Increased absenteeism, poor relationships,
high turn over, potential civil law action
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 43
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 43
Stress - Causes
 Demands: Work load, deadlines, work patterns, speed of work,
etc.
 Control: Lack of control or guideline over work
 Support: Lack of information, instruction and training
 Relationships: Lack of policies exist in concern with acceptable
standards of behavior in the work place
 Roles & Responsibilities: Lack of clarity about the individuals
roles and responsibilities
 Change: Lack of planning and preparation of the change
process
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 44
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 44
Stress – Prevention Strategies
 Demands: Demands should be reasonable and where possible set in

consultation with the workers
 Control: Workers should be given as much control of their work as
possible
 Support: Workers should be provided with adequate information,
instruction and training
 Relationships: Clear policies should exist in concern with acceptable
standards of behavior in the work place
 Roles & Responsibilities: Organization should be clear about the
individual’s roles and responsibilities
Change: There should be careful planning and preparation of the change
process
ELEMENT-1 FOUNDATIONS IN HELATH

NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE AND SAFETY 45
NEBOSH-IGCCOURSE 45
SAFETY
Environment factors that can cause stress
 Inadequate lighting
 Cramped/dirty working condition
 Poor layout leading to lack of privacy or security
 Extremes of temperature/humidity
 Inadequate ventilation
 Noise
 Vibration
 Inadequate welfare facilities
 Inclement weather condition
Any
Questions?
Assignment Question
 Q. 1) Identify FOUR types of engineering control that may be used
to reduce noise in the workplace AND Give a practical example of
EACH. (8)
• Q. 2) In relation to the ill-health effects from the use of vibrating
hand-held tools:
• (a) Identify typical symptoms that might be shown by affected
individuals. (4)
• (b) outline control measures that may be used to reduce the risk of
such effects. (4)
 Q.3) Identify environmental factors that increase the work related
stress. (8)
 Q. 4) Identify two types of non-Ionising radiations and give an
occupational source for each. (4)
Model Question
• (a) In relation to noise give the meaning of the

ter “dB A ‟. 2)
• (b) Outline control measures that could be
used to help reduce noise levels or exposure
to noise in a workplace. (6)
Suggested Answer
• The ea i g of the ter “dB A ‟ ould ha e

been that it is a decibel unit, is based on a
logarithmic scale and measures the intensity
of sound by mimicking the response of the
human ear to different frequency levels.
Suggested Answer
• (b) the provision of sound proof enclosures for particularly noisy
equipment;
• placing acoustic screens around machinery and fitting silencers, for
example, on exhaust pipes and pneumatic equipment;
• replacing metal gears or bushes with those made of plastic;
• placing machines on mats made of isolating material.
• The use of personal protective equipment such as ear defenders
• the reduction of the exposure time of workers by job rotation.

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GC-2

 Substance Misuse at Work

 Construction Hazards and Control

 Accommodation for clothing

 Resting and eating facilities

 At least minimum light level to be achieved

Health and Safety Effects of Working in

 Provide adequate ventilation

Health and Safety Effects of Working in a

Control Measures – Cold Environment

 Prevent or protect workers from draughts

Risk factors for violence at work:

 Queue management and information

Effects of Drugs and Alcohol:

 Slip: Typical slip hazards – smooth floor

 Trips: Typical trip hazards – uneven or loose

 Falls From Heights: Typical hazards – working next to an

2. Collision with moving vehicles: Typical hazards – walk

Typical hazards – Objects that project in to a pedestrian area

 Slip resistant surfaces

 Spillage control and drainage

 Fencing and Guarding

 Use of Signs and Personal Protective Equipments

 Maintenance of a safe workplace

 Entanglement with rotating drum and internal blades

 Equipment is suitable for the task and environment

 Robust perimeter fence and signs

 Premature collapse of structures

 Careful selection of demolition methods

 People falling from height

Basic Hazards of Work at Height:

 Provide edge protection around the roof perimeter

 Materials shall be lowered from height, no material shall

 Falls from Height:

 Do not site or handle near overheads

 Face the ladder when ascending or descending

 Free from trip hazards or gaps through which persons or

 Falls from the scaffold during erection

5) Mobile Tower Scaffolds – Hazards

 Falls from work platform

5) Mobile Tower Scaffolds – Safety Precautions

6) Mobile Elevating Work Platform – Hazards

 Falls from the work platform

6) Mobile Elevating Work Platform – Safety Precautions

 Vehicle be placed on firm, stable ground

Excavation: any man-made cut, cavity,

Trench: a trench can be considered as a

 Accumulation of Water – Dewatering

 Vehicle Traffic – Install barricades, Stop

 Access and Egress – Adequate systems

 When they are first erected

 Q. 2) Identify basic work environment requirement in an

 Q. 3) Identify hazards of working on Mobile Elevating Work

 Q. 4) Outline control measure to minimize risk to pedestrian at

 Q. 5) Identify hazards & control measure of demolition operation

 Safe Movement of Vehicles in the Workplace

Loss of Control & Overturning:

A driver may lose control of their vehicle for various reasons

Collision can occur between the vehicle and:

 Driving too fast

 Avoid reversing by implementing one way traffic system

The measures necessary to control the risks created by