Chem 2 Chapter Test Notes

9/9/2022
Any solute, whether an electrolyte or a nonelectrolyte,
contributes tothe colligative properties of the solvent. The
degree of the effect dependson the concentration of solute
particles (either molecules or ions) in acertain mass of
solvent. The greater the particle concentration is,
thegreater the boiling-point elevation or the freezing-point
depression is.

Dissolved Solutes Lower the Vapor Pressure of the Solvent

Colligative properties are all caused by a decrease in the vapor

pressureof the solvent. Recall that all gases exert pressure, and
vapor pressure isthe pressure exerted by the vapor in
equilibrium with its liquid state at agiven temperature. The
effect of a dissolved solute on the vapor pressureof a solvent
can be understood when you consider the number of
solventparticles in a solution. A solution has fewer solvent
particles per volumethan the pure solvent has, so fewer
solvent particles are available tovaporize. Vapor pressure
will therefore be decreased in proportion to thenumber of
solute particles.

Recall that the boiling point of a liquid isthe temperature at which the
liquid’s vapor pressure is equal to theatmospheric pressure above the liquid.

Because the vapor pressure of thewater is lowered by the addition of a nonvolatile

solute, the solution mustbe heated to a higher temperature for its vapor pressure to
reach atmos-pheric pressure, at which point the solution boils.

The freezing point of water is the temperature atwhich the vapor pressure of
pure water and ice are equal.

Because thevapor pressure of the solution is lower, the vapor pressure of the
solutionintersects the line for the vapor pressure of ice at a lower temperature.
Iceand water in the solution are in equilibrium at a lower temperature. Thefreezing
point of the solution is therefore lower than that of pure water

Surfactants
Soap molecules contain long nonpolar hydrocarbon chains, which are solu-ble in
the nonpolar oil.

Soap molecules also havenegatively charged ends, which are soluble in the water
just outside the oildroplet. The negatively charged droplets repel each other and are
carriedaway from the skin, along with any dirt that was on your skin.

Soap belongs to a general class of substances called Asurfactant is a

substance that concentrates at the interface between two phases, either the
solid-liquid, liquid-liquid, or gas-liquid phase.

A detergent is a surfactant that is used for cleaning purposes. Usually,when

we speak of detergents, we are talking aboutsynthetic detergents,substances that
are not natural products.

A soap is a particular type ofdetergent and one that is a natural product. Soaps
are sodium or potassiumsalts of fatty acids with long hydrocarbon chains.

Soap is an emulsifying agent. An emulsion is made of colloid-sizeddroplets

suspended in a liquid in which they would ordinarily be insoluble,unless stabilized
by an emulsifying agent,such as a soap. Without an emul-sifying agent, polar and
nonpolar molecules remain separate

Hard Water Limits Soap’s Detergent Ability