Applied Mechanics BCE I/II

Er. Tek Bahadur Katuwal

 Chapter 2 : Basic concepts in statics and Static Equilibrium
Syllabus: (F= ma= m*0=0)
• 2.1 Concept of Particle and Free Body Diagram(FBD)
• 2.2 Physical Meaning of Equilibrium and Its essence in
Structural Engineering
• 2.3 Equation of Equilibrium in Two dimension
2.1 Concept of particles:
It is an object that has infinitely small volume (occupied
negligible space) but has a mass which can be considered to be
concentrated at a point.
Its dimension can be treated as negligible in comparison with
other dimensions. The particle sometimes called a mass point.
 Chapter 2 : Basic concepts in statics and Static Equilibrium
Free Body Diagram(FBD):
• The force analysis of a structure is made in a simplified way by considering
the equilibrium of a portion of the structure. For that, the portion is drawn
separately showing applied forces, self-Wight and reactions at the point of
contact with other bodies. The resulting diagram is known as free body
diagram (FBD). In a free body diagram, all the supports(like walls, floors,
hinges etc.) are removed and replaced by the reactions which these
supports exert on the body.
• The magnitude of the reactions are such that the applied loads are exactly
counteracted according to Newton’s third law.
• A free body diagram can be drawn for any single body of system, for any
subsystem or for the entire system irrespective of whether the system is in
equilibrium, i.e. at rest or in uniform motion or in a dynamic stat of
motion. A practical definition of the free body diagram may be written in
the form an equation as follows;
 Chapter 2 : Basic concepts in statics and Static Equilibrium
Free Body Diagram (FBD):

Reactions from
Space diagram of the supports
the body with Support and and Free body
weight and connections connections
applied load of the body existing just diagram
indicated before their
removal
 Chapter 2 : Basic concepts …..
Guidelines for drawing FBD
i) FBD should have no external supports or connections.
ii) The Self weight should be indicated with vertical downward
arrow.
iii) The reactions from the support and connections should be
indicated.
iv) The uncut member force should be shown in FBD.
v) Tension in rope or string is directed towards support.
vi) The adopted coordinate system and sense of unknown force
should be shown in FBD.
 Chapter 2 : Basic concepts …..
Few examples
a) A sphere resting on a frictionless plane surface (Fig.2.1): The forces acting on the
sphere when isolated form the surface are:

(I) Force W equal to the weight of the sphere, acting vertically downward through the
centroid of the sphere.
(II) Reaction force R at the point of contact with the surface, acting upward normal to
the surface as it is frictionless.
As the sphere is in equilibrium, R and W are equal
and collinear and free body diagram will be as
shown in figure 2.1.
 Chapter 2 : Basic concepts …..
b) A circular roller of weight W hangs by a
string and rests against a smooth vertical Smooth wall
wall (Fig. 2.2)

The force acting on the roller when isolated from the supports are:
(i) Force W equal to weight of the roller
(ii) Wall reaction RC at the point of contact
C with the wall. The reaction will be normal
to the wall as it is smooth.
(iii) Tension T in the string along BA. T
As the roller is in equilibrium,
all the forces will be concurrent and
the free body diagram will be
Rc
as shown in figure.

Free Body Diagram W

 Chapter 2 : Basic concepts …..
Few examples
R2

R3
WB

R4
FBD of Sphere B
R1

R2
WA
FBD of Sphere A
 Chapter 2 : Basic concepts …..
• 2.3 Physical Meaning of equilibrium and its Essence in structural Engineering:
• When a rigid body or particle is acted upon by many number of forces, the rigid
body or particle is said to be in equilibrium if there is no unbalanced force acting
on it, so that the resultant of all the forces must be zero. Practically a rigid body
said to be in equilibrium, when it comes back to its original position after it is
slightly displaced from its position. A body is in equilibrium if all the particles that
may be considered to form the body are in equilibrium.
• Its Essence in structural Engineering: Due to the following purpose equilibrium is
necessary in structural engineering;
• (i) To determine the internal forces and stresses, which are induced due to the
effects of applied load by considering the rigid body is in equilibrium condition.
• (ii) To check the stability of the structure.
• (iii) To determine the unknown parameter (reaction forces and moment) applied
on the structure or body, when given system is in equilibrium condition
 Chapter 2 : Basic concepts …..
Principle of equilibrium:
The following are three important principles of equilibrium of coplanar, concurrent
forces.
(a) Two force principle: “If a body in equilibrium is acted upon by two forces, then they
must be equal, opposite and collinear.”

(b) Three force principle: “if a body in equilibrium is

acted upon by three forces then the resultant of
any two forces must be equal, opposite in direction
and collinear with the third force.”
(c) Four force principle: “If a body in equilibrium
is acted upon by four forces then the resultant
of any two force must be equal, opposite and
collinear with the resultant of the other two forces.”
 Chapter 2 : Basic concepts in statics ……………
Equation of Equilibrium in Two dimension
For a plane structure in the XY plane there can be no force acting in the Z direction nor
any moments about X and Y directions. Moment MZ then represents the moment about
Z axis on any point in the plane. Thus, for a plane structure (two dimensional structure),
we have only three equations of equilibrium ( 𝐹 = 0 & 𝑀 = 0 )
• 𝐹𝑥 = 0
• 𝐹𝑦 = 0
• 𝑀𝑧 = 0
• Equation of Equilibrium in Three dimension ( 𝐹 = 0 & 𝑀 =0)
• 𝐹𝑥 = 0 , 𝐹𝑦 = 0, 𝐹𝑧 = 0,
• 𝑀𝑥 = 0 , 𝑀𝑦 = 0 , 𝑀𝑧 = 0
• 𝐹𝑥 = 0 ( Algebraic sum of forces in X – directions )
• 𝐹𝑦 = 0( Algebraic sum of forces in Y – directions )
• 𝐹𝑧 = 0( Algebraic sum of forces in Z– directions )
• 𝑀𝑥 = 0( Algebraic sum of Moments in x – directions )
• 𝑀𝑦 = 0( Algebraic sum of Moments in y – directions )
• 𝑀𝑧 = 0( Algebraic sum of Moments in Z – directions )
 Chapter 2 : Basic concepts in statics ……………
• Equation of Equilibrium in Two dimension
Numerical
1. Two sphere A and B of weight 100N and 150N and
radius 30cm and 40cm respectively are placed in a vessel
as shown in figure. Find the reactions at the contact
points. Assume that contact surface are smooth.
Solution,
From question given as following data
Weight of sphere A (WA) =100N, Weight of sphere B
(WB) =150N, Radius of sphere A (RA) = 30cm,
Radius of sphere B (RB) = 40cm
Here, X = 120-RA-RB = 120 -30-40 = 50cm
Calculation of angle α
𝑋
cosα =
𝑅𝐴 +𝑅𝐵
50
α = cos −1 30+40
α = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟒𝟏𝟓
Free Body Diagram of sphere ‘B’

R4

R3 α
WB
FBD of Sphere B
Calculation of unknown reaction by using equation of equilibrium in sphere B.
we know, the algebraic sum of the vertical forces acting on
the sphere is equal to zero. i.e. + ↑ 𝐹𝑌 = 0
R3 Sin α R4
Or,𝑅3 sin 𝛼 −𝑊𝐵 = 0
Or, 𝑅3 sin 44.415 −150 = 0
Or,𝑅3 = (150/ sin 44.415) R3 α WB
Or,𝑹𝟑 = 𝟐𝟏𝟒. 𝟑𝟑 𝑵 R3 Cos α
Also, the algebraic sum of the horizontal force acting on the sphere is equal to zero.
i.e + → 𝐹𝑋 = 0
Or,𝑅3 cos 𝛼 − 𝑅4 = 0
Or,214.33 cos 44.415 − 𝑅4 = 0
Or,𝑹𝟒 = 𝟏𝟓𝟑. 𝟎𝟗 𝑵
Free Body Diagram of sphere ‘A’
214.33 Cos α

R3
214.33 Sin α

R2 Calculation of unknown reaction by using equation of

WA= 100 equilibrium in sphere A
We know, the algebraic sum of the horizontal forces
R1 acting on the sphere is equal to zero. i.e + → 𝐹𝑋 = 0
FBD of Sphere A Or,𝑅2 − 𝑅3 cos 𝛼 = 0
Or,𝑅2 − 214.33 cos 44.415 = 0
Or,𝑅2 = 153.09 𝑁
Also, the algebraic sum of the vertical force acting on the sphere is equal to zero.
i.e. + ↑ 𝐹𝑌 = 0
Or,𝑅1 − 𝑅3 sin 𝛼 −𝑊𝐴 = 0
Or R1 – 214.33 sin 44.415 −100 = 0
Or,𝑅1 = 250𝑁
2. Two identical rollers each of weight (W) =200 and radius
= 100mm are supported by an incline plane and a vertical wall
as shown in figure. Find the reaction at the reaction at the points.
Assume all surface be smooth.
Solution
From question given as identical roller of weight = 200N
and radius 100mm R2
Free Body Diagram of Sphere B
R1
Calculation of unknown reaction by using equation R3 60
of equilibrium in sphere B. we know, the algebraic 30 60
sum of the vertical forces acting on the sphere is
R1Sin 60
equal to zero. i.e. + ↑ 𝐹𝑌 = 0
Or,𝑅1 sin 60 +𝑅2 sin 30 −𝑊𝐵 = 0 R1 R2 Sin 30
Or, 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔𝑹𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝑹𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 … … … … . (𝒊) R2
Also, the algebraic sum of the horizontal 30
force acting on the sphere is equal to zero. 60
R1 Cos 60 R2 Cos 30
i.e + → 𝐹𝑋 = 0
Or,𝑅2 cos 30 − 𝑅1 cos 60 = 0
Or,𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔𝑹𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝑹𝟏 = 𝟎 … … … … … … … . (𝒊𝒊) WB
By solving equation (i) and (ii), we get
R1= 173.21N and R2 = 100N
Free Body Diagram of Sphere A
Calculation of unknown reaction by using equation
of equilibrium in sphere A. we know, the algebraic
sum of the vertical forces acting on the sphere is R2
equal to zero. i.e. + ↑ 𝐹𝑌 = 0 R1
Or,𝑅3 sin 60 −100 sin 30 −𝑊𝐴 = 0 R3 60
Or, 𝑹𝟑 = 𝟐𝟖𝟖. 𝟔𝟕𝟓𝑵 30 60
Also, the algebraic sum of the horizontal
force acting on the sphere is equal to zero. R3Sin 60
i.e + → 𝐹𝑋 = 0 100 Cos 30
R3
Or, 𝑅4 − 𝑅3 cos 60 − 100 cos 30 = 0
30
Or,𝑹𝟒 = 𝟐𝟑𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝑵
R2
100 Sin 30
60
R3 Cos 60 R4

Note: WA
(i) R1Cos 60 + R3 Cos 60 = 173.21Cos 60 +
288.675 Cos 60 = 230.94 = 𝑹𝟒
Also, (ii) R1Sin 60 + R3 Sin 60 = 173.21Sin
60 + 288.675 Sin 60 = 400 = 𝑾𝑨 + 𝑾𝑩
THANK YOU