10

Technology and
Livelihood Education
Agri-Fishery Arts
Animal Production
Poultry Raising - Chicken
Quarter 4 - Module 9
Caring for Hatching Eggs

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

Technology and Livelihood Education Grade 10
Agri-Fishery Arts - Animal Production (Poultry Raising - Chicken)
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 - Module 9: Caring for Hatching Eggs
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education - Division of Bukidnon

Development Team of the Module
Author: Heidi J. Pamisa
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 Lesson
Caring for Hatching Eggs
1
What’s New

Today, you will learn more on how to care for hatching eggs.
But before that, try to answer the activity below as an energizer.

Directions. Answer briefly the questions which correspond to the topic to be

discussed in this lesson.
1. In selecting eggs for hatching, why is it important to follow standard enterprise
protocol?
2. Why is it that eggs laid by the hens without mating the cock will not hatch out?

Dimensions Fair Good Very Good

10 points 15 points 20 points

Learners were able to Learners were able to Learners were able to

Knowledge convey limited ideas convey a few ideas on convey several ideas on
on the topic with little the topic with some the topic with a good
and
knowledge degree of knowledge degree of knowledge
understanding

Work was prepared Work was prepared Work was prepared and
and planned with little and planned with planned with
Accuracy effectiveness some effectiveness considerable
effectiveness

Learners put little or no Learners put some Learners put full effort
Effort effort into this activity. effort into this activity. into this activity.

1
 What Is It

Hi! Are you familiar with Incubation and hatching eggs? Or do you know that
hatching egg has two methods?

 What is Incubation?
-the process of incubating eggs in order to hatch.

 What is hatching of eggs?

- Hatching of eggs refers to the production of baby chicks.
- An incubator is a device simulating avian incubation by
keeping eggs warm at a particular temperature range and in the correct
humidity with a turning.
Two method of Incubating and Hatching Eggs
1. Natural Incubation - is simply when you allow a hen to hatch her own, or other
hen's fertile eggs.

The broody hen chosen for natural incubation should be large (to cover
and thus keep more eggs warm), healthy and preferably vaccinated, with a
good brooding and mothering record. Signs of broodiness are that the hen stops
laying, remains sitting on her eggs, ruffles her feathers, spreads her wings and
makes a distinctive clucking sound. Brooding may be induced with dummy eggs
or even stones. Eggs usually become fertile about four days after the rooster
has been introduced to the hens. A maximum of 14 to 16 eggs may be brooded
in one nest, but hatchability often declines with more than ten eggs, depending
on the size of the hen. Feed and water provided in close proximity to the hen
will keep her in better condition and reduce embryo damage due to the cooling
of the eggs if she has to leave the nest to scavenge for food. The hen keeps the
eggs at the correct humidity by splashing water on them from her beak. This is a
further reason for providing her with easy access to water. In very dry regions,
slightly damp soil can be placed under the nesting material to assist the hen in
maintaining the correct humidity (between 60 and 80 percent).

Fertile eggs from other birds are best added under the brooding hen
between one and four days after the start of brooding. In Bangladesh, it has
been reported that local broody hens will even sit on and hatch a second clutch
of eggs, often losing considerable weight in the process (especially if insufficient
attention is paid to the provision of food and water). The incubation period for
chicken eggs is 20 to 21 days, and increases up to 30 days for other poultry.

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 After sitting for some days, a broody hen can be given some newly hatched
chicks and, if they are accepted, the original eggs can be removed and replaced with
more chicks. Thus hens with a better record of mothering can be better utilized for
their abilities. Eggs initially need a very controlled heat input to maintain the optimum
temperature of 38 °C, because the embryo is microscopic in size. As the embryo
grows in size (especially after 18 days), it produces more heat than it requires and
may even need cooling. Moisture levels of 60 to 80 percent Relative Humidity
(increasing during the incubation period) are important to stop excess moisture loss
from the egg contents through the porous egg shell and membranes.
Factors to consider for successful natural incubation include the following:
1. Feed and water should be close to the hen.
2. The broody hen should be examined to ensure that she has no external
parasites.
3. Any eggs stored for incubation should be kept at a temperature between
12 and 14 0C, at a high humidity of between 75 to 85 percent, and stored
for no longer than seven days.
4. Extra fertile eggs introduced under the hen from elsewhere should be
introduced at dusk.
5. The eggs should be tested for fertility after one week by holding them up to
a bright light (a candling box works best.
If there is a dark shape inside the egg (the developing embryo), then it is
fertile. A completely clear (translucent) egg is infertile.
A hatchability of 80 percent (of eggs set) from natural incubation is normal,
but a range of 75 to 80 percent is considered satisfactory. Setting of hatchings is
best timed so that the chicks to be hatched are two months of age at the onset of
major weather changes, such as either the rainy (or dry) season or winter/summer.
A plentiful natural food supply over the growing period of the chicks will ensure a
better chance for their survival. Successful poultry species instinctively lay and
incubate their eggs at a time of the year when newly hatched chicks will have a
better supply of high protein and energy food provided by the environment. For
example, guinea fowl will only lay eggs in the rainy season. However, seasonal
changes in weather patterns are also times of greater disease risk.
2. Artificial Brooding- can be defined as the handling of newly born chicks without
the aid of hens. It is accomplished by means of a temperature-controlled
brooder (foster mother). 
 Artificial brooding has several advantages over the natural method,
which are: Chicks may be reared at any time of the seasons.
 There are many commercial artificial incubators of varying capacities. Most
depend on electricity, but some use gas or kerosene for heating. All use a
thermostatic switching device to keep the temperature constant within one
Celsius degree. The correct humidity is usually maintained by having a
pre-determined surface area of water appropriate for each incubator
chamber.

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 Turning the egg several times each day is important to prevent the embryo
from sticking to the shell membranes. With hand-turning systems, an odd number of
times turned per day (five to seven times) will ensure that during successive
overnight periods the egg is always oriented the opposite way from that of the
previous night. The broody hen carries out all of these incubation tasks instinctively,
and artificial incubation attempts to duplicate these tasks. Traditional artificial
incubation techniques have evolved over thousands of years in many parts of the
world. One such technique, developed for hatching duck eggs in China, is the
parched (heated) rice technique. It is based on the use of heated paddy rice and
embryo-generated heat. It is still used in China and Bali, Indonesia, with hatchability
results of up to 80 percent (Smith, 1990). The objectives of artificial incubation are
met equally well using either parched rice or rice husks, and a hatchability of 65 to
75 percent is common. By candling the eggs between days 5 and 7, infertile eggs
can be detected as “clears” (as the light is not obscured by the growing embryo).
These eggs are still suitable for sale for human consumption, which improves the
economic viability of this system.

To have a better idea on incubating eggs please watch this video online at
(https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=smNfI7XpDFo).
Read the information below to find out more on how to care for hatching eggs.
How to select hatched eggs following standard enterprise standard.
1. The eggs for setting should be neither to big nor too small, depending
upon the breed.
2. It is always desirable to select eggs of about 58 g each. Uniform sized
and oval shaped eggs are good.
3. The egg shell should be of uniform thickness, texture and color so that the
warmth can uniformly spread during incubation.
How to Select Eggs for Hatching
Eggs laid by the hens without mating the cock will not hatch out, as they are
infertile without any germ inside to develop into a chick. Within 21 days a minute
germ is transformed into a chick, by a rapid development and change within an
egg. All eggs laid by a hen are not fit for hatching. Suitable eggs that could be
hatched-out should be carefully selected on the following basis.

A. Fertility
Fresh eggs collected from vigorous and well matured hens, 5- 7 days after
mating and within 2 days of separating the cock will be fertile enough for
hatching. Eggs collected immediately on letting in the cock for mating or long
after the separation of the cock the egg may not be fertile.

B. Egg size and shape

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 The size of the eggs used for hatching is important because the size of the chick
hatched highly depends on the size of the egg. The eggs for setting should be
neither too big nor too small, depending upon the breed. It is always desirable to
select eggs of about 58 g each. Uniform sized and oval shaped eggs are good.

C. Egg shell

The egg shell should be of uniform thickness, texture and colour so that the
warmth can uniformly spread during incubation. In case of white shelled eggs, all
eggs for incubation should be free from tints. For brown colored eggs medium and
dark brown eggs: hatch well than the light brown eggs. When shell texture is poor
due to deficiency of calcium or vitamin D, it results in low hatchability. All eggs
should also be tested for cracked shells, as they should not be used for incubation.

D. Egg quality

Egg quality- refers to the state of an egg as genetically normal or abnormal.

Egg count- the most important factor in determining the fertility. 

Eggs should be fresh and not stale, collected as early as possible after laying, at
any rate within a week of laying. Very fresh eggs just laid on the day of setting may
not be advisable to be set unless they attain the room temperature before setting.
Eggs of 2- 4 days old are excellent.

5
Procedure in Storing Eggs
1. Indicate the date of harvesting.
2. Keep eggs in their original boxes when storing - this ensures any odours from
surrounding foods are shut out
3. If you take eggs out of their box, make sure you store and use them in date
order
4. Store eggs at a constant temperature below 20°C - this maintains freshness
and quality.
5. Take them out of the fridge half an hour before cooking for the best results.
6. Store away from strong smelling food - egg shells are porous
7. Store away from raw meat
8. Wash your hands before and after handling eggs

Incubate Eggs that are neglected by Hens

Using Natural incubation has something to do with neglected eggs during

hatching since some of the hen could not lay all her eggs.

For further understanding please watch this video online at

https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=ujmAZ9T-uEo&t=141s.

Minimize floor egg problems following enterprise procedures

The term “floor eggs “will be used to define any egg which has been laid outside
the nests. These are also called “ground eggs”, “commercial eggs”, or “slat eggs”.

Possible Causes and Solutions

There are several items that need to be considered in reducing the number of floor
eggs, including:

1. Rearing House

Consideration needs to be given to lighting and equipment design and

placement in the rearing house. Light intensity in rearing may affect the birds’ response
to light in the production house. Generally, after the starting phase for pullets, (three to
four weeks of age), light intensity should be reduced for the remainder of the pullet
phase to allow for at least a threefold increase in intensity when moving to the
production phase. The lighting needs to be uniform within the house. It is also important
to ensure that birds do not damage equipment or injure themselves by selecting
inappropriate nesting sites. However, mechanisms must be implemented that do not
discourage the young hen from jumping onto the slats. Providing randomly placed slats
or perch poles throughout the rearing house beginning at eight to ten weeks of age will
encourage the birds to exhibit natural perching behaviors and reduce the likelihood of
reluctance to jump onto the slats. It is best if these training perches are of the same
design and made of the same material that the birds will see in the production house.

6
2. Production House

Male/Female Effects

Differences in the weight and maturity level of males and females can affect
nesting behavior. If the males are too heavy or are far ahead of the females in maturity,
“slatting” of the hens may result. If males pursue the females too aggressively for
mating, the females become cowered and reluctant to expose themselves to the
males. This may interfere with the female selecting a proper nesting site. It is
recognized that most hens will choose a site to lay her egg, and then return to that
same site every time she is ready to lay. According to research done by Drs. Jeanna
Wilson and John Worley at the University of Georgia: “A small irritation during the time
when a hen is forming the habit of where to lay her eggs may cause her to lay in an
undesired location, and she will continue to lay there throughout her life, even though
the irritation is removed.”

3. Lighting

Eliminating shadows is a big challenge in properly lighting the house. Generally,

artificial lighting should be placed in two or three rows in order to distribute the light as
evenly as possible across the house and into the corners. This is especially important
in totally enclosed or dark out production houses. It is also important to have the proper
amount of intensity

A minimum of 6 to 8 foot-candles (64 to 86 lux) at bird level in the darkest area

in the house is necessary. Some solid sidewall production houses with inadequate light
intensity have experienced up to a 30% floor egg rate. In houses with manual gather
nests, it is important to have bulb spacing where the shadows under the nests are
eliminated as much as possible, thus avoiding the darkened areas which may be an
enticing place for hens to lay.

4. Ventilation

Airflow patterns are another important factor. For example, uneven ventilation
may cause birds to migrate to more comfortable areas of the house, thus creating an
“artificial” shortage of nest space. During hot weather, the ventilation equipment may be
doing a great job of tunneling the air lengthwise through the house, but there may be
little or no air flow inside the nest, making it very uncomfortable for the hens to remain
on the nests long enough to complete laying. With winter cross-flow ventilation, it is
possible that the sidewall inlets could be directing the cold incoming air into the nests
facing the inlet wall, making it too cool for the hens on the nest.

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5. Equipment

A. Feeding

Timing of feeding and type of feeding equipment are other important

considerations for minimizing floor eggs. The type of feeder may affect the birds’
behavior. Sometimes birds will lay eggs under the pans in a pan-type of feeder setup
when the feeder height is not set correctly, or when there are other factors causing the
birds to look for an alternative site. The time of feeding can also interfere with laying.
Generally, the feed needs to be available either as soon as the lights come on or at
some time after most of the eggs are laid for the day. Feeding two or three hours after
the lights come on tends to lure some hens away from the nest to eat just when they
are ready to lay, increasing the number of floor eggs.

B. Water

Drinker space, type, and flow rate are also important. If not adjusted properly,
bell type drinkers can encourage hens to lay under them. Nipple drinkers that are set
too low may cause a physical barrier to the bird movement to the nests. An inadequate
number of nipples or a low flow rate can cause the hens to stay next to the drinker line
a long time in order to get enough water, keeping them off the nest.

C. Nests

There are any number of designs and brands of nests available and all have
worked well at some time. However, all nests need constant management in order to
make them as comfortable as possible for the hens. In single-hole nests, the nest
opening must be wide and high enough to accommodate the hen entering, turning
around, and exiting the nest comfortably. There must be adequate ventilation inside the
nest to keep the hen comfortable in hot weather. The nests should be located where
the hens do not have to range more than necessary to find the proper place to lay.
Nest maintenance is also very important. The cleanliness of the nest pads is always a
consideration, but the cleanliness of the egg belt is often overlooked.

When the gathering belt is soiled with broken eggs or other foreign material, the
odor may make hens reluctant to go into the nest to lay. Some producers will
completely change their fabric belts between every flock in order to eliminate the odor
and make the nests more inviting to the hens. At the very least, belts should be
thoroughly washed and sanitized between flocks. With slatted houses, it is important to
have adequate space for hen movement just outside the nest opening. Placing nests
too close to the slat front or too close to the feeder track will make it harder for hens to
access the nests and find the proper place to lay.

8
 In any type of nesting system, it is important to remember that hens will
begin to look for a nesting site about a week before their first egg, so it is
important to have the nests in place and ready prior to the onset of production.
However, birds will lose interest/curiosity if nests are opened too early. It is best
to open nests within two days of seeing the first egg.

D. Slats

In a slatted house, the slat design is important. A common mistake, especially

for yield-type breeds, is a slat system that is too high. If possible, slats should be not
more than 18 inches (47 cm) above the floor at the edge of the slats. Remember that
litter in the scratch area tends to “disappear” as the flock ages. This is also the time
when the hens get heavier and less agile, so the initial slat height measurement should
be from the floor and not from the top of the litter.

Slats that are higher than 18 inches (47 cm) should be fitted with some sort of
step-up mechanism to aid the hens in accessing the nests. The angle of sloped slats
should also be considered when using community-type mechanical nests. Generally, a
slope of over ten degrees is uncomfortable for the hens, leading to more floor eggs.

What’s More

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 Wait, there are more to learn learners! Store eggs in accordance to industry
standard, Incubate eggs that are neglected by hens and minimize floor-egg problem
following enterprise procedure. Below are procedures in Storing Eggs. So, read,
understand, and practice the massage strokes.

Activity 1.
Field work!

Directions. Visit a nearby poultry farm, conduct interview about the care for hatching
eggs. Write your output in your activity notebook. Record your performance through
or photos as evidence to be submitted to your teacher. Please follow the format
given below.
Guide questions Answers…..
How do you disinfect a hatching egg?
What brooding techniques they used? Why?
Can an incubator be opened during hatching?
What are the techniques in selecting good egg
for hatching?
What happens if the temperature is too high
during incubation?
Do they follow enterprise procedure/protocol?
What are their standard enterprise protocol?
Why hens neglect their eggs?
Why is it that an egg laid by a hens without
mating the cock will not be hatch?
How they store egg for hatching?
How to minimize floor-egg problems following
enterprise procedures.

Rubrics
Dimensions Fair
10 points Good Very Good
15 points 20 points
Learners were able to Learners were able to Learners were able to
Knowledge convey limited ideas convey a few ideas on convey several ideas on
and on the topic with little the topic with some the topic with a good
understanding knowledge degree of knowledge degree of knowledge
Work was prepared and Work was prepared Work was prepared and
planned with little and planned with planned with
Accuracy effectiveness some effectiveness considerable
effectiveness
Learners put little or no Learners put some Learners put full effort
Effort
effort into this activity. effort into this activity. into this activity.

10
 What I Have Learned

Hi! Now that you have learned already how to care for hatching eggs, you are
now ready to share your understanding of the concept learned. Answer the activity
below to assess your learning. Refer to the rubrics given.

Expanding Opinions

Directions. Answer briefly and precisely the following questions in your activity
notebook. Refer to the rubrics given.
1. What are the factors to consider for successful natural incubation?
2. How to select hatched eggs following standard enterprise protocol?
3. Why is it that eggs laid by the hen without mating the cock will not be hatch
out?
4. What are the procedures in storing eggs?
5. What are the factors to consider in minimizing the floor egg problem?

Rubrics

Fair Good Very Good

Dimensions
10 points 15 points 20 points

Learners were able to Learners were able to Learners were able to

Knowledge convey limited ideas convey a few ideas on convey several ideas on
and on the topic with little the topic with some the topic with a good
understanding knowledge degree of knowledge degree of knowledge

Work was prepared
and planned with little
Accuracy effectiveness
Learners put little or no
Effort effort into this activity.
Work was prepared Work was prepared and
and planned with planned with
some effectiveness considerable
effectiveness
Learners put some Learners put full effort
effort into this activity. into this activity.

What Can I Do

11
 There you go! You have come this far, congratulations! One last thing you
have to do is to answer the activity below and you’re almost done.

Directions. Interview one of your family members, relatives, or friends who have
experienced raising chicken preferably hatching egg. Follow the order of
your interview based on the following questions below. Document your
interview and write it in your activity notebook. Refer to the rubrics given.
1. Why did you prefer hatching egg in poultry production?
2. What are the benefits you have gained in hatching egg?
3. Will you describe your experience, including the process in caring hatching
egg?
4. How did you start with this project? What is your main objective in having this
project?
5. Will you recommend it to anyone, especially those who aspire to have this
kind of business?

Rubrics

Fair Good Very Good

Dimensions
10 points 15 points 20 points

Learners were able to Learners were able to Learners were able to

Knowledge convey limited ideas convey a few ideas on convey several ideas on
and on the topic with little the topic with some the topic with a good
understanding knowledge degree of knowledge degree of knowledge

Work was prepared
and planned with little
Accuracy effectiveness
Learners put little or no
Effort effort into this activity.
Work was prepared Work was prepared and
and planned with planned with
some effectiveness considerable
effectiveness
Learners put some Learners put full effort
effort into this activity. into this activity.

Assessment

12
 Congratulations learners! You have come this far. Take the post-test to
evaluate your learning and you’re finally done.

Direction. . Read and analyze the question carefully and choose the letter of the
correct answer. Write your answer in your activity notebook.
1. It is the process of incubating the eggs in order to hatch.
a. hatching b. Incubating c. brooding d. feeding

2. It is a method of egg incubation where the hen lays her eggs.

a. Natural incubation c. Brooding of eggs
b. artificial incubation d. laying eggs

3. What is the method in determining the fertility of an egg?

a. Egg count b. egg hatched c. eggs size d. egg shell

4. It refers to the state of an egg as genetically normal or abnormal?

a. Egg count b. egg fertility c. egg quality d. egg color

5. The eggs for setting should neither too big or too small. Why is it desirable to
select egg of about 58 g. each?
a. because the size of the chick depends on the size of the egg used for
hatching.
b. because the health condition of the chick produce depends on the size
of egg.
c. because the bigger the size of the egg the higher the hatchability rate
d. because bigger the size of the egg the bigger chick is being hatch.

6. How many eggs will be brooded in a nest?

a. 10-12 b. 13-15 c. 14-16 d. 18-20

7. How many days an egg become fertile after the rooster has been introduced to the
hens?
a. 1 day b. 2 days c. 3 days d. 4 days

8. A device used for maintaining the eggs of birds to allow them to hatch.
a. Brooder b. Feed bins c. Incubator d. Perches

9. A heated container that can have its temperature controlled in at least one area.
a. Brooder b. Perches c. Incubator d. Manure spreader

10. How many days does a fresh eggs collected from a vigorous and well matured
hens will be fertile enough for hatching.
a. 1- 3 days after mating and within 2 days of separating the cock .
b. 2- 4 days after mating and within 2 days of separating the cock .

13
 c. 3- 6 days after mating and within 2 days of separating the
cock.
d. 4- 7 days after mating and within 2 days of separating the
cock.

11. How many times do we need to turn the egg during incubation period?
a. at least 1-2 times daily c. at least 3-4 times daily
b. at least 2-4 times daily d. at least 4-6 times daily

12. During hatching, why is there a need to keep the incubator closed?
a. To maintain proper temperature and humidity
b. To ensure the good health of chicks.
c. To save time and labor.
d. To save electricity.

13. How to select hatched eggs following standard enterprise protocol?

a. Select large, healthy and preferably vaccinated, with a good brooding and
mothering record.
b. Select from a broody hen should be examined to ensure that she has no
external parasites
c. Consider the temperature, humidity, ventilation, and egg turning.
d. Take into account the weather, humidity, ventilation, and egg turning.

14. What are the factors to consider in selecting eggs for incubation?
a. Temperature, humidity, ventilation, and egg turning.
b. Temperature, humidity, sanitation, and egg turning.
c. Weather, humidity, ventilation, and egg turning.
d. Temperature, humidity, ventilation, and feeding.

15. Which of the following is the proper steps in incubating egg?

a. Set up an incubator, Incubate, Find fertile eggs, Hatching
b. Find fertile eggs, set up an incubator, incubate, hatching.
c. Incubate, find fertile eggs, hatching, set up an incubator.
d. Set up an incubator, find fertile eggs, incubate, hatching.

Answer Key

14
References

15
Abdou, F.H., Katule, A.M. & Sukuzi, O.S. 1990. Effect of the pre-incubation storage
period of hatching eggs on the hatchability and post-hatching growth of local
chickens under tropical conditions

Department of Education, K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum Technology and

Livelihood Education Learning Module.

E.B. Sonaiya, Department of Animal Science Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-

Ife, Nigeria and S.E.J. Swan Village Poultry Consultant Waimana, New
Zealand SMALL-SCALE POULTRY PRODUCTION

https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=smNfI7XpDFo).

https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=ujmAZ9T-uEo&t=141s.

CBLM Poultry-Chicken

16
For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education
– Division of Bukidnon
Office Address: Fortich Street, Sumpong, Malaybalay City
Telefax: (088) 813-3634
E-mail Address: bukidnon@deped.gov.ph
Website: depedbukidnon.net.ph