HISTORY – Greek word “HISTORIA” means - Might be a part of the truth

knowledge acquired through investigation or - Evidence

inquiry - Judge if a certain evet is probable/not

- VIEWED INTO 2 Event is significant/relevant if it affects the

1. EVENT THAT HAPPENED IN THE PAST society
- Experiences of humans that
HISTORIANS
happened in the past
- Living the moment - Deals with the accounts of the past
and tries the picture of the past
2. ACCOUNT PRIOR TO THAT EVENT - Should be objective. Present factual
- Writing of events/ Recording of past events, not rumors or opinions.
events (factual)
- Has limits: Events within the community, Opinions
Bias - Emotion and interest of individuals
NOT EVERYTHING YOU’VE EXPERIENCED IS AN - no evidence, unscientific
HISTORICAL EVENT
GOOD HISTORIANS BAD
STUDENTS OF HISTORY HISTORIANS present both sides
- Use Formal and Simple words HISTORY is SUBJECTIVE
- Avoid Jargons
- Learning the skills and are able to write - Historians should not judge if it’s good
past or bad
- Write and learn to present ideas in the
HISTORY
past
- Use literary skills, communication skills 1. CHRONICLERS
- Who writes the event
HISTORY AS DISCIPLINE - Write and records based on their
1. ART perspectives
- Limited
- How a certain Idea is conveyed to
- RECORDS as it happened
other people
- PRIMARY SOURCE, at least 10
2. SCIENTIFIC
- Follow process and methods 2. HISTORIANS
- Evaluate author/ Historian - Who did not witness the events
- Natural Studies by observation - Recreates the past using the narratives
from the past
1. Observation - RECORDS with interpretation to make it
2. Identify the problem significant to the present generation
3. Hypothesis WHAT IS HISTORY?
4. Solve the problem (with recordings
and evidence) - An art and science of investigating
- Archives, libraries, museum, artifacts and recording past events that are
5. Gather and organize (present in a definite in time and space, social in
creative way nature, and socially significant
6. HISTORIANS should present it to the
CRITERIA:
society
- Revision of what we have known in the - Past human events
past - Definite in time and space
- HISTORIAL REVISIONS happens when - Social in nature
there is new evidence - Socially significant

SOURCES EVENTS are historical if it is recorded

PAST serves as a foundation of the present.
To understand the present, look back to the
past.
Through History, we can know about one’s
culture and correct misconceptions.
Perspective of History from the people to the
people.
HISTORIANS
- Should use words that many people
can understand
ZEUS SALAZAR
- Use own language
- Encouraged Filipino Historians to use
Filipino Languages
TO AVOID REPETITION, LEARN FROM THE PAST.
What’s done can’t be undone.
- Try to prevent
WE STUDY HISTORY:
1. To connect with ancestors, to continue
the legacy and traditions (Cease to
practice, will lead to detrimental of the
past)
1. SOURCING
2. GATHERING DATA (Corroborating)
3. CONTEXTUALIZE
- If confirmed by a lot of sources, then it
is the truth or close to reality/truth
- HISTORICAL JUDGEMENT
4. ANALYASIS AND INTERPRETATION
- How data make sense. Make it
significant/ relevant to present
situation
The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition
(CMOS)
NOTE-BIBLIOGRAPHY (OXFORD)
• Footnote
- Easily close reference the source of
information
- The bottom of the paper
- COMMA
FIRST NAME LAST NAME, “TITLE” in TB, (PLACE
OF PUBLICATION: PUBLISHING HOUSE, YEAR
PUBLISHED)
TITLE – Bold if published
If there are more than 3 authors,
Write HEAD AUTHOR, et al.
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Pwede nasulat sa footnote, pwede
wala (ha?)
- If it helped with the research, write

HOW DO HISTORIANS DO THEIR JOB? Separate PRIMARY and SECONDARY

SOURCES
To study HISTORY:
- Alphabetical order
- INTEREST – You should be interested - 2nd – 3rd line is indented
- PERIOD.
SOURCES
LAST NAME, FIIRST NAME. TITLE. EDITION.
1. PRIMARY SOURCES
PUBLICATION PLACE. PUBLICATION HOUSE.
- Chronicles
YEAR PUBLISHED. VOLUME. ACCESSED FROM
- Raw materials
- Original witness and experienced the URL.
event AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM (HARVARD)
- Artifacts, contracts, birth certificate,
pictures, diary - Endnote/ In text (In the text)
- CREATED during the occurrence of - Same with APA citation
events
2. SECONDARY SOURCES Sentence (Name, Year)
- Has interpretation - LIST OF REFERENCES
- Who has not witnessed the event
3. TERTIARY SOURCE LAST NAME, FIRST NAME. YEAR. TITLE.
- Compilation of secondary source PUBLICATION INFORMATION.
SOURCES – The OLDER, the BETTER CITATION
 - To avoid plagiarism
If it has URL, use after YEAR:
Year. Accessed from www…com on Date
accessed.
DON’T COMBINE one research from another
CHAPTER 3
F. Landa Jocano, 83
- He was never called Filipe. He was
always F. Landa.
⎯ National Scientist
⎯ Professor Emeritus
⎯ Eminent Anthropologist
- He passed away on Sunday, October
27 due to cardiac arrest (83)
Dr. Carolyn I. Sobritchea
- Former Asian Center (AC) dean
- Jocano’s former student and long-
time researcher
KNOWN FOR:
- Pioneering works in the field of
Philippine anthropology, the most
notable of which was documenting
and translating the Central Visayan
folk epic Hinilawod
AC credits him for building the scholarship in
cultural anthropology in the Philippines and
the Philippines Studies program.
- AC Museum was Jocano’s brainchild.
- Armed with his knowledge of
Philippine anthropology, Jocano and
his team did documentation and
brought in very good ethnological
materials.
AT THE AC MUSEUM:
- The program pre-departure orientation
seminar (PDOS) began, which the
Philippine Overseas Employment
Agency now administers.
- AC briefed diplomats and government
personnel before they are assigned
abroad.
JOCANO
- Born in Iloilo, February 5, 1930
- Earning his Bachelor of Arts from the
Central Philippine University in 1957.
- Pursued graduate studies through a
grant at the Chicago University (where
he earned both his Master in
Anthropology in 1962 and a Ph.D. in
Social Anthropology in 1963
RETURNING TO THE PHILIPPINES
- He served UP in various capacities as
chair of the Department of
Anthropology at the College of Arts
and Sciences and Dean and Professor
of Anthropology of the Institute of
Philippine Studies at the Philippine
Center for Advanced Studies (PCAS
now Asian Center)
AWARDS:
- National Science Awards (1973)
- Republic Cultural Heritage Award
(1971)
- Ten Outstanding Young Men (1965)
- The Philippine Legion of Honor (2007)
with the rank of Grand Officer
GEOLOGICAL FOUNDATION
Geology and prehistory
- Tracing the emergence of man and
the development of his culture in the
Philippines requires an inter-disciplinary
approach.
- DATA from disciplines other than
archaeology are also important in
shedding light on the intricate problem
of reconstructing pre-historic lifeways.
PRE-HISTORIC CULTURES were as much
products of human adaptation to specific
ecological niches as contemporary cultures
are.
ECOLOGY – used in this study refer to the total
system of interrelated elements in the
surroundings of a group of people.
Major components of an ECOLOGICAL
SETTING are the natural or physical habitat
and the social and cultural systems.
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL PARAMETERS OF
ECOLOGY are anchored basically on a
physical or natural habitat like islands, plains,
valleys, and continents, it is important that we
have a working knowledge of the geological
foundation of the Philippines before the
discussion about the appearance of early
man in the country.
- This will give us a clearer idea about the
ancient linkages of out country with the
neighboring lands and;
- A better understanding of local
conditions which contributed in setting
into motion the development process
that brought about the structuring of
our prehistoric society and culture.
Chronology of life on earth: a background
Geological and paleontological studies
suggest that living things appeared on earth
as early as 1,500 million years ago, during the
era known in geology as ARCHEOZOIC.
- Spans from 505 to 205 million years
CENOZOIC ERA
- Most important materials on the
evolution of man and his culture are
found
- Age of more advanced forms of
animals
- Time span between 75 to 1 million years
DIVIDED INTO TWO MAJOR PERIODS:
- Tertiary (Age of mammals)
- Quaternary (Age of modern man)
Pliocene (PERIOD OF SUBSIDENCE)
- Extensive coral reefs and their
associated marls and sandstones were
laid.

ARCHEOZOIC ERA

- When Simple forms of life became

recognizable

Followed by:

PROTEROZOIC ERA

- When early life-forms abounded on

earth.
- Estimated to have extended from 925
to 505 million years

Other scientists have lumped all of these eras

in geological history into one generalized
time-scale known as PRE-CAMBRIAN.

PALEOZOIC ERA

- Fossil evidences of ancient plant and

animal on earth
- Marine invertebrates, fishes and others
10-17-2022
appeared.
- Huge reptiles roamed dominant on the GEOLOGICAL-GEOGRAPHICAL FOUNDATION
surface of the earth
- AGE OF THE REPTILES
PACIFIC LOST CONTINENT 3. Existence of the shallow China Sea
between the Asia Mainland and the
- Was believed that Philippines was Philippines
remnant of a vast continent 4. The presence of a foredeep at the
- Took millions of years
eastern margin of the Philippines
- Archaeologist still locating atlantis. Indicating the archipelago was once
- Cause of Atlantis – High Sea levels the edge of the Asia continental
Platform.
VOLCANIC ORIGIN
- According to Dr. Bailey Willis, the
Philippines was born due to the
eruptions of sea volcanoes in remote
epochs.
- When the spewed magma piled up
and cooled down, this resulted in the
formation of islands in the Philippines.
o This Theory explains that the cores of
out mountain systems are similar to the
rocks found beneath the ocean.
Volcano – Hot springs, change in the air
(sulfuric)
Early scientific observations of ancestors:
Nagsisilabasan ang ibon, insects, and sea Theories on the first people of the Philippines
creatures.
1. The story of God’s Creation in the Bible
2. Legends and myths made up by
imaginative people
Pacific Rim of Fire 3. The story of Evolution made by human
scientists.

The Skull Cap of Tabon man and Mandibles

of Woman

LAND BRIDGES
- This theory suggests that the Philippines
was once part of a landmass bridging
China and the Asian Mainland, to
Borneo, Indonesia, New Guinea, and
even Australia.

This theory is supplied by the following

plausible reasons:
1. The similarity of fauna and flora in Asia
and the Philippines
2. The similarity of rock structure
Armand Salvador Mijares, leader of an
international multidisciplinary team, presents
the fossils of the newly discovered Homo
luzonensis dug up inside Callao Cave in the
Peñablanca, Cagayan province.

Foot bone of Homo luzonensis (left). Five of

the seven teeth attributed to Homo
luzonensis (right)

Austronesian Diffusion Theory/Out-of-Taiwan

Theory
- Peter Bellwood believed that between Map of the Peopling of the Philippines based
4500-4000 BC, the agricultural on Bellwood and Bellwood’s Theories.
technology development in Yunnan
Plateu, Mainland China created
pressure that drove certain people to Core Population Theory
migrate to Taiwan. There people were
F.L. Jocano, a UP Professor and
called Austronesians, who used Proto-
anthropologist, hypothesized that there were
Austronesian as their language.
not clear finite waves of migration and that
- From Taiwan, they rapidly spread
there were early humans in the Philippines
downwards to the rest of the islands of
who lived thousands of years ago with similar
the Philippines and Southeast Asia, as
culture (base culture), but due through a
well as voyaging further east to reach
gradual process over time, were driven by
Marianas Islands and to west in
environmental factors, then differentiated
Madagascar.
themselves with one another.
The Nusantao Maritime Trading Network
He related the three important characteristics
- For Wilhelm Solheim, it is an alternative of his theory:
model based on the maritime
1. They stand co-equal as ethnic groups,
movement of people over different
without anyone being the dominant
directions and routes.
group, racially or culturally.
- It suggests that the Nusantao (an
2. The differences are due to the
artificial term derived from
differences in their response to their
Austronesian root words nusa “south”
environment.
and tao “people” ) in the
3. Similarities are due to the adjustment
Southeastern Islands, possibly in the
to their environment.
present-day coastal eastern Vietnam ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
and Southern China, around 5000 BC
or possibly earlier. These seafarers - People adapt to their environment
traversed Asia-Pacific Region from the because they want to survive
southward going northward. - No exact reason how people survive?
- Reflects the culture of the Philippines.