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‫م‬
5 March 2020 1441 ‫ رجب‬10

َ ُْ ََ

Analog IC Design

Lecture 06
Basic Amplifier Stages

Dr. Hesham A. Omran

Integrated Circuits Laboratory (ICL)
Electronics and Communications Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Engineering
Ain Shams University
 Outline
❑ Recapping previous key results
❑ Why amplifiers?
❑ Basic amplifier operation
❑ Basic amplifier analysis
❑ Rin/out shortcuts
▪ Looking from drain
▪ Looking from source
❑ GmRout method
❑ Basic amplifier topologies
▪ Common Source (CS)
▪ Common Gate (CG)
▪ Common Drain (CD) – Source Follower (SF)
❑ Large signal behavior
06: Basic Amplifier Stages 2
 Outline
❑ Recapping previous key results
❑ Why amplifiers?
❑ Basic amplifier operation
❑ Basic amplifier analysis
❑ Rin/out shortcuts
▪ Looking from drain
▪ Looking from source
❑ GmRout method
❑ Basic amplifier topologies
▪ Common Source (CS)
▪ Common Gate (CG)
▪ Common Drain (CD) – Source Follower (SF)
❑ Large signal behavior
06: Basic Amplifier Stages 3
 MOSFET in Saturation
❑ The channel is pinched off if the difference between the gate and drain voltages is not
sufficient to create an inversion layer
𝑉𝐺𝐷 ≤ 𝑉𝑇𝐻 𝑂𝑅 𝑉𝐷𝑆 ≥ 𝑉𝑜𝑣
❑ Square-law (long channel MOS)
𝜇𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑥 𝑊 2
𝐼𝐷 = ⋅ 𝑉𝑜𝑣 1 + 𝜆𝑉𝐷𝑆 VSG > |VTH|
2 𝐿

𝑉𝑆𝐵 ↑ ⇒ 𝑉𝑇𝐻 ↑ VSD > |Vov|

VDG < |VTH|
VGS>VTH VGD<VTH
VSB G
B S D VGD < VTH

VDS > Vov

p+ n+ n+
p-sub VGS > VTH
VDS>Vov
06: Basic Amplifier Stages 4
 Regions of Operation Summary
OFF
ON
(Subthreshold)
𝑉𝐺𝑆 > 𝑉𝑇𝐻
𝑉𝐺𝑆 < 𝑉𝑇𝐻

Triode Pinch-Off
(Saturation)
𝑉𝐷𝑆 < 𝑉𝑜𝑣
𝑉𝐷𝑆 ≥ 𝑉𝑜𝑣
Or
Or
𝑉𝐺𝐷 > 𝑉𝑇𝐻
𝑉𝐺𝐷 ≤ 𝑉𝑇𝐻

𝑊 2
𝑉𝐷𝑆 𝜇𝐶𝑜𝑥 𝑊 2
𝐼𝐷 = 𝜇𝐶𝑜𝑥 𝑉 𝑉 − 𝐼𝐷 = 𝑉 1 + 𝜆𝑉𝐷𝑆
𝐿 𝑜𝑣 𝐷𝑆 2 2 𝐿 𝑜𝑣

06: Basic Amplifier Stages 5

 Low-Frequency Small-Signal Model
𝜕𝐼𝐷 𝑊 𝑊 2𝐼𝐷
𝑔𝑚 = = 𝜇𝐶𝑜𝑥 𝑉𝑜𝑣 = 𝜇𝐶𝑜𝑥 ⋅ 2𝐼𝐷 =
𝜕𝑉𝐺𝑆 𝐿 𝐿 𝑉𝑜𝑣
𝑔𝑚𝑏 = 𝜂𝑔𝑚 𝜂 ≈ 0.1 − 0.25
1 𝑉𝐴 1 1
𝑟𝑜 = = = 𝑉𝐴 ∝ 𝐿 ↔ 𝜆 ∝ 𝑉𝐷𝑆 ↑ 𝑉𝐴 ↑
𝜕𝐼𝐷 /𝜕𝑉𝐷𝑆 𝐼𝐷 𝜆𝐼𝐷 𝐿

G D

vgs gmvgs gmbvbs ro

vbs
S

B
06: Basic Amplifier Stages 6
 Outline
❑ Recapping previous key results
❑ Why amplifiers?
❑ Basic amplifier operation
❑ Basic amplifier analysis
❑ Rin/out shortcuts
▪ Looking from drain
▪ Looking from source
❑ GmRout method
❑ Basic amplifier topologies
▪ Common Source (CS)
▪ Common Gate (CG)
▪ Common Drain (CD) – Source Follower (SF)
❑ Large signal behavior
06: Basic Amplifier Stages 7
 Why Amplifiers?
❑ All the physical signals in the world around us are analog
▪ Voice, light, temperature, pressure, etc.
❑ We (will) always need an “analog” interface circuit to connect between our physical world
and our digital electronics
❑ The physical signals are usually very weak
▪ They must be amplified before any kind of processing
❑ Amplifiers are also needed in many other applications

Digital
Amplifier A/D processing
and storage

06: Basic Amplifier Stages 8

 Basic MOSFET Amplifier Topologies
Common Source (CS) Common Gate (CG) Common Drain (CD)
Source Follower (SF)

RD RD RD
vout vout
vin vin
vin vout
RS RS RS

Voltage & current amplifier Voltage amplifier Voltage buffer

Current buffer Current amplifier

In 𝐺 𝑆 𝐺

Out 𝐷 𝐷 𝑆

06: Basic Amplifier Stages 9

 Outline
❑ Recapping previous key results
❑ Why amplifiers?
❑ Basic amplifier operation
❑ Basic amplifier analysis
❑ Rin/out shortcuts
▪ Looking from drain
▪ Looking from source
❑ GmRout method
❑ Basic amplifier topologies
▪ Common Source (CS)
▪ Common Gate (CG)
▪ Common Drain (CD) – Source Follower (SF)
❑ Large signal behavior
06: Basic Amplifier Stages 10
 CS Amplifier Example

06: Basic Amplifier Stages [Sedra/Smith, 2015] 11

 CS Amplifier Example

06: Basic Amplifier Stages [Sedra/Smith, 2015] 12

 Outline
❑ Recapping previous key results
❑ Why amplifiers?
❑ Basic amplifier operation
❑ Basic amplifier analysis
❑ Rin/out shortcuts
▪ Looking from drain
▪ Looking from source
❑ GmRout method
❑ Basic amplifier topologies
▪ Common Source (CS)
▪ Common Gate (CG)
▪ Common Drain (CD) – Source Follower (SF)
❑ Large signal behavior
06: Basic Amplifier Stages 13
 Amplifier Analysis Steps
1. DC analysis
▪ Coupling and bypass capacitors → open-circuit (o.c)
▪ Calculate Q-point and check operation in saturation
𝑉𝐷𝑆 > 𝑉𝑜𝑣
2. Calculate small signal parameters 𝑔𝑚 , 𝑟𝑜 RG1 RD Cc2
Rsig isig Cc1 v vout
3. Draw the small signal equivalent circuit in
M1
iout
RL
▪ DC voltage source → short-circuit (s.c.) vsig
RG2
Rout
Rin
▪ DC current source → open-circuit (o.c.)
▪ Coupling and bypass capacitors → short-circuit (s.c)
4. Determine the amplifier parameters
▪ Input resistance and output resistance
▪ Voltage gain and current gain

06: Basic Amplifier Stages 14

 Amplifier Parameters
𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑖𝑛
❑ 𝑅𝑖𝑛 = =
𝑖𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑔
𝑣𝑥
❑ 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 = @ 𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑔 = 0
𝑖𝑥
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡
❑ 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴𝑣 = = ⋅ = ⋅
𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 +𝑅𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑖𝑛
𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 /𝑅𝐿 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅𝑖𝑛
❑ 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴𝑖 = = = ⋅
𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑣𝑖𝑛 /𝑅𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝐿

RG1 RD Cc2
Rsig isig Cc1 v vout
in iout
M1
vsig RL
Rout
Rin RG2

06: Basic Amplifier Stages 15

 Large and Small Signal Analysis
Large Signal Analysis Small Signal Analysis

Model Large signal model Small signal model

Linearity Non-linear Linear

Simulation DC and transient analysis AC analysis

Purpose Calculate bias point, signal Calculate 𝐴𝑣 , 𝑅𝑖𝑛 , 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 , 𝐵𝑊, 𝑒𝑡𝑐.
swing, distortion, etc.

VDC ✓ s.c.

IDC ✓ o.c.

Capacitor o.c. (in DC) 1/𝜔𝐶

Inductor s.c. (in DC) 𝜔𝐿

06: Basic Amplifier Stages 16

 Amplifier Analysis Example
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − 𝑔𝑚 𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑜
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡
|𝐴𝑣 | = = 𝑔𝑚 𝑟𝑜
𝑣𝑖𝑛
❑ 𝑔𝑚 𝑟𝑜 is the max gain that can be obtained from a single transistor: a.k.a. intrinsic gain

G D
vin vout

vgs gmvgs gmbvbs ro

vout
vin
S
B
vbs

06: Basic Amplifier Stages 17

 Direct Analysis on Schematics
❑ No need to draw the small signal model every time
❑ Just remember we have two VCCSs and 𝑟𝑜 between D and S
❑ If G is ac gnd, then 𝑣𝑏𝑠 = 𝑣𝑔𝑠 ➔ 𝑔𝑚 and 𝑔𝑚𝑏 add
▪ 𝑔𝑚 → 𝑔𝑚 + 𝑔𝑚𝑏

G D

vgs gmvgs gmbvbs ro

vbs
S
B

06: Basic Amplifier Stages 18

 Direct Analysis on Schematics
❑ No need to draw the small signal model every time
❑ Just remember we have two VCCSs and 𝑟𝑜 between D and S
❑ If G is ac gnd, then 𝑣𝑏𝑠 = 𝑣𝑔𝑠 ➔ 𝑔𝑚 and 𝑔𝑚𝑏 add
▪ 𝑔𝑚 → 𝑔𝑚 + 𝑔𝑚𝑏
D

gmvgs
+
G gmbvbs ro

vgs

S
B
vbs

06: Basic Amplifier Stages 19

 Intrinsic Gain
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − 𝑔𝑚 𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑜
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡
|𝐴𝑣 | = = 𝑔𝑚 𝑟𝑜
𝑣𝑖𝑛
❑ 𝑔𝑚 𝑟𝑜 is the max gain that can be obtained from a single transistor
❑ Common approximations that we usually use
𝑔𝑚 𝑟𝑜 ≫ 1
1
𝑟𝑜 ≫
𝑔𝑚 vout
1 vin
𝑔𝑚 + ≈ 𝑔𝑚
𝑟𝑜
1 1
𝑟𝑜 // ≈
𝑔𝑚 𝑔𝑚
06: Basic Amplifier Stages 20
 Outline
❑ Recapping previous key results
❑ Why amplifiers?
❑ Basic amplifier operation
❑ Basic amplifier analysis
❑ Rin/out shortcuts
▪ Looking from drain
▪ Looking from source
❑ GmRout method
❑ Basic amplifier topologies
▪ Common Source (CS)
▪ Common Gate (CG)
▪ Common Drain (CD) – Source Follower (SF)
❑ Large signal behavior
06: Basic Amplifier Stages 21
 Rin/out Shortcuts
❑ Find equivalent impedance looking from Gate, Source, and Drain

06: Basic Amplifier Stages 22

 Looking From Drain
❑ If G is ac gnd, then 𝑣𝑏𝑠 = 𝑣𝑔𝑠 ➔ 𝑔𝑚 and 𝑔𝑚𝑏 add
❑ 𝑣𝑔𝑠 = −𝑖𝑥 𝑅𝑆 and 𝑔𝑚 𝑟𝑜 ≫ 1
❑ Apply KCL at 𝐷
𝑣𝑥 − 𝑖𝑥 𝑅𝑆
𝑖𝑥 = 𝑔𝑚 + 𝑔𝑚𝑏 −𝑖𝑥 𝑅𝑆 +
𝑟𝑜
𝑣𝑥
𝑅𝐿𝐹𝐷 = = 𝑟𝑜 + 𝑔𝑚 + 𝑔𝑚𝑏 𝑟𝑜 + 1 𝑅𝑆 ≈ 𝑟𝑜 1 + 𝑔𝑚 + 𝑔𝑚𝑏 𝑅𝑆
𝑖𝑥
ix

ro vx
RLFD
ixRS
RS
ix
06: Basic Amplifier Stages 23
 Looking From Drain
𝑅𝐿𝐹𝐷 ≈ 𝑟𝑜 1 + 𝑔𝑚 + 𝑔𝑚𝑏 𝑅𝑆

❑ Special case: 𝑅𝑆 = 0 (G and S ac s.c.) ➔ active load

𝑅𝐿𝐹𝐷 = 𝑟𝑜

❑ Drain is a high-impedance node (H.I.N.)

ix

ro vx
RLFD
ixRS
RS
ix
06: Basic Amplifier Stages 24
 Active Load (Source OFF)

ro

ro

06: Basic Amplifier Stages 25

 Quiz
❑ Assume M1 and M2 have the same 𝑔𝑚 and 𝑟𝑜 , 𝑔𝑚 𝑟𝑜 ≫ 1, and neglect body effect
❑ Find 𝑅𝑋

RX

VB2 M2

VB1 M1

06: Basic Amplifier Stages 26

 Looking From Source
❑ 𝑣𝑔𝑠 = −𝑣𝑥 , 𝑔𝑚 and 𝑔𝑚𝑏 add, and 𝑔𝑚 𝑟𝑜 ≫ 1
❑ Apply KCL at 𝑆
𝑣𝑥 − 𝑖𝑥 𝑅𝐷
𝑖𝑥 = 𝑔𝑚 + 𝑔𝑚𝑏 𝑣𝑥 +
𝑟𝑜
𝑣𝑥 1 𝑅𝐷 1 𝑅𝐷
𝑅𝐿𝐹𝑆 = = 1+ ≈ 1+
𝑖𝑥 𝑔 + 𝑔 + 1 𝑟𝑜 𝑔𝑚 + 𝑔𝑚𝑏 𝑟𝑜
𝑚 𝑚𝑏 𝑟𝑜
ix
RD
ixRD
ro
ix

vx
RLFS
06: Basic Amplifier Stages 27
 Looking From Source
1 𝑅𝐷
𝑅𝐿𝐹𝑆 ≈ 1+
𝑔𝑚 + 𝑔𝑚𝑏 𝑟𝑜

❑ Special case: 𝑅𝐷 = 0 ➔ diode connected

1
𝑅𝐿𝐹𝑆 ≈
𝑔𝑚 + 𝑔𝑚𝑏
❑ Source is a low impedance node (L.I.N.)
ix
RD
ixRD
ro
ix

vx
RLFS
06: Basic Amplifier Stages 28
 Diode Connected (Source Absorption)
❑ Always in saturation (𝑉𝐷𝑆 = 𝑉𝐺𝑆 > 𝑉𝑜𝑣 )
❑ Body effect: 𝑔𝑚 → 𝑔𝑚 + 𝑔𝑚𝑏 (if G is ac gnd)

1/gm ro

1/gm ro

06: Basic Amplifier Stages 29

 Quiz
❑ Assume M1 and M2 have the same 𝑟𝑜 , 𝑔𝑚 𝑟𝑜 ≫ 1, and neglect body effect
❑ Find 𝑅𝑋

VB2 M2

VB1 M1

RX

06: Basic Amplifier Stages 30

 Quiz
❑ Assume M1, M2, and M3 have the same 𝑔𝑚 and 𝑟𝑜 , 𝑔𝑚 𝑟𝑜 ≫ 1, and neglect body effect
❑ Find 𝑅𝑋

VB3 M3

VB2 M2

VB1 M1

RX

06: Basic Amplifier Stages 31

 Rin/out Shortcuts Summary

𝑟𝑜 1 + 𝑔𝑚 + 𝑔𝑚𝑏 𝑅𝑆
H.I.N.

1 𝑅𝐷
∞ 1+
𝑔𝑚 + 𝑔𝑚𝑏 𝑟𝑜
At low
frequencies ONLY L.I.N.

06: Basic Amplifier Stages 32

 Outline
❑ Recapping previous key results
❑ Why amplifiers?
❑ Basic amplifier operation
❑ Basic amplifier analysis
❑ Rin/out shortcuts
▪ Looking from drain
▪ Looking from source
❑ GmRout method
❑ Basic amplifier topologies
▪ Common Source (CS)
▪ Common Gate (CG)
▪ Common Drain (CD) – Source Follower (SF)
❑ Large signal behavior
06: Basic Amplifier Stages 33
 Amplifier Model
❑ Rin/out
𝑣𝑖𝑛 Rout iout
𝑅𝑖𝑛 = vin vout
𝑖𝑖𝑛 iin
Rin Avvin
𝑣𝑥
𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 = @ 𝑣𝑖𝑛 = 0
𝑖𝑥

❑ O.C. voltage gain (Thevenin model)

𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑜𝑐 = 𝑣𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴𝑣 𝑣𝑖𝑛
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑜𝑐
𝐴𝑣 =
𝑣𝑖𝑛

06: Basic Amplifier Stages 34

 Amplifier Model
❑ Transconductance (Norton model)
𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑠𝑐 = 𝑖𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 𝐺𝑚 𝑣𝑖𝑛 Rout iout
vin vout
𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑠𝑐 iin
𝐺𝑚 =
𝑣𝑖𝑛 Rin Avvin

❑ Thevenin  Norton
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑜𝑐 = 𝐴𝑣 𝑣𝑖𝑛 = 𝐺𝑚 𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑜𝑐 iout
𝐴𝑣 = = 𝐺𝑚 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 vin vout
𝑣𝑖𝑛 iin
Rin Gmvin Rout
❑ S.C. Current Gain
𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑠𝑐 𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑠𝑐
𝐴𝑖 = = = 𝐺𝑚 𝑅𝑖𝑛
𝑖𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑖𝑛 /𝑅𝑖𝑛
06: Basic Amplifier Stages 35
 Why GmRout?
𝑅𝑖𝑛 = 𝑣𝑖𝑛 /𝑖𝑖𝑛
𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑣𝑥 /𝑖𝑥 @ 𝑣𝑖𝑛 = 0 vin
Rout iout
vout
iin
𝐺𝑚 = 𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑠𝑐 /𝑣𝑖𝑛 Rin Avvin
𝐴𝑣 = 𝐺𝑚 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐴𝑖 = 𝐺𝑚 𝑅𝑖𝑛
❑ Divide and conquer
iout
▪ Rout simplified: 𝑣𝑖𝑛 = 0 vin
iin
vout

▪ Gm simplified: 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0 Rin Gmvin Rout

▪ We already need Rin/out and Gm
▪ We can quickly and easily get Rin/out from the
shortcuts
06: Basic Amplifier Stages 36
 Outline
❑ Recapping previous key results
❑ Why amplifiers?
❑ Basic amplifier operation
❑ Basic amplifier analysis
❑ Rin/out shortcuts
▪ Looking from drain
▪ Looking from source
❑ GmRout method
❑ Basic amplifier topologies
▪ Common Source (CS)
▪ Common Gate (CG)
▪ Common Drain (CD) – Source Follower (SF)
❑ Large signal behavior
06: Basic Amplifier Stages 37
 Basic Amplifier Topologies
Common Source (CS) Common Gate (CG) Common Drain (CD)
Source Follower (SF)

RD RD RD
vout vout
vin vin
vin vout
RS RS RS

Voltage & current amplifier Voltage amplifier Voltage buffer

Current buffer Current amplifier

In 𝐺 𝑆 𝐺

Out 𝐷 𝐷 𝑆

06: Basic Amplifier Stages 38

 Common Source (CS)
❑ Apply KCL at 𝑆 noting that 𝑣𝑔𝑠 = 𝑣𝑖𝑛 − −𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑠𝑐 𝑅𝑆
𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑠𝑐 𝑅𝑆
𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑠𝑐 + 𝑔𝑚 𝑣𝑖𝑛 + 𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑠𝑐 𝑅𝑆 + 𝑔𝑚𝑏 𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑠𝑐 𝑅𝑆 + =0
𝑟𝑜

𝒊𝒐𝒖𝒕,𝒔𝒄 −𝒈𝒎
𝑮𝒎 = ≈
𝒗𝒊𝒏 𝟏 + 𝒈𝒎 + 𝒈𝒎𝒃 𝑹𝑺
RD
vout
iout,sc
𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 ≈ 𝑅𝐷 ||𝑟𝑜 1 + 𝑔𝑚 + 𝑔𝑚𝑏 𝑅𝑆 vin ro
𝐴𝑣 = 𝐺𝑚 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡
-iout,scRS
❑ If 𝑅𝐷 is ac o.c.: 𝐴𝑣 = −𝑔𝑚 𝑟𝑜
RS
−𝒈𝒎 𝑹𝑫
❑ If 𝑅𝐷 ≪ 𝑅𝐿𝐹𝐷 : 𝐴𝑣 ≈ iout,sc
𝟏+ 𝒈𝒎 +𝒈𝒎𝒃 𝑹𝑺
❑ If 𝑅𝑆 = 0: 𝐴𝑣 = −𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐷 //𝑟𝑜
06: Basic Amplifier Stages 39
 Common Source (CS)
𝒊𝒐𝒖𝒕,𝒔𝒄 −𝒈𝒎
𝑮𝒎 = ≈
𝒗𝒊𝒏 𝟏 + 𝒈𝒎 + 𝒈𝒎𝒃 𝑹𝑺
𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 ≈ 𝑅𝐷 ||𝑟𝑜 1 + 𝑔𝑚 + 𝑔𝑚𝑏 𝑅𝑆
𝐴𝑣 = 𝐺𝑚 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡
❑ If 𝑆 and 𝐵 are ac connected (for PMOS): RD
vout
−𝑅𝐷 ||𝑅𝐿𝐹𝐷 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑒𝑠. iout,sc
𝐴𝑣 ≈ =−
1 1 vin ro
+ 𝑅𝑆 + 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑠.
𝑔𝑚 𝑔𝑚
1 −𝑅𝐷 -iout,scRS
❑ If 𝑅𝑆 ≫ & 𝑅𝐷 ≪ 𝑅𝐿𝐹𝐷 : 𝐴𝑣 ≈ → Linear gain!
𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑆
RS
❑ 𝑅𝑆 reduces 𝐺𝑚 → Source degeneration
iout,sc
▪ But improves linearity

06: Basic Amplifier Stages 40

 Common Gate (CG)
❑ Apply KCL at 𝐷 noting that 𝑣𝑔𝑠 = 𝑣𝑏𝑠 = 0 − 𝑣𝑖𝑛
𝑣𝑖𝑛
𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑠𝑐 + 𝑔𝑚 + 𝑔𝑚𝑏 −𝑣𝑖𝑛 − =0
𝑟𝑜
𝒊𝒐𝒖𝒕,𝒔𝒄
𝑮𝒎 = ≈ 𝒈𝒎 + 𝒈𝒎𝒃 RD
𝒗𝒊𝒏
vout
iout,sc
𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 ≈ 𝑅𝐷 ||𝑟𝑜 (𝒘𝒉𝒚? )
ro
𝐴𝑣 = 𝐺𝑚 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡
❑ If 𝑅𝐷 is ac o.c.: 𝐴𝑣 = 𝑔𝑚 + 𝑔𝑚𝑏 𝑟𝑜 vin
❑ If 𝑅𝐷 ≪ 𝑟𝑜 : 𝐴𝑣 ≈ 𝑔𝑚 + 𝑔𝑚𝑏 𝑹𝑫 RS
❑ If 𝑆 and 𝐵 are ac connected: 𝑔𝑚 + 𝑔𝑚𝑏 → 𝑔𝑚
❑ Note that 𝐴𝑖 = 𝐺𝑚 𝑅𝑖𝑛 <≈ 𝟏 (Current Buffer)
06: Basic Amplifier Stages 41
 Common Drain (CD) – Source Follower
❑ Apply KCL at 𝐷
𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑠𝑐 𝑅𝐷
𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑠𝑐 − 𝑔𝑚 𝑣𝑖𝑛 + =0
𝑟𝑜
iout,sc
𝒊𝒐𝒖𝒕,𝒔𝒄 𝒈𝒎
𝑮𝒎 = ≈ RD
𝒗𝒊𝒏 𝟏 + 𝑹𝑫 /𝒓𝒐
-iout,scRD
1 𝑅𝐷
𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 ≈ 𝑅𝑆 || 1+ vin ro
𝑔𝑚 + 𝑔𝑚𝑏 𝑟𝑜
𝐴𝑣 = 𝐺𝑚 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 vout
iout,sc
𝑔𝑚
❑ If 𝑅𝑆 ≫ 𝑅𝐿𝐹𝑆 : 𝐴𝑣 ≈ <1 RS
𝑔𝑚 +𝑔𝑚𝑏
❑ If 𝑆 and 𝐵 are ac connected (for PMOS):
𝐴𝑣 ≈ 𝟏 (Voltage buffer)
06: Basic Amplifier Stages 42
 Summary of Basic Topologies
CS CG CD (SF)

RD RD RD
vout vout
vin vin
vin vout
RS RS RS

Voltage & current amplifier Voltage amplifier Voltage buffer

Current buffer Current amplifier
1 𝑅𝐷
Rin ∞ 𝑅𝑆 || 1+ ∞
𝑔𝑚 + 𝑔𝑚𝑏 𝑟𝑜
1 𝑅𝐷
Rout 𝑅𝐷 ||𝑟𝑜 1 + 𝑔𝑚 + 𝑔𝑚𝑏 𝑅𝑆 𝑅𝐷 ||𝑟𝑜 𝑅𝑆 || 1+
𝑔𝑚 + 𝑔𝑚𝑏 𝑟𝑜
−𝒈𝒎 𝒈𝒎
Gm 𝒈𝒎 + 𝒈𝒎𝒃
𝟏 + 𝒈𝒎 + 𝒈𝒎𝒃 𝑹𝑺 𝟏 + 𝑹𝑫 /𝒓𝒐
06: Basic Amplifier Stages 43
 Quiz
❑ The circuit below shows a CS amplifier With diode-connected load
❑ Find the gain using GmRout (ignore body effect and CLM).
▪ Express the gain in terms of (𝑊/𝐿)1 and (𝑊/𝐿)2.
❑ This is a “linear” CS amplifier.

VB (W/L)2
vout
vin (W/L)1

06: Basic Amplifier Stages 44

 Quiz
❑ The circuit below shows a complementary CS amplifier (inverter amp).
❑ Find the gain using GmRout.

M2
vin vout
M1

06: Basic Amplifier Stages 45

 Outline
❑ Recapping previous key results
❑ Why amplifiers?
❑ Basic amplifier operation
❑ Basic amplifier analysis
❑ Rin/out shortcuts
▪ Looking from drain
▪ Looking from source
❑ GmRout method
❑ Basic amplifier topologies
▪ Common Source (CS)
▪ Common Gate (CG)
▪ Common Drain (CD) – Source Follower (SF)
❑ Large signal behavior
06: Basic Amplifier Stages 46
 CS Amplifier Example

06: Basic Amplifier Stages [Sedra/Smith, 2015] 47

 CS Large Signal Behavior

06: Basic Amplifier Stages [Sedra/Smith, 2015] 48

 CS Large Signal Behavior
❑ Gain is non-linear:
▪ 𝐴𝑣 = 𝑓(𝑉𝑖𝑛 )
▪ 𝑔𝑚 = 𝑓 𝑉𝑖𝑛
❑ For linear gain, 𝐴𝑣 should NOT be 𝑓 𝑉𝑖𝑛
❑ 𝐴𝑣 and 𝑔𝑚 are max at edge of triode
▪ But they are highly non-linear
▪ And the available signal swing vanishes

06: Basic Amplifier Stages [Razavi, 2017] 49

 Output Signal Swing
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝐷𝐷 − 𝑉𝑜𝑣2

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑜𝑣1 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛,𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑉𝑇𝐻

❑ Output swing ≈ 𝑉𝐷𝐷 − 2𝑉𝑜𝑣

VB M2
vout
vin M1

06: Basic Amplifier Stages 50

 CD Large Signal Behavior
❑ Why Source Follower?
▪ Buffer
▪ Level-shifter

06: Basic Amplifier Stages [Razavi, 2017] 51

 Thank you!

06: Basic Amplifier Stages 52

 References
❑ A. Sedra and K. Smith, “Microelectronic Circuits,” Oxford University Press, 7th ed., 2015
❑ B. Razavi, “Fundamentals of Microelectronics,” Wiley, 2nd ed., 2014
❑ B. Razavi, “Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits,” McGraw-Hill, 2nd ed., 2017

06: Basic Amplifier Stages 53