ISET SIDI BOUZID Unit three Jalila ZAAFOURI

Conjunctions
ÊUse : A conjunction is a word such as « and », « but », « while » or «  although » which
is used to connect together units of language.

Each conjuntion is used to express a particular meaning. It can express addition as « and », it
can express opposition as « but »…etc. Most of the time there is a group of different
conjunctions that are used to express the same meaning, yet, there is still a difference in the
structure and this what makes the difference.

I. Contrast : although, even though, though, in spite of, despite, while,

whereas, however.

1) Although, though, even though

● We can use although and even though to introduce a contrast. After although and
evne though we use a clause, with a subject and a verb.
Eg : although she doesn’t enjoy her job, she works hard.
Eg : even though they were late, they didn’t hurry.
●We can use though instead of although, especially in a more informal style
Eg : though they were late, they didn’t hurry.
Although
Though + subject + verb
Even though

[Although she doesn’t enjoy her job, she works hard.

Although + subject + verb………….. ,……………………

TASK 1 : Rephrase the sentences beginning with the words in brackets
1- She has plenty of money, but she is very mean. (although)
†Although she has plenty of money, she is very mean.
2- They have a car, but they rarely use it. (though)
†…………………………………………………………………………
3- He was innocent, but he was sent to prison. (although)
†…………………………………………………………………………
ISET SIDI BOUZID Unit three Jalila ZAAFOURI

4- She never takes any kind of exercise, but she is quite fit and healthy (even though)
†…………………………………………………………………………
5- He has a number of relatives living nearby, but he never visits them.( even
though)
†…………………………………………………………………………

2- Despite / in spite of

●We use in spite of or despite to talk about contrast. After in spite of / despite we use a noun,
or an ing form

Eg : in spite of the bad weather, we went out for a walk.( in spite of + noun)

(noun)

Eg : despite being late, they didn’t hurry. (despite + ver bing)

(verb_ing)

In spite of

Noun
Or
Verb ing
Despite

[Compare  in spite of / despite / although

- in spite of the rain, we started to play tennis.

- despite the rain, we started to play tennis.

- Although it was raining, we started to play tennis.

ISET SIDI BOUZID Unit three Jalila ZAAFOURI

Task 1 : Rephrase using the words in brackets and a noun

Eg : they went out for a walk, even though the weather was bad. (despite)

[ they went out for a walk despite the bad weather.

1- All the trains were on time, even though the snow was heavy. (despite)
†………………………………………………………………………………..
2- Our coach didn’t arrive late, even though the traffic was terrible. (in spite of)
†………………………………………………………………………………..
3- A lot of people buy those houses, even though the prices are high .(despite)
†………………………………………………………………………………..
4- She managed to write, event hough her hand was injured. ( inspite of)
†………………………………………………………………………………..

Task 2 : Rephrase the sentences using the words in brackets and an – ing form.
Eg : He stayed up late, even though he was very tired. (despite)

[ he stayed up late despite being very tired.

1-I didn’t buy the car, even though I had the money. (despite)

†………………………………………………………………………………..

2- He stayed outside in the cold weather, even though he felt ill. (despite)

†………………………………………………………………………………..

3-People continue to smoke, even though they know the dangers. (in spite of)

†………………………………………………………………………………..

3- while / whereas
●We can introduce a contrast between two ideas using while and whereas.

Eg : she is quiet and shy. While / whereas his sister is lively and talkative

-join each idea in A with the most suitable idea in B using the appropriate linker.

1- she likes hard work - he prefers staying at home

2-she likes going out a lot - he’s quite lazy
3-she’s very generous -he’s quite idealistic
4-she’s very practical -he can be rather mean.
ISET SIDI BOUZID Unit three Jalila ZAAFOURI

II. Reason and result / cause and effect

because, because of, as, since, so, as a result, therefore, so/such …that

1- Reason  / cause : because, because of, as, since

a- Because
We use because before a clause with a subject and a verb.
Eg : we didn’t go out because it was raining.
b- Because of
We use because of before a noun.
Eg : we didn’t go out because of the rain.

Task 1 : Complete the sentences in A using because or because of and an idea from B.

1- He phoned the police …………………his bad leg.

2- I didn’t have any lunch
3- Our plane was delayed
4- He went to paris
5- I took an umbrella
6- He couldn’t run very fast
………………….I thought it might rain.
…………………..I wasn’t hungry.
…………………..he’d lost his wallet.
……………….the fog.
…………….he wanted to learn french.

c- As / since

●we can use as and since to mean « because » before a clause ; as and since often come at
the beginning of a sentence.

Eg : As / since it was raining, we didn’t go out

2- Result / effect : so, as a result, therefore, so /such that……

a- So, as a result, therefore ………….

●We can use So, as a result, therefore to introduce the result of something.
Eg : He was late (and) so he ran to the station.
We can use (and) before conjunctions of result but it is not necessary.
ISET SIDI BOUZID Unit three Jalila ZAAFOURI

Task 1 : choose the correct answers.

1- I haven’t got much money as / so I can’t afford a new car.

2- As / as aresult it was such a beautiful day, we decided to have a picnic.

3- It was his birthday because / so we decided to buy him a present.

4- As a result / since all the seats on the train were taken, we had to stand.

5- The banks were closed and as a result / because we couldn’t get any money.

6- I didn’t find the book very interesting and so / as I didn’t finish it.

7- We couldn’t drive across the bridge as a result / because it was closed.

8- She had the best qualifications and she since / therefore got the job.

b- So……………that / Such …………that

●we can use so / such ….that when we talk about the result of something.

- the film was so good ( that ) I went to see it again.

- It was such a good film that went to see it again.

[ so + adjective /adverb + that clause

[ such +a +adjective + noun +that clause

Task 2 : join each pair of sentences using so / such…. That

Eg : he’s got a very good memory. He never needs to write anything down.

"he’s got such a good memory that he never needs to write anything down.

1- It was a very warm evening. We had dinner outside in the garden.

"……………………………………………………………………………
2- He was very nervous. He couldn’t eat anything.
3- "……………………………………………………………………………
4- Our neighbour’s party was so noisy. We couldn’t sleep.
5- "……………………………………………………………………………
6- The restaurant was very crowded. They couldn’t find anywhere to sit down.
7- "……………………………………………………………………………
8- We were all having a good time. We didn’t want to stop.
ISET SIDI BOUZID Unit three Jalila ZAAFOURI

"……………………………………………………………………………

III. Purpose : to, in order to, so as to, for (+ ving), so that, in case
●we use to, in order to….etc to talk about a person’s purpose - why does he do something.

Eg : I went to paris to learn frecnch.

I am going out to do some shopping.

● In a more formal style we can use in order to or so as to.

●in negative sentences, we normally use in order not to or so as not to.

Task 1 : join these ideas using the words in brackets.

1- He’s started walking to work. He wants to get more exercise. (so as to)
"……………………………………………………………………………………….

2- The governments are going to increase taxes. They want to raise more money. (in
order to)
"……………………………………………………………………………………….

3- He switched on the light. He wanted to see what he was doing. (so that)
"……………………………………………………………………………………….

4- She’s saving money. She wants to buy a new car. (so that)

"……………………………………………………………………………………….

●in case

We use in case to talk about things we do in order to be ready or safe because perhaps
something else will happen.

-after in case, we use the present simple to talk about the future

Eg : take an umbrella with you in case it rains.

Eg : I’ll write down the telephone number in case I forget it

-Complete the sentences :

-you’d better hurry up ……………………………………………………………

-wear a coat when you go out ……………………………………………………

-you should lock the car ………………………………………………………….