ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

^dd/^d/^ϮϮϰ;^^^ϲϮϭ^Ϳ
hŶŝƚϭ͗ĞƐĐƌŝƉƚŝǀĞ^ƚĂƚŝƐƚŝĐƐ

WĂƌƚ/͗/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶĂŶĚĂƚĂ
WƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚŝŽŶ
>ĞĐƚƵƌĞƌ/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ͗
EĂŵĞ͗ƌŝďĂďĂ'ĞŵĞĐŚƵ
KĨĨŝĐĞ>ŽĐĂƚŝŽŶ͗&ĂĐƵůƚLJŽĨ,ĞĂůƚŚΘƉƉůŝĞĚ
^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐ
ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ͕ϮŶĚ &ůŽŽƌ
KĨĨŝĐĞEŽ͗Ϯ͘Ϯϭϯ
ŵĂŝů͗ ĚŐĞŵĞĐŚƵΛŶƵƐƚ͘ŶĂ
KĨĨŝĐĞƉŚŽŶĞ͗ ϬϲϭϮϬϳϮϯϵϭ
ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϭ

KƵƚůŝŶĞ
‡ ĞĨŝŶŝƚŝŽŶƐŽĨďĂƐŝĐƚĞƌŵƐ
‡ DĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐĐĂůĞƐ
‡ ĂƚĂŽůůĞĐƚŝŽŶ
‡ DĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĚĂƚĂƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚŝŽŶ
‡ &ƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶ;&Ϳ
‡ ŚĂƌƚƐĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚƐ

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ Ϯ

ϭ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

>ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐKďũĞĐƚŝǀĞƐ
hƉŽŶƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůĐŽŵƉůĞƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐƵŶŝƚ͕ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽ͗
‡ ĚŝƐƚŝŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƚŝǀĞĂŶĚŝŶĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂůƐƚĂƚŝƐƚŝĐƐ͖
‡ ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞŶŽŵŝŶĂů͕ŽƌĚŝŶĂů͕ŝŶƚĞƌǀĂů͕ĂŶĚƌĂƚŝŽƐĐĂůĞƐŽĨŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ͖
‡ ŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĞƌĂǁĚĂƚĂŝŶƚŽĂ&ƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶ͖
‡ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĐŚĂƌƚƐƚŽǀŝƐƵĂůůLJƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĚĂƚĂ͖ĂŶĚ
‡ ƵƐĞĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌƐŽĨƚǁĂƌĞ^W^^ŽƌĞdžĐĞůƚŽƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĚĂƚĂƵƐŝŶŐƚĂďůĞƐ͕
ĐŚĂƌƚƐ͕ĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚƐ͘

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϯ

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϰ

Ϯ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

ĞĨŝŶŝƚŝŽŶƐŽĨƐƚĂƚŝƐƚŝĐƐ
‡ In the plural sense: statistics are the raw data themselves ,
like statistics of births, statistics of deaths, statistics of
students, statistics of imports and exports, etc.
‡ In the singular sense: statistics is the subject that deals with
the collection, organization, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of data.
‡ Statistics is a set of scientific principles and techniques that
are useful in reaching conclusions about populations and
processes when the available information is both limited and
variable.

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϱ

Descriptive and Inferential statistics

y Depending on how data can be used statistics is sometimes divided in to two main
areas or branches:
y Descriptive statistics – Methods of collecting, organizing, summarizing, and
presenting data in an informative way
y Inferential statistics – The methods of drawing conclusions or making
decisions about a population based on sample results, i.e., used to generalize
from a sample to a population
y Population –The entire set of individuals or objects of interest for which inferences are
to be made.
y It includes all the items or individuals about which we want reach a conclusion
y Sample – A portion, or part, of the population of interest

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϲ

ϯ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

ĞƐĐƌŝƉƚŝǀĞ^ƚĂƚŝƐƚŝĐƐ

y Collect data
y e.g., Survey

y Present data
y e.g., Tables and graphs

y Summarize data
y e.g., Sample mean = ¦X i

n
ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϳ

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϴ

ϰ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

/ŶĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂů^ƚĂƚŝƐƚŝĐƐ
‡ Estimation
‡ e.g., Estimate the population mean
weight using the sample mean weight
‡ Hypothesis testing
‡ e.g., Test the claim that the population
mean weight is 70 kg

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϵ

ĞĨŝŶŝƚŝŽŶŽĨƐŽŵĞƚĞƌŵƐ
1. A (statistical) population: is the complete set of possible
measurements for which inferences are to be made.
2. Census: a complete enumeration of the population. But in most real
problems it can not be realized, hence we take sample.
3. Sample: A subset of measurements selected from the population of
interest. Measurements that are actually collected in the course of an
investigation.
4. Parameter: Characteristic or measure obtained from a population.
5. Statistic: Characteristic or measure obtained from a sample.
6. Sampling: The process or method of sample selection from the population.
7. Sample size: The number of elements or observation to be included in the
sample.
8. Variable: It is an item of interest that can take on many different values. It is a
characteristics (attribute) of interest, being measured or observed.
ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϭϬ

ϭϬ

ϱ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϭϭ

ϭϭ

Population Sample

Collect data Census Sample survey

Calculate
Parameter Statistic
Descriptive measure

Actual value Estimate

Chap
19/08/2021 SSS621S 1-12

ϭϮ

ϲ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

dǁŽdLJƉĞƐŽĨsĂƌŝĂďůĞƐ
ϭ͘ĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĐĂůͬYƵĂůŝƚĂƚŝǀĞ
‡ ĂƌĞ ŶŽŶŶƵŵĞƌŝĐ ǀĂƌŝĂďůĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĐĂŶΖƚ ďĞ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚ
‡ sĂƌŝĂďůĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƉůĂĐĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŽ ĚŝƐƚŝŶĐƚ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ͕ ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƐŽŵĞ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƚŝĐ Žƌ ĂƚƚƌŝďƵƚĞ
‡ Examples:
‡ Gender
‡ Race
‡ SES (socio-economic status)
‡ Marital status
‡ Religious affiliation
‡ state of birth
Ϯ͘YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞsĂƌŝĂďůĞƐ͗
‡ EƵŵĞƌŝĐ ǀĂůƵĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƚ ŵĂŬĞƐ ƐĞŶƐĞ ƚŽ ĚŽ ĂƌŝƚŚŵĞƚŝĐ ŽƉĞƌĂƚŝŽŶƐ ;н͕ Ͳ͕ dž͕ ͬͿ
‡ &ŝŶĚŝŶŐ ĂŶ ĂƌŝƚŚŵĞƚŝĐ ͞ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ͟ ŵĂŬĞƐ ƐĞŶƐĞ
‡ Example:
‡ Height
‡ Weight
‡ Age
‡ Income
‡ Test Scores

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϭϯ

ϭϯ

YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞsĂƌŝĂďůĞƐ
‡ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞ ǀĂƌŝĂďůĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŽĨ ƚǁŽ ƚLJƉĞƐ͗
‡ ŝƐĐƌĞƚĞ͗ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐĂŶ ĂƐƐƵŵĞ ŽŶůLJ ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ ǀĂůƵĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ƵƐƵĂůůLJ
ΗŐĂƉƐΗ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ǀĂůƵĞƐ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ
ĐůĂƐƐ
‡ ŽŶƚŝŶƵŽƵƐ͗ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐĂŶ ĂƐƐƵŵĞ ĂŶLJ ǀĂůƵĞ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ Ă ƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐ ƌĂŶŐĞ͕ ƐƵĐŚ
ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŝĐĞ ŽĨ ŝƚĞŵƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƐƚŽƌĞ͘
‡ EŽƚĞ ƚŚĂƚ͗ DŽƐƚ ƋƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞ ǀĂƌŝĂďůĞƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĂƐŬĞĚ ŝŶ ƐƵĐŚ Ă ǁĂLJ ĂƐ
ƚŽ ŵĂŬĞ ƚŚĞŵ Ă ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĐĂů ǀĂƌŝĂďůĞ͘
‡ džĂŵƉůĞ͗ŐĞ͗
‡ WůĞĂƐĞĐŚŽŽƐĞƚŚĞĐĂƚĞŐŽƌLJƚŚĂƚĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞƐŚŽǁŽůĚLJŽƵĂƌĞ
‡ ϬͲϭϵ ϮϬͲϯϵ ϰϬͲϱϵ ϲϬͲϳϵKsZϴϬ

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϭϰ

ϭϰ

ϳ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

dLJƉĞƐŽĨǀĂƌŝĂďůĞƐ
sĂƌŝĂďůĞƐ
ŝƐĐƌĞƚĞ

YƵĂůŝƚĂƚŝǀĞ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞ
ŽŶƚŝŶƵŽƵƐ

EŽŵŝŶĂů KƌĚŝŶĂů /ŶƚĞƌǀĂů ZĂƚŝŽ

DĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚ
^ĐĂůĞƐ

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϭϱ

ϭϱ

D^hZDEd^>^

sĂƌŝĂďůĞƐĐĂŶďĞĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĐůĂƐƐŝĨŝĞĚďLJŚŽǁƚŚĞLJĂƌĞĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝnjĞĚ͕ĐŽƵŶƚĞĚ͕
ŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚ͘
,ŽǁǁĞĐĂŶĂƉƉůLJƚŚĞĂƌŝƚŚŵĞƚŝĐሺ൅ǡ െǡൊǡൈͿĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶĂůƌƵůĞƐ
;ŽƌĚĞƌŝŶŐ൐ǡ ൏ǡ ൑ǡ ൒ሻ ƚŽƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂďůĞƐ͘
ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϭϲ

ϭϲ

ϴ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

Measurement Scales

ϭ͘EŽŵŝŶĂů^ĐĂůĞ ϯ͘/ŶƚĞƌǀĂů^ĐĂůĞ

Ϯ͘KƌĚŝŶĂů^ĐĂůĞ

ϰ͘ZĂƚŝŽ^ĐĂůĞ

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϭϳ

ϭϳ

Nominal Scale
ŶŽŵŝŶĂůƐĐĂůĞŝƐĂƐLJŵďŽůŝĐůĂďĞůŝŶŐƐĐŚĞŵĞŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐƐĞƌǀĞŽŶůLJĂƐůĂďĞůƐŽƌƚĂŐƐĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƚŝĨLJŝŶŐĂŶĚ
ĐůĂƐƐŝĨLJŝŶŐŽďũĞĐƚƐ͘

ƒůĂƐƐŝĨŝĞƐ ĚĂƚĂ ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ Ă ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌLJ ŽŶůLJ͘

ƒ ͘Ő͕͘ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐŽůŽƌ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ƐĞůĞĐƚ͘
ƒŽůŽƌƐ ĚŝĨĨĞƌ ƋƵĂůŝƚĂƚŝǀĞůLJ ŶŽƚ ƋƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞůLJ͘

ƒ ŶƵŵďĞƌ ĐŽƵůĚ ďĞ ĂƐƐŝŐŶĞĚ ƚŽ ĞĂĐŚ ĐŽůŽƌ͕ ďƵƚ ŝƚ

ǁŽƵůĚ ŶŽƚ ŚĂǀĞ ĂŶLJ ǀĂůƵĞ͘
ƒdŚĞ ŶƵŵďĞƌ ƐĞƌǀĞƐ ŽŶůLJ ƚŽ ŝĚĞŶƚŝĨLJ ƚŚĞ ĐŽůŽƌ͘

ƒEŽ ĂƐƐƵŵƉƚŝŽŶƐ ĂƌĞ ŵĂĚĞ ƚŚĂƚ ĂŶLJ ĐŽůŽƌ ŚĂƐ

ŵŽƌĞ Žƌ ůĞƐƐ ǀĂůƵĞ ƚŚĂŶ ĂŶLJ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĐŽůŽƌ͘

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϭϴ

ϭϴ

ϵ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

Nominal Scale (Cont. …)

ƒ ƐƐŝŐŶƐƵďũĞĐƚƐƚŽŐƌŽƵƉƐŽƌĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ
ƒ EŽŽƌĚĞƌŽƌĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶƐŚŝƉ
ƒ EŽĂƌŝƚŚŵĞƚŝĐŽƌŝŐŝŶ
ƒ KŶůLJĐŽƵŶƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐŝŶĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ
ƒ KŶůLJƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞƐŽĨĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ
ƒ ŚŝͲƐƋƵĂƌĞŵŽƐƚŽĨƚĞŶƵƐĞĚƚĞƐƚŽĨƐƚĂƚŝƐƚŝĐĂůƐŝŐŶŝĨŝĐĂŶĐĞ

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϭϵ

ϭϵ

Ordinal Scale

Ŷ ŽƌĚŝŶĂů ƐĐĂůĞ ŝƐ Ă ƌĂŶŬŝŶŐ ƐĐĂůĞ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŶƵŵďĞƌƐ ĂƌĞ ĂƐƐŝŐŶĞĚ ƚŽ ŽďũĞĐƚƐ ƚŽ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ƌĞůĂƚŝǀĞ ĞdžƚĞŶƚ ƚŽ
ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŚĞ ŽďũĞĐƚƐ ƉŽƐƐĞƐƐ ƐŽŵĞ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƚŝĐ͘

ƒtŝƚŚ ŽƌĚŝŶĂů ĚĂƚĂ͕ ŝƚ ŝƐ ĨĂŝƌ ƚŽ ƐĂLJ ƚŚĂƚ ŽŶĞ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞ ŝƐ ŐƌĞĂƚĞƌ Žƌ ůĞƐƐ
ƚŚĂŶ ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ͘

ƒ͘Ő͘ ŝĨ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ǁĞƌĞ ĂƐŬĞĚ ƚŽ ƌĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ŚŽƚŶĞƐƐ ŽĨ ϯ ĐŚŝůŝ ƉĞƉƉĞƌƐ͕ Ă

ƐĐĂůĞ ŽĨ ΗŚŽƚΗ͕ ΗŚŽƚƚĞƌΗ ĂŶĚ ΗŚŽƚƚĞƐƚΗ ĐŽƵůĚ ďĞ ƵƐĞĚ͘ sĂůƵĞƐ ŽĨ ΗϭΗ ĨŽƌ
ΗŚŽƚΗ͕ ΗϮΗ ĨŽƌ ΗŚŽƚƚĞƌΗ ĂŶĚ ΗϯΗ ĨŽƌ ΗŚŽƚƚĞƐƚΗ ĐŽƵůĚ ďĞ ĂƐƐŝŐŶĞĚ͘
¾ŽƌĚŝŶĂůĚĂƚĂĐĂŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞŽƉŝŶŝŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐĐĂůĞƐ
ƒWĞƌŵŝƐƐŝďůĞ ƐƚĂƚŝƐƚŝĐƐ͗ ĐŽƵŶƚͬĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐŝĞƐ͕ ŵŽĚĞ ĂŶĚ ŵĞĚŝĂŶ ďƵƚ ŶŽƚ
ŵĞĂŶ ¾dŚĞŐĂƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
ŝƚĞŵƐŝƐƵŶƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĞĚ͘

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϮϬ

ϮϬ

ϭϬ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

Interval Scale
EƵŵĞƌŝĐĂůůLJ ĞƋƵĂů ĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƐĐĂůĞ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ ĞƋƵĂů ǀĂůƵĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƚŝĐ ďĞŝŶŐ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚ͘
Ŷ ŝŶƚĞƌǀĂů ƐĐĂůĞ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƐ Ăůů ƚŚĞ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ ĂŶ ŽƌĚŝŶĂů ƐĐĂůĞ͕ ďƵƚ ŝƚ ĂůƐŽ ĂůůŽǁƐ LJŽƵ ƚŽ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ
ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ŽďũĞĐƚƐ͘

ƒƐƐƵŵĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂƌĞ ŵĂĚĞ ŝŶ ĞƋƵĂů ƵŶŝƚƐ͘

ƒŝ͘Ğ͘ ŐĂƉƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ǁŚŽůĞ ŶƵŵďĞƌƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƐĐĂůĞ ĂƌĞ ĞƋƵĂů͘
ƒĞ͘Ő͘ &ĂŚƌĞŶŚĞŝƚ ĂŶĚ ĞůƐŝƵƐ ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ƐĐĂůĞƐ
ƒŶ ŝŶƚĞƌǀĂů ƐĐĂůĞ ĚŽĞƐ ŶŽƚ ŚĂǀĞ Ă ƚƌƵĞ njĞƌŽ͘
ƒĞ͘Ő͘  ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ΗnjĞƌŽΗ ĚŽĞƐ ŶŽƚ ŵĞĂŶ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ ŶŽ
ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͘͘͘ŝƚ ŝƐ ũƵƐƚ ĂŶ ĂƌďŝƚƌĂƌLJ njĞƌŽ ƉŽŝŶƚ͘
ƒĂŶ͛ƚ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵ ĨƵůů ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ĂƌŝƚŚŵĞƚŝĐ ĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐ͘
ƒϰϬ ĚĞŐƌĞĞƐ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ ƚǁŝĐĞ ĂƐ ŚŽƚ ĂƐ ϮϬ ĚĞŐƌĞĞƐ
ƒWĞƌŵŝƐƐŝďůĞ ƐƚĂƚŝƐƚŝĐƐ͗ ĐŽƵŶƚͬĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐŝĞƐ͕ ŵŽĚĞ͕ ŵĞĚŝĂŶ͕ ŵĞĂŶ͕ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ
ĚĞǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ
ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ Ϯϭ

Ϯϭ

Ratio Scale

/Ŷ ƌĂƚŝŽ ƐĐĂůĞƐ ǁĞ ĐĂŶ ŝĚĞŶƚŝĨLJ Žƌ ĐůĂƐƐŝĨLJ ŽďũĞĐƚƐ͕ ƌĂŶŬ ƚŚĞ ŽďũĞĐƚƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞ ŝŶƚĞƌǀĂůƐ Žƌ
ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĨƵů ƚŽ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞ ƌĂƚŝŽƐ ŽĨ ƐĐĂůĞ ǀĂůƵĞƐ͘

/ŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐ ĂĐƚƵĂů ĂŵŽƵŶƚ ŽĨ ǀĂƌŝĂďůĞ

o ^ŚŽǁƐ ŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞ ŽĨ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƉŽŝŶƚƐ ŽŶ ƐĐĂůĞ
o ^ŚŽǁƐ ƉƌŽƉŽƌƚŝŽŶƐ ŽĨ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ
ůů ƐƚĂƚŝƐƚŝĐĂů ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĂƉƉůŝĞĚ
DŽƐƚ ƉŽǁĞƌĨƵů ǁŝƚŚ ŵŽƐƚ ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĨƵů ĂŶƐǁĞƌƐ
ůůŽǁƐ ĐŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶƐ ŽĨ ĂďƐŽůƵƚĞ ŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞƐ
ůůŽǁƐ LJŽƵ ƚŽ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ŶƵŵďĞƌƐ͘
ͻ džĂŵƉůĞƐ͗ ,ĞŝŐŚƚ ĂŶĚ ǁĞŝŐŚƚ͕ ƚŝŵĞ͕
ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϮϮ

ϮϮ

ϭϭ
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Summary on Scales

Property
Scale
Order Distance Fixed zero

Nominal 2 2 2

Ordinal 3 2 2

Interval 3 3 2

Ratio 3 3 3

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ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƚŝĐŽĨĂƉŽƉƵůĂƚŝŽŶ͘
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ƐƚĂƚŝƐƚŝĐ
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ŐŽŽĚ͕ϱсĞdžĐĞůůĞŶƚͿƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐǁŚŝĐŚĚĂƚĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐĐĂůĞ͍
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DĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂƚĂŽůůĞĐƚŝŽŶ
^ƚĂƚŝƐƚŝĐƐ
ĂƚĂ /ŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ

‡ ^ƚĂƚŝƐƚŝĐƐŝƐĂƚŽŽůĨŽƌĐŽŶǀĞƌƚŝŶŐĚĂƚĂ ŝŶƚŽŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ͗
‡ Ƶƚ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƚŚĞŶ ĚŽĞƐ ĚĂƚĂ ĐŽŵĞ ĨƌŽŵ͍
‡ ,Žǁ ŝƐ ŝƚ ŐĂƚŚĞƌĞĚ͍
‡ tŚŽ ǁŝůů ĐŽůůĞĐƚ ƚŚĞ ĚĂƚĂ͍
‡ tŚĞŶ ƚŽ ĐŽůůĞĐƚ ƚŚĞ ĚĂƚĂ͍
‡ ,Žǁ ĚŽ ǁĞ ĞŶƐƵƌĞ ŝƚƐ ĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞ͍
‡ /Ɛ ƚŚĞ ĚĂƚĂ ƌĞůŝĂďůĞ͍
‡ /Ɛ ŝƚ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚŝǀĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƉƵůĂƚŝŽŶ ĨƌŽŵ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝƚ ǁĂƐ ĚƌĂǁŶ͍
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^ƚĂƚŝƐƚŝĐĂůĚĂƚĂĂƌĞƵƐƵĂůůLJŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚďLJĐŽƵŶƚŝŶŐ ŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŝƚĞŵƐ͘
DŽƐƚĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞƉƵƚŝŶƚŽƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ͗
‡ YƵĂůŝƚĂƚŝǀĞ Ͳ ĚĂƚĂĂƌĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĂƚĞĂĐŚĨĂŝůŝŶƚŽŽŶĞŽĨƐĞǀĞƌĂů
ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ͘ ;ŚĂŝƌĐŽůŽƌ͕ĞƚŚŶŝĐŐƌŽƵƉƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌĂƚƚƌŝďƵƚĞƐŽĨƚŚĞ
ƉŽƉƵůĂƚŝŽŶͿ
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ŶƵŵĞƌŝĐĂůƐĐĂůĞ;ĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚƌĂǀĞůĞĚƚŽĐŽůůĞŐĞ͕ŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶŝŶĂ
ĨĂŵŝůLJ͕ĞƚĐ͘Ϳ

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ Ϯϴ

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7ZR3RVVLEOH'DWDVRXUFHV
ϭͿWƌŝŵĂƌLJĂƚĂ
‡ ĂƚĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŽƌĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚďLJ
ƚŚĞŝŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚŽƌŽƌƚŚĞƵƐĞƌ
ĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ͘
‡ ŝŶƚĞƌǀŝĞǁ
‡ ŽďƐĞƌǀĂƚŝŽŶ
‡ ĐĂƐĞƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ
‡ ƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶŶĂŝƌĞƐ
‡ ĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂƚŝŽŶ
ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ
ϮͿ^ĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĂƚĂ
‡ ĂƚĂŐĂƚŚĞƌĞĚŽƌĐŽŵƉŝůĞĚĨƌŽŵ
ƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚĂŶĚƵŶƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘
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‡ KĨĨŝĐŝĂůƐƚĂƚŝƐƚŝĐƐ
‡ DĂƐƐŵĞĚŝĂƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ
‡ ŝĂƌŝĞƐ
‡ >ĞƚƚĞƌƐ
‡ 'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƌĞƉŽƌƚƐ
‡ tĞďŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ
^^^ϲϮϭ^ ‡ ,ŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůĚĂƚĂĂŶĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ Ϯϵ

Ϯϵ

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‡ ^ĂǀĞƐƌĞĐŽƵƌƐĞƐ;ŵŽŶĞLJĂŶĚƚŝŵĞͿ
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‡ ŝƌĞĐƚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƚŝŽŶ͗͘Ő͘ ŽďƐĞƌǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƵƌĐŚĂƐĞ
ďĞŚĂǀŝŽƌŽĨďƌĂŶĚƐŝŶĂƐƚŽƌĞŽƌƋƵĂůŝƚLJĐŽŶƚƌŽůŝŶƐƉĞĐƚŝŽŶ͘
‡ /ŶƚĞƌǀŝĞǁƐ͗ďLJŵĂŬŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶŶĂŝƌĞ͕ĂĚĂƚĂ
ĐŽůůĞĐƚŝŽŶŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚ͘
‡ &ĂĐĞͲƚŽͲĨĂĐĞŝŶƚĞƌǀŝĞǁ͗
‡ ĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞ͗,ŝŐŚƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƌĂƚĞ͖'ƌĞĂƚĨůĞdžŝďŝůŝƚLJͬĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŽ
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶƐ
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ƐĞƌŝĞƐ͘
‡ ĂƌƐĐĂŶďĞĚƌĂǁŶĞŝƚŚĞƌǀĞƌƚŝĐĂůůLJŽƌŚŽƌŝnjŽŶƚĂůůLJ͘
/ŶƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶŐĚĂƚĂƵƐŝŶŐďĂƌĐŚĂƌƚƐ͕
‡ ůůďĂƌƐŵƵƐƚŚĂǀĞĞƋƵĂůǁŝĚƚŚ ĂŶĚƚŚĞĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶ
ďĂƌƐŵƵƐƚďĞĞƋƵĂů͘
‡ dŚĞŚĞŝŐŚƚŽƌůĞŶŐƚŚŽĨĞĂĐŚďĂƌŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞƐŝnjĞ
;ĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJͿŽĨƚŚĞĨŝŐƵƌĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ͘

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϰϰ

ϰϰ

ϮϮ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

dLJƉĞƐŽĨďĂƌĐŚĂƌƚƐ
‡ dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨďĂƌĐŚĂƌƚƐ͘dŚĞ
ŵŽƐƚĐŽŵŵŽŶďĞŝŶŐ͗
‡ ^ŝŵƉůĞďĂƌĐŚĂƌƚ͗ƵƐĞĚƚŽĚŝƐƉůĂLJĚĂƚĂŽŶŽŶĞ
ǀĂƌŝĂďůĞ͘
‡ ĞǀŝĂƚŝŽŶŽƌƚǁŽͲǁĂLJďĂƌĐŚĂƌƚ
‡ ƌŽŬĞŶďĂƌĐŚĂƌƚ
‡ ŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚŽƌƐƵďĚŝǀŝĚĞĚďĂƌĐŚĂƌƚ
‡ DƵůƚŝƉůĞďĂƌĐŚĂƌƚƐ
ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϰϱ

ϰϱ

^ŝŵƉůĞďĂƌĐŚĂƌƚ

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϰϲ

ϰϲ

Ϯϯ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

'HYLDWLRQRUWZRZD\EDUFKDUW

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϰϳ

ϰϳ

ƌŽŬĞŶďĂƌĐŚĂƌƚ

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϰϴ

ϰϴ

Ϯϰ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

ŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚŽƌƐƵďĚŝǀŝĚĞĚďĂƌĐŚĂƌƚ

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϰϵ

ϰϵ

DƵůƚŝƉůĞďĂƌĐŚĂƌƚƐ

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϱϬ

ϱϬ

Ϯϱ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

^ŝŵƉůĞďĂƌĐŚĂƌƚ
‡ ƌĞƵƐĞĚƚŽĚŝƐƉůĂLJĚĂƚĂŽŶŽŶĞǀĂƌŝĂďůĞ͘
džĂŵƉůĞ͗dŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĚĂƚĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐĂůĞďLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƚ͕ϮϬϭϱͲ ϮϬϭϳŽĨĂ
ŐŝǀĞŶĐŽŵƉĂŶLJĨŽƌƚŚƌĞĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͕͕͘
WƌŽĚƵĐƚ ^ĂůĞƐ ŝŶ ;EΨͿ
ϮϬϭϱ ϮϬϭϲ ϮϬϭϳ
 ϭϮ ϭϰ ϭϴ
 Ϯϰ Ϯϭ ϭϴ
 Ϯϰ ϯϱ ϱϰ

‡ ŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĂďĂƌĐŚĂƌƚƚŽĚŝƐƉůĂLJƚŚĞƐĂůĞŽĨƚŚŝƐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶϮϬϭϱ
‡ ŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĂĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚŽƌƐƵďĚŝǀŝĚĞĚďĂƌĐŚĂƌƚƚŽĚŝƐƉůĂLJƚŚĞƐĂůĞŽĨƚŚŝƐ
ĐŽŵƉĂŶLJĨƌŽŵϮϬϭϱͲϮϬϭϳ
‡ ŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĂŵƵůƚŝƉůĞďĂƌĐŚĂƌƚƐƚŽĚŝƐƉůĂLJƚŚĞƐĂůĞŽĨƚŚŝƐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJĨƌŽŵ
ϮϬϭϱͲϮϬϭϳ
ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϱϭ

ϱϭ

ĂͿ^ŝŵƉůĞďĂƌĐŚĂƌƚ
ŽŵƉĂŶLJƐĂůĞƐŝŶϮϬϭϱ
ϯϬ

Ϯϱ
Ϯϰ Ϯϰ
ϮϬ
^>^/EΨ

ϭϱ

ϭϬ ϭϮ

Ϭ
  
WZKhd

&ŝŐƵƌĞϭ͗ŽŵƉĂŶLJƐĂůĞƐŝŶϮϬϭϱ

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϱϮ

ϱϮ

Ϯϲ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

ďͿŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚŽƌƐƵďĚŝǀŝĚĞĚďĂƌĐŚĂƌƚ
^ĂůĞƐďLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƚϮϬϭϱͲϮϬϭϳ
ϭϬϬ

ϵϬ

ϴϬ

ϳϬ
ϱϰ
ϲϬ
^>^/EΨ

ϯϱ
ϱϬ WƌŽĚƵĐƚ
Ϯϰ
WƌŽĚƵĐƚ
ϰϬ
WƌŽĚƵĐƚ
ϯϬ
ϭϴ
Ϯϰ Ϯϭ
ϮϬ

ϭϬ ϭϴ
ϭϮ ϭϰ
Ϭ
ϮϬϭϱ ϮϬϭϲ ϮϬϭϳ
zZK&WZKhd/KE

&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͗ŽŵƉĂŶLJƐĂůĞƐďLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƚϮϬϭϱͲ ϮϬϭϳ

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϱϯ

ϱϯ

ĐͿDƵůƚŝƉůĞ;ĐůƵƐƚĞƌĞĚͿďĂƌĐŚĂƌƚ
^ĂůĞƐďLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƚϮϬϭϱͲϮϬϭϳ
ϲϬ

ϱϬ

ϰϬ
^>^/EΨ

ϯϬ WƌŽĚƵĐƚ
ϱϰ WƌŽĚƵĐƚ
WƌŽĚƵĐƚ
ϮϬ
ϯϱ

Ϯϰ Ϯϰ
ϭϬ Ϯϭ
ϭϴ ϭϴ
ϭϮ ϭϰ

Ϭ
ϮϬϭϱ ϮϬϭϲ ϮϬϭϳ
zZK&WZKhd/KE

&ŝŐƵƌĞϯ͗ŽŵƉĂŶLJƐĂůĞƐďLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƚϮϬϭϱͲ ϮϬϭϳ

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϱϰ

ϱϰ

Ϯϳ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

džĞƌĐŝƐĞ
‡ ƌĂŶĚŽŵƐĂŵƉůĞŽĨϮϬϬƉĂƐƐĞŶŐĞƌƐŝƐƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ͘dŚĞďĂƌĐŚĂƌƚďĞůŽǁƐŚŽǁƐƚŚĞŵŽƐƚƉŽƉƵůĂƌƐŽĨƚĚƌŝŶŬƐƐĞƌǀĞĚŽŶŝƌEĂŵŝďŝĂ͘

EƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉĂƐƐĞŶŐĞƌƐ

^ŽĨƚĚƌŝŶŬƐ
tŚŝĐŚŽĨƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐŝƐĐŽƌƌĞĐƚ͍
ĂͿ dŚĞĚĂƚĂƚLJƉĞŽĨƚŚĞƐŽĨƚĚƌŝŶŬƐŝƐƋƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞ͘
ďͿ dŚĞŵŽĚĞŽĨƚŚŝƐĚĂƚĂŝƐĐŽŬĞĂŶĚĐŽŬĞnjĞƌŽ͘
ĐͿ ĂůĐƵůĂƚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐĚĂƚĂŝƐĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ͘
ĚͿ dŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨĚĂƚĂĚŝƐƉůĂLJĞĚŝƐĐŽŶƚŝŶƵŽƵƐ͘
ĞͿ ϭϬйŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƐƐĞŶŐĞƌƐƉƌĞĨĞƌWĞƉƐŝ͘

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϱϱ

ϱϱ

*URXSHGIUHTXHQF\GLVWULEXWLRQV
‡ 'ƌŽƵƉĞĚĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶƐͲ ĐĂŶďĞƵƐĞĚǁŚĞŶƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨǀĂůƵĞƐŝŶƚŚĞ
ĚĂƚĂƐĞƚŝƐǀĞƌLJůĂƌŐĞ͘
‡ dŚĞĚĂƚĂŵƵƐƚďĞŐƌŽƵƉĞĚŝŶƚŽĐůĂƐƐĞƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞƵŶŝƚŝŶǁŝĚƚŚ͘
ĞĨŝŶŝƚŝŽŶŽĨƐŽŵĞďĂƐŝĐƚĞƌŵƐ
‡ &ƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ;ĐůĂƐƐĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJͿ͗dŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĚĂƚĂǀĂůƵĞƐŝŶĂĐůĂƐƐ͘
‡ ůĂƐƐůŝŵŝƚƐ;>Ϳ͗ /ƚƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞŽŶĞĐůĂƐƐĨƌŽŵĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ;>ŽǁĞƌĐůĂƐƐůŝŵŝƚĂŶĚƵƉƉĞƌĐůĂƐƐůŝŵŝƚͿ͘
‡ ůĂƐƐǁŝĚƚŚ;tͿ͗ dŚĞĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞůŽǁĞƌĐůĂƐƐůŝŵŝƚĂŶĚƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĐůĂƐƐůŝŵŝƚŽĨĂŐŝǀĞŶ
ĐůĂƐƐ͘
‡ ůĂƐƐŵĂƌŬ;DŝĚƉŽŝŶƚͿ͗ /ƚŝƐĨŽƵŶĚďLJĂĚĚŝŶŐƚŚĞůŽǁĞƌĂŶĚƵƉƉĞƌĐůĂƐƐůŝŵŝƚĂŶĚĚŝǀŝĚĞĚƚŚĞƐƵŵďLJ
ƚǁŽ͘
‡ ƵŵƵůĂƚŝǀĞĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ;&Ϳ͗ ŝƚŝƐƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǀĂůƵĞƐůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌĐůĂƐƐůŝŵŝƚŽĨĂŐŝǀĞŶĐůĂƐƐ͘

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϱϲ

ϱϲ

Ϯϴ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

ĂĐŚƐĞŐŵĞŶƚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐĂĐůĂƐƐŝŶƚĞƌǀĂů
ƌĂŶŐĞ

ŵŝŶ ŵĂdž
ůĂƐƐŝŶƚĞƌǀĂů
ǁŝĚƚŚ

>ŽǁĞƌĐůĂƐƐůŝŵŝƚ hƉƉĞƌĐůĂƐƐůŝŵŝƚ

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϱϳ

ϱϳ

^dW^/EKE^dZhd/E''&
ϭ͘ &ŝŶĚƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĞƐƚ;‫Ϳܪ‬ĂŶĚƚŚĞůŽǁĞƐƚ;‫Ϳܮ‬ǀĂůƵĞ
Ϯ͘ ŽŵƉƵƚĞƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞ͖ܴ ൌ ‫ܪ‬Ȃ ‫ܮ‬
ϯ͘ ^ĞůĞĐƚƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĐůĂƐƐĚĞƐŝƌĞĚ;݇Ϳ
/͘ŚŽŽƐĞĂƌďŝƚƌĂƌLJďĞƚǁĞĞŶϱĂŶĚϭϱ͘
//͘hƐŝŶŐ^ƚƵƌŐĞ͛ƐĨŽƌŵƵůĂ
݇ ൌ ͳ ൅ ͵Ǥ͵ʹʹ‫ ͖݊݊݃݋ܮ‬ൌ ܶ‫ݕܿ݊݁ݑݍ݁ݎ݂݈ܽݐ݋‬
ϰ͘ &ŝŶĚƚŚĞĐůĂƐƐǁŝĚƚŚ;ܹͿďLJĚŝǀŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞďLJƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĐůĂƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƌŽƵŶĚƵƉƚŚĞ
ƌĞƐƵůƚLJŽƵŐĞƚ;EŽƚƌŽƵŶĚŽĨĨͿ
ܴ
‫ ݓ‬ൌ 
݇
ϱ͘ WŝĐŬĂƐƵŝƚĂďůĞƐƚĂƌƚŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶŽƌĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵǀĂůƵĞ͘dŚĞŶĐŽŶƚŝŶƵĞƚŽĂĚĚ
ƚŚĞĐůĂƐƐǁŝĚƚŚƚŽŐĞƚƚŚĞƌĞƐƚůŽǁĞƌĐůĂƐƐůŝŵŝƚƐ;>>Ϳ͘
ϲ͘ dĂůůLJƚŚĞĚĂƚĂ;ŽƉƚŝŽŶĂůͿ
ϳ͘ &ŝŶĚƚŚĞĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐŝĞƐ
ϴ͘ &ŝŶĚZĞůĂƚŝǀĞĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ;ZĨͿĂŶĚƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞƌĞůĂƚŝǀĞĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ;йZĨͿ
ϵ͘ &ŝŶĚƚŚĞĐƵŵƵůĂƚŝǀĞĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐŝĞƐ;ĨͿ͘
ϭϬ͘ &ŝŶĚƚŚĞĐůĂƐƐŵĂƌŬ;ŽƉƚŝŽŶĂůͿ

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϱϴ

ϱϴ

Ϯϵ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

'ƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐĨŽƌŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚŝŶŐĂ&ƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶ

‡ 7KHFODVVHVPXVWEH
‡PXWXDOO\H[FOXVLYH
‡FRQWLQXRXV
‡H[KDXVWLYH
‡HTXDOLQZLGWK

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϱϵ

ϱϵ

džĂŵƉůĞ͗ŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚŝŽŶŽĨŐƌŽƵƉĞĚĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶ
džĂŵƉůĞ͘dŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌƐĨŽƌĐŽŶƐĞĐƵƚŝǀĞϮϬĚĂLJƐŝŶĂ
ƐƵƉĞƌŵĂƌŬĞƚǁĂƐůŝƐƚĞĚĂƐĨŽůůŽǁƐ͗
ϭϭϮϵϯϯϮϮϮϳϬϲϭϯ
ϭϵϮϮϮϭϭϴϭϳϯϰϮϬ
ϮϮϯϴϮϲϯϵϮϳϯϭ
ŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĂŐƌŽƵƉĞĚĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶ
^ŽůƵƚŝŽŶ͗
ϭ͘ ,ŝŐŚĞƐƚǀĂůƵĞсϯϵ͕>ŽǁĞƐƚǀĂůƵĞсϲ
Ϯ͘ Zൌ ‫ ܪ‬െ ‫ ܮ‬ൌ ͵ͻȂ ͸ ൌ ͵͵
͵Ǥ ݇ ൌ ͳ ൅ ͵Ǥ͵ʹʹ‫ Ͳʹ݃݋ܮ‬ൌ ͳ ൅ϯ͘ϯϮϮ;ϭ͘ϯϬϭͿ уϲ
ோ ଷଷ
ͶǤ ‫ ݓ‬ൌ  ௞  ൌ ଺
ൌ ͷǤͷ ൎ ͸

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϲϬ

ϲϬ

ϯϬ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

ϭϭϮϵϯϯϮϮϮϳϬϲϭϯ
ϭϵϮϮϮϭϭϴϭϳϯϰϮϬ
džĂŵƉůĞ͗ĐŽŶƚ͙͘ ϮϮϯϴϮϲϯϵϮϳϯϭ

ϱ͘ >>ϭсϬϲ
ϲ͘ &ŝŶĚƚŚĞ>>ŝнϭ с>>ŝ н‫ ͕݅ݓ‬ൌ ͳǡʹǡ ǥ ǡ ݇ െ ͳ
ϳ͘ dĂůůLJƚŚĞĚĂƚĂ ůĂƐƐ
dĂůůLJ &ƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ ZĨ йZĨ &;фͿ 0LGSRLQW
ŝŶƚĞƌǀĂůƐ ͸ ൅ ͳʹ
ϴ͘ &ŝŶĚĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ ϬϲʹфϭϮ ͬͬ Ϯ Ϭ͘ϭ ϭϬ Ϯ 
ʹ
ൌͻ

ϵ͘ ZĨ ͕йZĨ͕& ϭϮʹфϭϴ ͬͬ Ϯ Ϭ͘ϭ ϭϬ ϰ  ͳʹ ൅ ͳͺ

ʹ
ൌ ͳͷ
ϭϴʹфϮϰ ͬͬͬͬ ͬͬ ϳ Ϭ͘ϯϱ ϯϱ ϭϭ 
ϭϬ͘ DŝĚƉŽŝŶƚ ϮϰʹфϯϬ ͬͬͬͬ ϰ Ϭ͘Ϯ ϮϬ ϭϱ 
;ĐůĂƐƐŵĂƌŬͿ ϯϬʹфϯϲ ͬͬͬ ϯ Ϭ͘ϭϱ ϭϱ ϭϴ 
ϯϲʹфϰϮ ͬͬ Ϯ Ϭ͘ϭ ϭϬ ϮϬ 
ZĨ͗ZĞůĂƚŝǀĞĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ
Ĩ;фͿ͗>ĞƐƐƚŚĂŶƚLJƉĞĐƵŵƵůĂƚŝǀĞĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ
ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϲϭ

ϲϭ

'ƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƋƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞĚĂƚĂ
‡ 7KHWKUHHPRVWFRPPRQO\XVHG JUDSKVDUH
 7KHKLVWRJUDP
 7KHIUHTXHQF\SRO\JRQ
 7KHFXPXODWLYHIUHTXHQF\JUDSKRURJLYH

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϲϮ

ϲϮ

ϯϭ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

7KH+LVWRJUDP
‡ 7KH KLVWRJUDP LV D JUDSK WKDW GLVSOD\V WKH GDWD E\ XVLQJ YHUWLFDO
EDUV RI YDULRXV KHLJKWV WR UHSUHVHQW WKH IUHTXHQFLHV
‡ ([DPSOH &RQVWUXFW D KLVWRJUDP IRU WKH DERYH H[DPSOH

ůĂƐƐ &ƌĞƋƵ 0LGSRL

dĂůůLJ ZĨ йZĨ &
ŝŶƚĞƌǀĂůƐ ĞŶĐLJ QW
ϬϲʹфϭϮ ͬͬ Ϯ Ϭ͘ϭ ϭϬ Ϯ 
ϭϮʹфϭϴ ͬͬ Ϯ Ϭ͘ϭ ϭϬ ϰ 
ϭϴʹфϮϰ ͬͬͬͬ ͬͬ ϳ Ϭ͘ϯϱ ϯϱ ϭϭ 
ϮϰʹфϯϬ ͬͬͬͬ ϰ Ϭ͘Ϯ ϮϬ ϭϱ 
ϯϬʹфϯϲ ͬͬͬ ϯ Ϭ͘ϭϱ ϭϱ ϭϴ 
ϯϲʹфϰϮ ͬͬ Ϯ Ϭ͘ϭ ϭϬ ϮϬ 

ϵϭϱϮϭϮϳϯϯϯϵ
ůĂƐƐDŝĚƉŽŝŶƚƐ
&ŝŐƵƌĞϯ͗,ŝƐƚŽŐƌĂŵĨŽƌŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌƐŝŶĂƐƵƉĞƌŵĂƌŬĞƚ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϲϯ
ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

ϲϯ

ůƚĞƌŶĂƚŝǀĞƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶ

ϲϭϮϭϴϮϰϯϬϯϲϰϮ
ůĂƐƐŝŶƚĞƌǀĂůƐ
&ŝŐƵƌĞϰ͗,ŝƐƚŽŐƌĂŵĨŽƌŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌƐŝŶĂƐƵƉĞƌŵĂƌŬĞƚ
ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϲϰ

ϲϰ

ϯϮ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

7KH)UHTXHQF\SRO\JRQ
‡ $ IUHTXHQF\ SRO\JRQ LV D JUDSK WKDW GLVSOD\V WKH GDWD E\ XVLQJ OLQHV WKDW
FRQQHFW SRLQWV SORWWHG IRU IUHTXHQFLHV DW WKH PLGSRLQW RI FODVVHV 7KH
IUHTXHQFLHV UHSUHVHQW WKH KHLJKWV RI WKH PLGSRLQWV
‡ ([DPSOH &RQVWUXFW D IUHTXHQF\ SRO\JRQ IRU WKH DERYH H[DPSOH

&ZYhEzWK>z'KE'ZW, ůĂƐƐ &ƌĞƋƵ 0LGSRL

dĂůůLJ ZĨ йZĨ &
ϴ ŝŶƚĞƌǀĂůƐ ĞŶĐLJ QW
ϳ ϬϲʹфϭϮ ͬͬ Ϯ Ϭ͘ϭ ϭϬ Ϯ 
ϲ ϭϮʹфϭϴ ͬͬ Ϯ Ϭ͘ϭ ϭϬ ϰ 
ϱ ϭϴʹфϮϰ ͬͬͬͬ ͬͬ ϳ Ϭ͘ϯϱ ϯϱ ϭϭ 
&ZYhEz

ϰ
ϮϰʹфϯϬ ͬͬͬͬ ϰ Ϭ͘Ϯ ϮϬ ϭϱ 
ϯ
ϯϬʹфϯϲ ͬͬͬ ϯ Ϭ͘ϭϱ ϭϱ ϭϴ 
Ϯ
ϯϲʹфϰϮ ͬͬ Ϯ Ϭ͘ϭ ϭϬ ϮϬ 
ϭ

Ϭ
ϯ ϵ ϭϱ Ϯϭ Ϯϳ ϯϯ ϯϵ ϰϱ
>^^D/WK/Ed
ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ϲϱ
&ŝŐƵƌĞϱ͗&ƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJƉŽůLJŐŽŶŐƌĂƉŚĨŽƌŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌƐŝŶĂƐƵƉĞƌŵĂƌŬĞƚ
^^^ϲϮϭ^

ϲϱ

7KH2JLYH
‡ $FXPXODWLYHIUHTXHQF\JUDSK RURJLYH LVDJUDSKWKDWUHSUHVHQWVWKH
FXPXODWLYHIUHTXHQFLHVIRUWKHFODVVHVLQDIUHTXHQF\GLVWULEXWLRQ
‡ ([DPSOH &RQVWUXFWDFXPXODWLYHIUHTXHQF\FXUYHIRUWKHDERYHH[DPSOH
ůĂƐƐ &ƌĞƋƵ 0LGSRL
K'/shZ dĂůůLJ ZĨ йZĨ &
ŝŶƚĞƌǀĂůƐ ĞŶĐLJ QW
Ϯϱ
ϬϲʹфϭϮ ͬͬ Ϯ Ϭ͘ϭ ϭϬ Ϯ 

hDh>d/s&ZYhEz

ϮϬ ϭϮʹфϭϴ ͬͬ Ϯ Ϭ͘ϭ ϭϬ ϰ
ϭϱ
ϭϴʹфϮϰ ͬͬͬͬ ͬͬ ϳ Ϭ͘ϯϱ ϯϱ ϭϭ 
ϮϰʹфϯϬ ͬͬͬͬ ϰ Ϭ͘Ϯ ϮϬ ϭϱ 
ϭϬ
ϯϬʹфϯϲ ͬͬͬ ϯ Ϭ͘ϭϱ ϭϱ ϭϴ 
ϱ ϯϲʹфϰϮ ͬͬ Ϯ Ϭ͘ϭ ϭϬ ϮϬ 
Ϭ
ϲ ϭϮ ϭϴ Ϯϰ ϯϬ ϯϲ ϰϮ
>^^/EdZs>^

&ŝŐƵƌĞϲ͗KŐŝǀĞĐƵƌĞĨŽƌŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌƐŝŶĂƐƵƉĞƌŵĂƌŬĞƚ
ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϲϲ

ϲϲ

ϯϯ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

ShapesofHistograms
‡ A Histogram can assume any of a large number of shapes.
` The most common of these shapes are
1. Symmetric
2. Skewed
3. Uniform or regular

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϲϳ

ϲϳ

‡ SymmetricHistogram:A symmetric histogram is identical

on both sides of its central point.
&ƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ

Mean=Median=Mode
‡ SkewedHistogram:A skewed histogram is non-symmetric. The tail
on one side is longer than the tail on the other side.
&ƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ

Mode<Median<Mean Mean<Median<Mode
ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϲϴ

ϲϴ

ϯϰ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

‡ UniformorRectangularHistogram:A uniform or
rectangular histogram has the same frequency for each
class.
&ƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ

CorrespondingCurves

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ϲϵ
^^^ϲϮϭ^

ϲϵ

džĞƌĐŝƐĞ
ϭͿϱϬĞŵƉůŽLJĞĞƐǁĞƌĞƐƵƌǀĞLJĞĚŝŶĂĨĂĐƚŽƌLJƚŽĨŝŶĚŽƵƚƚŚĞŝƌĂŐĞƐ͘dŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚǁĂƐŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚ
ĂƐĨŽůůŽǁƐ͘
ϯϳ ϰϬ ϲϵ ϯϱ ϯϲ ϳϬ ϳϮ ϲϮ ϯϲ ϳϮ
ϲϱ ϲϰ ϰϳ ϱϵ ϱϱ ϰϮ ϰϱ ϱϬ ϰϲ ϲϱ
ϱϰ ϲϯ ϱϭ ϱϬ ϲϭ ϲϬ ϱϴ ϱϴ ϱϲ ϱϴ
ϱϱ ϰϱ ϰϵ ϱϭ ϱϬ ϱϲ ϰϰ ϲϬ ϳϬ ϰϰ
ϱϮ ϰϯ ϱϱ ϰϲ ϰϮ ϲϮ ϱϳ ϰϴ ϲϬ ϱϱ
ŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚ
ĂͿ ĂŐƌŽƵƉĞĚĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶ
ďͿ ĂŚŝƐƚŽŐƌĂŵ͕
ĐͿ ĂĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJƉŽůLJŐŽŶ
ĚͿ ĂůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶƚLJƉĞĂŶĚŐƌĞĂƚĞƌƚŚĂŶƚLJƉĞĐƵŵƵůĂƚŝǀĞĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJͬŽŐŝǀĞĐƵƌǀĞ͘

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϳϬ

ϳϬ

ϯϱ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

džĞƌĐŝƐĞ;ĐŽŶƚ͛ĚͿ
ϮͿƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƌĂŶĚŽŵůLJƐĞůĞĐƚƐϮϬǁŝŶƚĞƌĚĂLJƐĂŶĚƌĞĐŽƌĚƐƚŚĞĂŝůLJŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ
ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
24, 35, 17, 21, 24, 37, 26, 46, 58, 30, 32, 13, 12, 38, 41, 43,
44, 27, 53, 27
ĂͿ hƐŝŶŐĐůĂƐƐĞƐϭϬƚŽůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶϮϬ͕ϮϬƚŽůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶϯϬ͕ϯϬƚŽůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶϰϬ
ĞƚĐ͙͕ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĂĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶƚĂďůĞĨŽƌƚŚŝƐĚĂƚĂ
ďͿ ŽŶƚƌĂĐƚ͗
ŝ͘ĂŚŝƐƚŽŐƌĂŵ͕
ŝŝ͘ĂĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJƉŽůLJŐŽŶ
ŝŝŝ͘ĂůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶƚLJƉĞĂŶĚŐƌĞĂƚĞƌƚŚĂŶƚLJƉĞĐƵŵƵůĂƚŝǀĞĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJͬŽŐŝǀĞĐƵƌǀĞ͘

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϳϭ

ϳϭ

džĞƌĐŝƐĞ;ĐŽŶƚ͛ĚͿ
3) A company that sells farming equipment deployed 50 salespersons
countrywide. The following table summarises the number of hours each
salesperson worked for a period of one month.
ϭϮϴ ϮϬϯ ϰϬ ϭϰϵ ϴϰ ϭϲϰ ϭϴϳ ϭϮϰ ϭϰϰ ϭϯϬ
ϲϮ ϵϯ ϭϮϴ ϴϳ ϭϱϱ ϵϰ ϭϱϳ ϭϵϱ ϭϭϬ ϭϯϯ
ϭϰϭ ϭϬϰ ϲϵ ϭϮϭ ϭϭϯ ϳϵ ϭϲϮ ϭϰϵ ϮϬϰ ϭϬϯ
ϭϰϯ ϯϬ ϰϮ ϭϲϰ ϳϭ ϭϬϱ ϭϱϭ ϭϲϭ ϭϲϱ ϭϳϱ
ϭϰϴ ϭϭϰ ϭϭϲ ϭϮϮ ϭϰϲ ϭϵϳ ϭϲϳ ϭϴϰ ϭϱϲ ϭϰϬ

‡ Use the above dataset to construct frequency, percent and cumulative

percent distributions.
‡ Use the frequency distribution table constructed above to construct a
histogram and a frequency polygon.
‡ Use the data from the frequency distribution to construct a cumulative
“less-than” ogive.

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϳϮ

ϳϮ

ϯϲ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

džĞƌĐŝƐĞ;ĐŽŶƚ͛ĚͿ
‡ ϰͿdŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĚĂƚĂƐĞƚůŝƐƚƐƚŚĞŵŝĚƚĞƌŵƐĐŽƌĞƐƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚďLJϱϬƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐŝŶĂ^ƚĂƚŝƐƚŝĐƐ
ĐůĂƐƐ͗
ϰϱ ϴϱ ϵϮ ϵϵ ϯϳ ϲϴ ϲϳ ϳϴ ϴϭ ϯϱ
ϵϳ ϭϬϬ ϴϮ ϰϵ ϱϰ ϳϴ ϴϵ ϳϭ ϵϰ ϴϳ
ϯϭ ϳϳ ϴϭ ϴϯ ϵϴ ϵϳ ϳϰ ϴϭ ϯϵ ϳϳ
ϵϵ ϴϱ ϴϱ ϲϰ ϵϮ ϴϯ ϭϬϬ ϳϰ ϲϴ ϳϮ
ϲϱ ϴϰ ϴϵ ϳϮ ϲϭ ϰϵ ϱϲ ϵϳ ϵϮ ϴϮ

;ĂͿhƐŝŶŐĐůĂƐƐĞƐϯϬƚŽůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶϰϬ͕ϰϬƚŽůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶϱϬ͕ϱϬƚŽůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶϲϬĞƚĐ͙͕ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĂ
ĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶƚĂďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĚĂƚĂ͘
;ďͿ/ĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĨŽƌŐƌĂĚĞǁĂƐĨŝdžĞĚĂƚϵϬ͕ǁŚĂƚƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞŽĨĐĂŶĚŝĚĂƚĞƐŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚ
ŐƌĂĚĞ͍

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϳϯ

ϳϯ

^ƚĞŵĂŶĚůĞĂĨƉůŽƚ
‡ ƐƚĞŵĂŶĚůĞĂĨƉůŽƚ͕ŽƌƐƚĞŵƉůŽƚ͕ŝƐĂƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƵƐĞĚƚŽĐůĂƐƐŝĨLJĞŝƚŚĞƌĚŝƐĐƌĞƚĞ
ŽƌĐŽŶƚŝŶƵŽƵƐǀĂƌŝĂďůĞƐ͘ƐƚĞŵĂŶĚůĞĂĨƉůŽƚŝƐƵƐĞĚƚŽŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĞĚĂƚĂĂƐƚŚĞLJĂƌĞ
ĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚ͘
‡ ƐƚĞŵĂŶĚůĞĂĨƉůŽƚůŽŽŬƐƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐůŝŬĞĂďĂƌŐƌĂƉŚ͘ĂĐŚŶƵŵďĞƌŝŶƚŚĞĚĂƚĂŝƐ
ďƌŽŬĞŶĚŽǁŶŝŶƚŽĂƐƚĞŵĂŶĚĂůĞĂĨ͕ƚŚƵƐƚŚĞŶĂŵĞ͘
‡ dŚĞƐƚĞŵŽĨƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐĂůůďƵƚƚŚĞůĂƐƚĚŝŐŝƚ͘
‡ dŚĞůĞĂĨŽĨƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌǁŝůůĂůǁĂLJƐďĞĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚŝŐŝƚ͘
dŝƉƐŽŶŚŽǁƚŽĚƌĂǁĂƐƚĞŵĂŶĚůĞĂĨƉůŽƚ
ϭ͘ KŶƚŚĞůĞĨƚͲŚĂŶĚƐŝĚĞŽĨƚŚĞƉĂŐĞ͕ǁƌŝƚĞĚŽǁŶƚŚĞƚŚŽƵƐĂŶĚƐ͕ŚƵŶĚƌĞĚƐŽƌƚĞŶƐ
;ĂůůĚŝŐŝƚƐďƵƚƚŚĞůĂƐƚŽŶĞͿ͘dŚĞƐĞǁŝůůďĞLJŽƵƌƐƚĞŵƐ͘
Ϯ͘ ƌĂǁĂůŝŶĞƚŽƚŚĞƌŝŐŚƚŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƐƚĞŵƐ͘
ϯ͘ KŶƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌƐŝĚĞŽĨƚŚĞůŝŶĞ͕ǁƌŝƚĞĚŽǁŶƚŚĞŽŶĞƐ;ƚŚĞůĂƐƚĚŝŐŝƚŽĨĂŶƵŵďĞƌͿ͘
dŚĞƐĞǁŝůůďĞLJŽƵƌůĞĂǀĞƐ͘
ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϳϰ

ϳϰ

ϯϳ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

džĂŵƉůĞϭ
ŽŵƉůĞƚĞĂƐƚĞŵͲĂŶĚͲůĞĂĨƉůŽƚĨŽƌƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐůŝƐƚŽĨǀĂůƵĞƐ͗
ĂͿ DĂŬĞĂƐƚĞŵĂŶĚůĞĂĨƉůŽƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĚĂƚĂƐĞƚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚ
ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐƚĞƐƚƐĐŽƌĞƐŽĨϮϲƌĂŶĚŽŵůLJƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐĂƚEh^d͗ϲϮ͕
ϴϮ͕ϴϱ͕ϵϵ͕ϵϲ͕ϴϭ͕ϵϳ͕ϴϬ͕ϴϭ͕ϴϬ͕ϴϰ͕ϴϳ͕ϵϴ͕ϳϱ͕ϴϲ͕ϴϴ͕ϴϮ͕ϳϴ͕ϴϭ͕ϴϲ͕
ϴϬ͕ϱϬ͕ϴϰ͕ϴϴ͕ϴϯ͕ϴϮ͘ ^ƚĞŵ >ĞĂĨ
ϱ Ϭ
ϲ Ϯ
ϳ ϱϴ
ϴ ϬϬϬϭϭϭϮϮϮϯϰϰϱϲϲϳϴϴϴ
ϵ ϲϵϳ
<ĞLJ͗ϱͮϬсϱϬ

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϳϱ

ϳϱ

džĂŵƉůĞ
‡ dŚĞϮϬƉĂƚŝĞŶƚƐǁĞƌĞĂůƐŽĂƐŬĞĚƚŚĞŝƌĂŐĞĂŶĚƚŚĞLJƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞĚĂƐ
ĨŽůůŽǁƐ͗

‡ DĂŬĞĂƐƚĞŵĂŶĚůĞĂĨƉůŽƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞĚĂƚĂƐĞƚ
Stem Leaf
‡ ^ŽůƵƚŝŽŶ͗ 0 39
1 679
2 02355578
3 355
4 45
5 0
6 6
ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϳϲ

ϳϲ

ϯϴ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

džĂŵƉůĞϯ
ďͿDĂŬĞĂƐƚĞŵĂŶĚůĞĂĨƉůŽƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĚĂƚĂƐĞƚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐƚŚĞ
ǁĞŝŐŚƚƐ;ƚŽƚŚĞŶĞĂƌĞƐƚƚĞŶƚŚŽĨĂŬŝůŽŐƌĂŵͿŽĨϯϬƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐǁĞƌĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚĂŶĚ
ƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚĂƐĨŽůůŽǁƐ͗ϱϵ͘Ϯ͕ϲϭ͘ϱ͕ϲϮ͘ϯ͕ϲϭ͘ϰ͕ϲϬ͘ϵ͕ϱϵ͘ϴ͕ϲϬ͘ϱ͕ϱϵ͘Ϭ͕ϲϭ͘ϭ͕ϲϬ͘ϳ͕ϲϭ͘ϲ͕
ϱϲ͘ϯ͕ϲϭ͘ϵ͕ϲϱ͘ϳ͕ϲϬ͘ϰ͕ϱϴ͘ϵ͕ϱϵ͘Ϭ͕ϲϭ͘Ϯ͕ϲϮ͘ϭ͕ϲϭ͘ϰ͕ϱϴ͘ϰ͕ϲϬ͘ϴ͕ϲϬ͘Ϯ͕ϲϮ͘ϳ͕ϲϬ͘Ϭ͕ϱϵ͘ϯ͕
ϲϭ͘ϵ͕ϲϭ͘ϳ͕ϱϴ͘ϰ͕ϲϮ͘Ϯ
Stem Leaf
^ŽůƵƚŝŽŶ͗ 56 3
57
58 449
59 00238
60 0245789
61 124456799
62 1237
63
64
65 7 <ĞLJ͗ϱϲͮϯсϱϲ͘ϯ

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϳϳ

ϳϳ

džĞƌĐŝƐĞ
ϭͿhƐĞƚŚĞƐƚĞŵĂŶĚůĞĂĨƉůŽƚƚŽĂŶƐǁĞƌƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶƐ͘
‡ tŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞďĞƐƚƚĞƐƚƐĐŽƌĞ͍
‡ ,ŽǁŵĂŶLJƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐƚŽŽŬƚŚĞƚĞƐƚ͍ dĞƐƚ ƐĐŽƌĞŽĨ^ƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ
^ƚĞŵ >ĞĂĨ
‡ ,ŽǁŵĂŶLJƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐƐĐŽƌĞĚϵϬ͍
ϲ ϭϭϰϲϳϴ
‡ tŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞůŽǁĞƐƚƐĐŽƌĞ͍
ϳ Ϯϯϱϳϵ
ϴ ϭϯϱϲϲϳϳϴϵ
ϵ ϬϬϯϰϲϴϵϵ
ϭϬ ϬϬ <ĞLJ͗ϲͮϭсϲϭ
‡ &ŝŶĚƚŚĞĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĂŶĚůŽǁƐĐŽƌĞƐ͘

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϳϴ

ϳϴ

ϯϵ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

ŽƚWůŽƚƐ
‡ ĚŽƚƉůŽƚŝƐŵĂĚĞƵƉŽĨĚŽƚƐƉůŽƚƚĞĚŽŶĂŐƌĂƉŚ͘
‡ ĂĐŚĚŽƚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐĂƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨŽďƐĞƌǀĂƚŝŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĂƐĞƚŽĨĚĂƚĂ͘
‡ dŚĞĚŽƚƐĂƌĞƐƚĂĐŬĞĚŝŶĂĐŽůƵŵŶŽǀĞƌĂĐĂƚĞŐŽƌLJ͕ƐŽƚŚĂƚƚŚĞŚĞŝŐŚƚŽĨƚŚĞ
ĐŽůƵŵŶƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐƚŚĞƌĞůĂƚŝǀĞŽƌĂďƐŽůƵƚĞĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJŽĨŽďƐĞƌǀĂƚŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞ
ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌLJ͘
‡ dŚĞƉĂƚƚĞƌŶŽĨĚĂƚĂŝŶĂĚŽƚƉůŽƚĐĂŶďĞĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƐLJŵŵĞƚƌLJ ĂŶĚ
ƐŬĞǁŶĞƐƐ ŽŶůLJŝĨƚŚĞĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐĂƌĞƋƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞ͘
‡ ŽƚƉůŽƚƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚŵŽƐƚŽĨƚĞŶƚŽƉůŽƚĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJĐŽƵŶƚƐǁŝƚŚŝŶĂƐŵĂůůŶƵŵďĞƌ
ŽĨĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ͕ƵƐƵĂůůLJǁŝƚŚƐŵĂůůƐĞƚƐŽĨĚĂƚĂ͘
‡ ŽƚƉůŽƚƐĂƌĞŐƌĞĂƚǁĂLJƐƚŽĂůůŽǁƵƐƚŽŝĚĞŶƚŝĨLJƚŚĞƐƉƌĞĂĚŽĨƚŚĞĚĂƚĂĂŶĚƚŚĞ
ŵŽĚĞŽĨƚŚĞĚĂƚĂ͘

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϳϵ

ϳϵ

ŽƚWůŽƚƐʹ ,ŽǁƚŽĚƌĂǁ͙

ϭ͘ ĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĞƐƚĂŶĚůŽǁĞƐƚǀĂůƵĞƐ͘
Ϯ͘ ƌĂǁĂŶƵŵďĞƌůŝŶĞƚŚĂƚƐƚĂƌƚƐĂƚƚŚĞůŽǁĞƐƚĂŶĚĨŝŶŝƐŚĞƐĂƚƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĞƐƚ͘
ϯ͘ EŽǁƉůĂĐĞĂĚŽƚĂďŽǀĞƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌĨŽƌƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĚĂƚĂĞŶƚƌLJĂŶĚƚŚĞŶĂ
ĚŽƚĂďŽǀĞƚŚĞŶĞdžƚŶƵŵďĞƌĨŽƌƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚĚĂƚĂĞŶƚƌLJĂŶĚƐŽŽŶ͘
ϰ͘ /ĨLJŽƵŐĞƚƚŽĂǀĂůƵĞƚŚĂƚĂůƌĞĂĚLJŚĂƐĂĚŽƚƚŚĞŶƉƵƚĂŶŽƚŚĞƌĚŽƚĂďŽǀĞ
ƚŚŝƐŽŶĞ͘
ϱ͘ dŚĞĚŽƚƐŶĞĞĚƚŽďĞĞǀĞŶůLJƐƉĂĐĞĚƚŽŐŝǀĞĂŶĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞƉŝĐƚƵƌĞ͘

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϴϬ

ϴϬ

ϰϬ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

ƌĞĂƚĞĂŽƚWůŽƚ ^ŽůƵƚŝŽŶ͗

džĂŵƉůĞ͗dŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĚĂƚĂ
භ
ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐƚŚĞƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƐŽĨϮϬ
භ
ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐŽŶƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐ
භ
ƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƐŝďůŝŶŐƐƚŚĞLJĞĂĐŚ
භ භ භ
ŚĂǀĞ͘
භ භ භ
ϰϬϯϯϯϰϰϮϮϲϯϱϭϱϯϮ භ භ භ භ
ϯϰϮϯ භ භ භ භ භ භ භ
Ϭ ϭ Ϯ ϯ ϰ ϱ ϲ
ƌĂǁĂďŽdžƉůŽƚŽĨƚŚŝƐĚĂƚĂĂŶĚ
EƵŵďĞƌŽĨƐŝďůŝŶŐƐ
ĐŽŵŵĞŶƚŽŶƚŚĞĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ
ĚĂƚĂ͘ ŽŵŵĞŶƚ͗dŚĞĚĂƚĂŝƐƐLJŵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂůůLJĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚ

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϴϭ

ϴϭ

ĞƐĐƌŝďŝŶŐƚŚĞ^ƉƌĞĂĚŽĨŽƚWůŽƚƐ

/ĨLJŽƵĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚƚŚĞƚŽƉĚŽƚŽĨ dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĨĞǁŽďƐĞƌǀĂƚŝŽŶƐŽŶ dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĨĞǁĞƌŽďƐĞƌǀĂƚŝŽŶƐŽŶ

ĞĂĐŚĐŽůƵŵŶ͕ŝƚǁŽƵůĚĨŽƌŵĂ ƚŚĞƌŝŐŚƚ͕ƐŽƚŚĞĚĂƚĂŝƐƐŬĞǁĞĚ ƚŚĞůĞĨƚ͕ƐŽƚŚĞĚĂƚĂŝƐƐŬĞǁĞĚ
ƐLJŵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂůĐƵƌǀĞ͘ ƌŝŐŚƚ͘ ůĞĨƚ͘

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϴϮ

ϴϮ

ϰϭ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

ĞƐĐƌŝďŝŶŐƚŚĞ^ƉƌĞĂĚŽĨŽƚWůŽƚƐ

dŚĞĚĂƚĂŚĂƐƚǁŽĂƌĞĂƐǁŚĞƌĞŝƚ dŚĞĚĂƚĂŝƐĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨŽƌĂůů
ƉĞĂŬƐ͘ ŶƵŵďĞƌƐ͘

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϴϯ

ϴϯ

džĞƌĐŝƐĞƐ
ϭͿdŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĚĂƚĂƐĞƚůŝƐƚƐƚŚĞŵŝĚƚĞƌŵƐĐŽƌĞƐƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚďLJϱϬ
ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐŝŶĂ^ƚĂƚŝƐƚŝĐƐĐůĂƐƐ͗
ϰϱ ϴϱ ϵϮ ϵϵ ϯϳ ϲϴ ϲϳ ϳϴ ϴϭ ϯϱ
ϵϳ ϭϬϬ ϴϮ ϰϵ ϱϰ ϳϴ ϴϵ ϳϭ ϵϰ ϴϳ
ϯϭ ϳϳ ϴϭ ϴϯ ϵϴ ϵϳ ϳϰ ϴϭ ϯϵ ϳϳ
ϵϵ ϴϱ ϴϱ ϲϰ ϵϮ ϴϯ ϭϬϬ ϳϰ ϲϴ ϳϮ
ϲϱ ϴϰ ϴϵ ϳϮ ϲϭ ϰϵ ϱϲ ϵϳ ϵϮ ϴϮ

;ĂͿ hƐŝŶŐĐůĂƐƐĞƐϯϬƚŽůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶϰϬ͕ϰϬƚŽůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶϱϬ͕ϱϬƚŽůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶϲϬĞƚĐ͙͕ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĂ
ĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶƚĂďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĚĂƚĂ͘
;ďͿ /ĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵĨŽƌŐƌĂĚĞǁĂƐĨŝdžĞĚĂƚϵϬ͕ǁŚĂƚƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞŽĨĐĂŶĚŝĚĂƚĞƐŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚ
ŐƌĂĚĞ͍

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϴϰ

ϴϰ

ϰϮ
 ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ

džĞƌĐŝƐĞ;ĐŽŶƚ͛ĚͿ
ϮͿtĞŝŐŚƚƐŽĨĂƌƌLJͲKŶ>ƵŐŐĂŐĞŝŶ<ŝůŽŐƌĂŵƐĨŽƌĂƌĂŶĚŽŵƐĂŵƉůĞŽĨϰϬ
ƉĂƐƐĞŶŐĞƌƐƌĞƚƵƌŶŝŶŐĨƌŽŵĂǀĂĐĂƚŝŽŶƚŽtŝŶĚŚŽĞŬĂƌĞůŝƐƚĞĚďĞůŽǁ͘
ϯϬ Ϯϳ ϭϮ ϰϮ ϯϱ ϰϳ ϯϴ ϯϲ Ϯϳ ϯϱ
ϮϮ Ϯϵ ϭϳ ϯ Ϯϭ ϴ ϯϴ ϯϮ ϰϭ ϯϯ
Ϯϲ ϰϱ ϭϴ ϰϯ ϭϴ ϯϮ ϯϭ ϯϮ ϭϵ Ϯϭ
ϯϯ ϯϭ Ϯϴ Ϯϵ ϱϭ ϭϮ ϭϰ Ϯϭ ϭϴ Ϯϲ
‡ ŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĂŶŽƌĚĞƌĞĚ ƐƚĞŵĂŶĚůĞĂĨĚŝƐƉůĂLJŽĨƚŚĞĚĂƚĂ͘
‡ tŚĂƚƐŚĂƉĞŽĨƚŚĞĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶĚŽLJŽƵŽďƐĞƌǀĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐƚĞŵĂŶĚ
ůĞĂĨĚŝƐƉůĂLJ͍

ϭϵͬϬϴͬϮϬϮϭ ^^^ϲϮϭ^ ϴϱ

ϴϱ

ϯͿ dŚĞŐƌĂƉŚďĞůŽǁƐŚŽǁƐŝŶĐŽŵĞƐŽĨĂƐĂŵƉůĞŽĨLJŽƵŶŐƉĞŽƉůĞǁŚŽŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŚŝŐŚƐĐŚŽŽůŝŶLJŽƵƌĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJƐŝdžŵŽŶƚŚƐĂŐŽ͘

tŚŝĐŚŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐŝƐŵŽƌĞůŝŬĞůLJƚŽďĞƚƌƵĞ͍
͘ dŚĞ ŵĞĂŶ ŝƐ ƐŵĂůůĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ƚŚĞ ŵĞĚŝĂŶ ͘ dŚĞ ŵĞĂŶ ŝƐ ůĂƌŐĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ƚŚĞ ŵĞĚŝĂŶ
͘ dŚĞ ŵĞĂŶ ŝƐ ĞƋƵĂů ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŵĞĚŝĂŶ ͘ tĞ ĐĂŶŶŽƚ ƐĂLJ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ŚĂǀŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĂĐƚƵĂů ŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

ϰͿ ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ ĂŶ ĞdžĂŵ ŐŝǀĞŶ ďĞůŽǁ͘

ůĂƐƐ
ůĂƐƐ/ŶƚĞƌǀĂůƐ &ƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ ƵŵƵůĂƚŝǀĞ
&ƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ
ϱϬ ч dž ф ϲϬ Ϯ
ϲϬ ч dž ф ϳϬ ϱ
ϳϬ ч dž ф ϴϬ Ϯϭ
ϴϬ ч dž ф ϵϬ ϭϳ
ϵϬ ч dž ф ϭϬϬ ϭϮ ϱϬ

tŚŝĐŚ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ ĐŽƌƌĞĐƚ͍

ͻdŚĞ ƚŽƚĂů ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŝƐ ϱϬ͘
ͻdŚĞ ĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐůĂƐƐ ϳϬ ч dž ф ϴϬ ŝƐ Ϯϭ͘
ͻdŚĞ ĐƵŵƵůĂƚŝǀĞ ĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐůĂƐƐ ϴϬ ч dž ф ϵϬ ŝƐ ϯϴ͘
ͻdŚĞ ƌĞůĂƚŝǀĞ ĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐůĂƐƐ ϱϬ ч dž ф ϲϬ ŝƐ Ϭ͘Ϭϰ͘
ͻDŽƐƚ ŽĨ ĞdžĂŵ ŝƐ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ĐůĂƐƐ ϴϬ ч dž ф ϵϬ͘
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