Research methodology

Assignment – 3

1. What are the requirements of the chi-square test-?

• Two categorical variables.
• Two or more categories (groups) for each variable.
• Independence of observations.
a) There is no relationship between the subjects in each group.
b) The categorical variables are not "paired" in any way (e.g. pre-test/post-test observations).
• Relatively large sample size.
a) Expected frequencies for each cell are at least 1.
b) Expected frequencies should be at least 5 for the majority (80%) of the cell

2. What is descriptive statistics? Define its types

• Descriptive statistics are specific methods basically used to calculate, describe, and summarize
collected research data in a logical, meaningful, and efficient way.
• Descriptive statistics are reported numerically in the manuscript text and/or in its tables, or graphically
in its figures.
• The three main types of descriptive statistics are :

• The distribution concerns the frequency of each value.

• The central tendency concerns the averages of the values.
• The variability or dispersion concerns how spread out the values are.

3. What is meant by central tendency? What are the measures of central tendency?
• The central tendency is stated as the statistical measure that represents the single value of the entire
distribution or a dataset. It aims to provide an accurate description of the entire data in the distribution.
• The central tendency of the dataset can be found out using the three important measures namely mean,
median and mode.

4. What is meant by variability? What are the measures of central variability?

Variability describes how far apart data points lie from each other and from the center of a distribution. Along
with measures of central tendency, measures of variability give you descriptive statistics that summarize your
data.
 • Range: the difference between the highest and lowest values
• Interquartile range: the range of the middle half of a distribution
• Standard deviation: average distance from the mean
• Variance: average of squared distances from the mean

5. Solve the following

The marks given for 20 hotel management students are given as

90, 94, 53, 68, 79, 94, 53, 65, 87, 90, 70, 69, 65, 89, 85, 53, 47, 61, 27, 80

Find the mean, median, mode, range, minimum, and maximum in the below dataset

• Mean = sum of all marks / total number of students

• = (90+94+53+68+79+94+53+65+87+90+70+69+65+89+85+53+47+61+27+80) / 20 = 69.95
• The mean mark of the 20 hotel management students is 69.95.
• Median = To find the median, we need to arrange the data set in ascending or descending order: 27,
47, 53, 53, 61, 65, 65, 68, 69, 70, 79, 80, 85, 87,89, 90, 90, 94, 94
• The median is 74.
• Mode = The mode of the dataset is 53, which appears three times.
• The range = Minimum value in the dataset is 27 and maximum value is 94. Therefore, the range of
the dataset is 94-27=67.

1. A University conducted a survey of its recent graduates to collect health information. Apply the chi-square test and
find the p-value and state whether the null hypothesis is accepted or rejected.
The hypotheses are
H0 There is no significant difference in the categories
H1 There is a significant difference between the categories

Observed values Expected values

No exercise 255 282

Yoga 125 117
Gym 90 79
Meditation 45 37
Total 515 515