D9 1 PDF

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Key Words-Sheet metal, arc welding, braze welding, AWS D9.1 M/D9.1:2O00
joint designs, qualification, workmanship, An American National Standard
inspection, base metals,filler metals
Approved by
American National Standards Institute
August 3,2000
Sheet Metal
Welding Code
Supersedes ANSUAWS D9.1-90
Prepared by
AWS D9 Committee on Welding,
Brazing, and Soldering of Sheet Metal
Under the Direction of

AWS Technical Activities Committee
Approved by
AWS Board of Directors
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Abstract
This code coversthe arc and braze welding requirements for nonstructural sheet metal fabrications using the commonly
welded metals available in sheet form. Requirements and limitations governing procedure and performance qualification
are presented, and workmanship and inspection standards are supplied. The nonmandatory annexes provide useful infor-
mation on materials and processes.
American Welding Society

550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida33126
Statement on Useof AWS American National Standards
All standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the American
Welding Society are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rulesof the American
National Standards Institute. When AWS standards are either incorporated in, or made part of, documents that are
included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulationsof other governmental bodies, their provisions carry
the full legal authority of the statute. I n such cases, any changes in those AWS standards must be approved by the
governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those laws and regulations. In all
cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokes the AWS standards.
Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWS standard must be by
agreement between the contracting parties.
International Standard Book Number: O-87171-597-X
American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL33126
O 2000 by American Welding Society. All rights reserved
Printed in the UnitedStates of America
AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that brings
together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests
to achieve consensus. WhileAWS administers the process
and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, or
verify the accuracyof any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.
AWS disclaims liability forany injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether spe-
cial, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly on this
or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance
standard. AWS also makesno guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein.
In issuing and making this standard available,AWS is not undertaking to render professionalor other services for or on
behalf of any person or entity. Nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owedby any person or entity to someone
else. Anyone using these documents should relyon his or her own independent judgment or,as appropriate, seekthe advice
of a competent professional in determining the exerciseof reasonable care in any given circumstances.
This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. Users shouldensure that they have the latestedition.
Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement
of any patent resulting fromthe use or reliance on this standard.
Finally, AWS does not monitor, police,or enforce compliance with thisstandard, nor does it have the power to do so.
Official interpretationsof any of the technical requirements
of this standard may be obtained by sending a request, in writ-
ing, to the Managing Director Technical Services, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL33126
(see Annex K). With regard to technical inquiries made concerningAWS standards, oral opinionson AWS standards may
be rendered. However, such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These
individuals donot speak on behalf of AWS, nordo these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpre-
tations of AWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and shouldnot be used as a substitute foran official interpretation.
This standard is subject to revision at any timeby'the AWS D9 Committee on Welding, Brazing, andSoldering of Sheet
Metal. It must be reviewed every five years and if not revised, it must be either reapproved or withdrawn. Comments(rec-
ommendations, additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may beof use in improving this standard are required
and should be addressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful considerationby the AWS D9 Com-
mittee on Welding, Brazing, andSoldering of Sheet Metal and the author of the comments will be informed of the Com-
mittee's response to the comments. Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS D9 Committee on Welding,
Brazing, and Soldering of Sheet Metal to express their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision
concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of
these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.
Photocopy Rights
Authorization to photocopy items for internai, personal, or educational classroom use only,or the internal, personal, or
educational classroom useonly of specific clients, is granted by the American Welding Society (AWS) provided that the
appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers,MA 01923, Tel: 978-750-8400,
online: http://www.copyright.com.
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Personnel
AWS D9 Committee on the Welding, Brazing, and Soldering
of Sheet Metal
J. E. Roth, Chair James E Roth, Incorporated
R. E. Stanley, 1st Vice Chair Murray Construction Services
U! S. Harker, 2nd Vice Chair U.S. Department of Energy
J. L. Gayler, Secretary American Welding Society
J. L. Cooley JC & Associates, Incorporated
*J. E. Curry Rowe Corporation
J . R. Miller International Training Institute
H. E Prah Prah Engineering Company
J. J.Sekely Eichleay Corporation
E. R. Shafer, Jr. Consultant
'Advisor
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...
111
Foreword
(This Foreword is not a part of AWS D9.1 M/D9.1:2000, Sheet Metal Welding Code, but is included for information
purposes only).
This code was developed to provide standardized requirements for the qualification, production, and acceptance of
welding or braze welding of nonstructural sheet metal components. Preparation of this document is in response to the
many requests received from thesheet metal and construction industries.
The AWS D9 Committee on Welding, Brazing, and Soldering of Sheet Metal was organized in May 1978 and has
published three previous versions of D9.1.
The first, D9.1-80, Specificationfor Welding of Sheet Metal, was limited to the more common welding processes. The
second, D9.1-84, bore the same title, but was augmentedto provide coverage of braze welding.
D9.1-90, Sheet Metal WeldingCode, was written to refineand clarify severalareas of the standard and to upgradeit to
the status of a code in order to enhance its use and to promotea minimum quality level for those who invoke it.
This edition, D9.1M/D9.1:2000, Sheet Metal Welding Code, provides maintenance of the document and updates to
keep abreast of practices being encountered in sheet metal welding andjoining processes since the last revision.
As new applications are developed and moreexperience is gathered, it is anticipated thatchanges in this standard will
be required. Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the
Secretary, AWS D9 Committee on the Welding, Brazing, and Soldering of Sheet Metal, American WeldingSociety, 550
N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.
Official interpretations of any of the technical requirementsof this standard may be obtained by sending a request, in
writing, to the Managing Director, TechnicalServices, American Welding Society.
iv
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Dedication
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Table of Contents
Page No .
...
Personnel .................................................................................................................................................................... 111
Foreword ...................................................................................................................................................................... iv
Dedication .................................................................................................................................................................... v
...
List of Tables............................................................................................................................................................. va11
List of Figures...........................................................................................................................................................
...
v111
I . Scope. Purpose. and Applications ......................................................................................................................... 1

1 . 1 Scope............................................................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Purpose ........................................................................................................................................................ 1
1.3 Applications ................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.4 Required Information ................................................................................................................................... 1
1.5 Terms and Definitions.................................................................................................................................. 1
1.6 Symbols ....................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.7 Standard Units of Measurement .................................................................................................................. 1
1.8 Safety and Health ......................................................................................................................................... 2
Part A -Arc Welding
2. General Provisions for Arc Welding...................................................................................................................... 2
2.1 BaseMetal ................................................................................................................................................... 2
2.2 FillerMetal .................................................................................................................................................. 2
2.3 Processes...................................................................................................................................................... 2
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.
3 Arc Welding ProcedureQualification ................................................................................................................... 2
3.1 Prior Procedure Qualification ...................................................................................................................... 2
3.2 Required Procedure Qualification Tests ...................................................................................................... 2
3.3 Limitations of Procedure Qualification ....................................................................................................... 2
3.4 Inspection of Procedure Qualification Test Welds ....................................................................................... 4
3.5 Responsibility for Qualification .................................................................................................................. 5
3.6 Duration of Procedure Qualification ........................................................................................................... 5
4. Qualification of Arc Weldersand Arc WeldingOperators .................................................................................... 5
4.1 Prior Welder and Welding Operator Qualification ...................................................................................... 5
4.2 Required Welder and WeldingOperator Qualification Tests....................................................................... 5
4.3 Limitations of Welder and Welding Operator Qualifications...................................................................... 5
4.4 Inspection of Welder and WeldingOperator Qualification Test Welds ....................................................... 8
4.5 Responsibility for Qualification .................................................................................................................. 8
4.6 Duration of Qualification.............................................................................................................................. 8
5. Arc Welding Workmanship.................................................................................................................................... 9
5.1 Uniformity ................................................................................................................................................... 9
5.2 Joint Cleanliness .......................................................................................................................................... 9
5.3 Position ........................................................................................................................................................ 9
5.4 Current and Polarity ..................................................................................................................................... 9
5.5 Inspection of Workmanship ......................................................................................................................... 9
6. Inspection ofArc Welding Work ............................................................................................................................ 9
6.1 Fusion .......................................................................................................................................................... 9
6.2 Penetration ................................................................................................................................................... 9
6.3 Reinforcement of Groove Welds ................................................................................................................. 9
vi
Page No .
6.4 Throat and Convexity of Fillet Welds .......................................................................................................... 9
6.5 Porosity or Inclusions .................................................................................................................................. 9
6.6 Undercut ...................................................................................................................................................... 9
6.7 Cracks .......................................................................................................................................................... 9
6.8 Conformance................................................................................................................................................ 9
-
Part B Braze Welding
7. General Provisions for Braze Welding.................................................................................................................. 9
7.1 BaseMetal ................................................................................................................................................... 9
7.2 FillerMetal .................................................................................................................................................. 9
7.3 Processes.................................................................................................................................................... 10
.
8 Braze Welding Procedure Qualification .............................................................................................................. 10
8.1 Prior Procedure Qualification .................................................................................................................... 10
8.2 Required Procedure Qualification Tests .................................................................................................... 10
8.3 Limitations of Procedure Qualification ..................................................................................................... 10
8.4 Inspection of Procedure Qualification Test Braze Welds .......................................................................... 12
8.5 Responsibility for Qualification ................................................................................................................ 12
8.6 Duration of Procedure Qualification ......................................................................................................... 12
9. Qualifcation of Braze Welders and Braze Welding Operators ........................................................................... 12
9.1 Prior Braze Welder and Braze Welding Operator Qualification ................................................................ 12
9.2 Required Braze Welder and Braze Welding Operator Qualification Tests................................................ 12
9.3 Limitations of Braze Welder and Braze Welding Operator Qualifications ............................................... 15
9.4 Inspection of Braze Welder and Braze Welding Operator Qualification Test Braze Welds...................... 16
9.5 Responsibility for Qualification ................................................................................................................ 16
9.6 Duration of Qualification........................................................................................................................... 16
IO. Braze Welding Workmanship............................................................................................................................... 16
10.1 Uniformity ................................................................................................................................................. 16
10.2 Cleanliness ................................................................................................................................................. 16
10.3 Position ...................................................................................................................................................... 16
10.4 Current and Polarity................................................................................................................................... 16
10.5 Inspection of Workmanship....................................................................................................................... 16
1I . Inspection of Braze Welding Work....................................................................................................................... 16
1 1.1 Bonding ..................................................................................................................................................... 16
1 1.2 Reinforcement of Groove Braze Welds..................................................................................................... 16
11.3 Throat and Convexity of Fillet BrazeWelds ............................................................................................. 17
11.4 Porosity or Inclusions ................................................................................................................................ 17
11.5 Cracks ........................................................................................................................................................ 17
11.6 Conformance.............................................................................................................................................. 17
A n n a A-Recommended Filler Metals ...................................................................................................................... 19
Annex B-Terms and Definitions ................................................................................................................................ 21
Annex C-GaugeNumbers and Equivalent Thicknesses in SI Units and US. Customary Units .............................. 22
Annex D"We1ding Procedure Specijìcation (WPS)................................................................................................... 24
Annex E-ProcedureQualijìcation Test Record(PQR) ............................................................................................. 25
Annex F-Welderand Welding Operator Qualification Test Record......................................................................... 26
Annex G-Joint Design and Details: Part A, ArcWelding; Part B Braze Welding................................................... 27
Annex H-ltecommendedArc Welding Practices ....................................................................................................... 31
Annex &RecommendedBraze Welding Practices ..................................................................................................... 38
AnnaJ-General Knowledge Test............................................................................................................................. 4Q
Annex K-Guidelines forPreparation of Technical Inquiries for AWS Technical Committees ................................. 45
vii
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List of Tables
Table Page No .
Al F Number Groupings of Welding Electrodes and Rods............................................................................... 19
c1 Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled Steel Sheet ..................................................................................................... 22
c2 Galvanized Steel Sheet................................................................................................................................. 22
c3 Stainless Steel Sheet......................................................................................................................................
c4 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Sheet ....................................................................................................... 23
c5 Copper and Copper Alloy Sheet .................................................................................................................. 23
Hl Suggested Covered Electrode Size for Various Currents and Gauges ......................................................... 32
H2 Typical Storage and Drying Conditions for Covered Arc Welding Electrodes ........................................... 33
H3 Suggested Welding Conditions for Carbon Steel and Low Alloy Steel Sheet Metal .................................. 34
H4 Suggested Welding Conditions for Aluminum Sheet Metal ........................................................................ 35
List of Figures
Figure Page No.
1 Procedure Qualification TestAssemblies ...................................................................................................... 3
2 Butt Joint Groove WeldTest Positions........................................................................................................... 6
3 Fillet WeldTest Positions............................................................................................................................... 7
4 Braze Weld Procedure Qualification Test Assemblies................................................................................. 11
5 BrazeGroove WeldTest Positions............................................................................................................... 13
6 Braze Fillet Weld Test Positions .................................................................................................................. 14
GA1 through GA12 Arc Welding Joint Design and Details ............................................................................... 27
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GB1through GB9 BrazeWelding Joint Designs and Details .......................................................................... 29
...
v111
Sheet Metal WeldingCode
Note: Vertical lines adjacent to text indicate where 1.4 Required Information.This code requires values to
changes (additions; modifications, corrections, deletions) be specified by the Engineer for 6.2 and 11.l.
from the 1990 edition were made. A single line repre-
sents a minor or editorial change. Double lines represent 1.5 T e r m s and Definitions
a major change or change in mandatory requirements. 1.5.1 Terms and definitions shall be interpreted in ac-
Changes in the annexes are not marked. cordance with the latest edition of AWS A3.0, Standard
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Welding Terms and Definitions.
1.5.2 Supplemental definitions and terms of signif-
1. Scope, Purpose, and Applications icant importance to sheet metal welding are given in
1.1 Scope. This code providesqualification, workman- Annex B.
ship, and inspection requirements for both arc welding 1.53 The Engineer referred to herein is the duly des-
(Part A) and braze welding (Part B) as they apply to the ignated person who acts on behalf of the Owner in all
fabrication, manufacture, and erection of nonstructural matters within thescope of this code.
sheet metal components and systems.
1.5.4 The termContractor designates theparty re-
1.2 Purpose. This code was developed to provide stan- sponsible for performing the welding under this code.
dardized requirements for the qualification, production, The term is used collectively to mean Contractor, Fabri-
and acceptance of welding or braze welding of nonstruc- cator, Erector, or Manufacturer.
tural sheet metal components.
1.5.5 The term independent third party designates an
1.3 Applications. This code has generalapplications in organization or agency qualified to perform testing re-
the following industrial areas: quired by this code.
(1) Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems
1.6 Symbols. Symbols used in this code shall be i n
(2) Food processing equipment accordance with the latest edition of AWS A2.4, Stan-
(3) Architectural sheet metal and similar applications dard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestrltctive
(4) Other nonstructural sheet metal applications Examination.
This code covers sheet metal up to and including 3 1.7 Standard Units of Measurement. This standard
gauge, or 6.35 mm [0.250 in.] (see Annex C). Also cov- makes use of both U.S. Customary Units and the Inter-
ered are the attachment of accessories and components of national System of Units (SI). The measurements are not
the system, and joining or attachment of any member, re- exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used
gardless of thickness, whose sole purpose is stiffening, independently of the other without combining in any
supporting, or reinforcing the sheet metal. way. The standard with the designation D9.1M:2000
Where negative pressure or positive pressure exceeds uses SI Units. The standard with the designation
30 kPa [5 psi] which is approximately 3 meters [120 in.] D9.1:2000 uses U.S. Customary Units. The latter are
of standing water or where structural requirements are shown within brackets [ ] or in appropriate columns in
concerned, other codes orstandards shall be used. tables and figures.
1
~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~
STDoAWS DS*LM/DS.1-ENGL
AWS D9.lM/D9.1:2000
1.8 Safety and Health.These practices may involve haz- 3. Arc Welding Procedure
ardous materials, operations, and equipment. It is the re-
sponsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety
Qualification
and health practices in accordance with the safety pre- 3.1 Prior Procedure Qualification
cautions mandated by OSHA and recommended prac-
3.1.1 Welding procedures qualified in accordance
tices and procedures contained in the document ANSI
with AWS B2.1, Standard for Welding Procedure and
249.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes,
Performance Qualification, latest edition, may be used,
available from the American Welding Society. Addi-
provided they meet the requirements of Section 3, Arc
tional information may be found in the Safety and Health
Welding Procedure Qualification, of this code. AWS
Fact Sheets, a document of the AWS Safety and Health
Standard Welding Procedure Specifications published by
Committee. The equipment manufacturer’s operating
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AWS shall be accepted as qualified procedures.
manual and safety instructions should always be care-
fully studied and complied with when operating welding 3.1.2 The Engineer, exercising proper discretion, may
or related equipment. Material Safety Data Sheets accept evidence of previous qualification of specific pro-
(MSDS) for materials used in these processes are avail- cedures to be used on work being performed under this
able from the material supplier. code. All required information shall be recorded on a
Procedure Qualification Record (PQR) form similar to
that shown in Annex E.
3.2 Required Procedure Qualification Tests
Part A
Arc Welding 3.2.1WeldingProcedureSpecification. The quali-
fication of a WPS shall be the responsibility of the Con-
tractor. Each welding procedure to be usedin conjunction
with this code shall be prepared as a Welding Procedure
2. General Provisions for Arc Welding Specification (WPS) to be used in fabrication and instal-
lation. An independent third partymay perform the actual
2.1 Base Metal
procedure qualification tests and prepare the forms, how-
2.1.1 Base metals to be joined under this code include ever, the Contractorshall be responsible for certifying ac-
coated and uncoated forms of carbon steel, low-alloy ceptance in accordance with the requirements of this
steel, chromium and chromium-nickel stainless steel al- code (see 3.5.1). All required information for the WPS
loys, aluminum and aluminum alloys, copper and copper shall be recorded on a form similar to that shown i n
alloys, nickel and nickel alloys, and titanium and tita- Annex D.
nium alloys. 3.2.2 Qpical Joints. Qualification ofany groove
weld shown in Annex G provides qualification for any
2.1.2 Rust inhibitive coatings (including weldable
groove or fillet weld. Qualification of any fillet weld
primers), galvanized or aluminized coatings, or anti-
shown in Annex G provides qualification for any fillet
spatter compounds may remain on the metal to be joined
weld. Qualification of a fillet weld does NOT provide
(see ANSI 249.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied
qualification for a groove weld.
Processes, for safety precautions).
3.23 Preparing Joint Chosen for Testing. The cho-
2.2 Filler Metal sen joint design shall be prepared as a longitudinal joint
between two 75 mm [3 in.] by 150 mm [6 in.] sheets, as-
2.2.1 Filler metals shall be compatible with the base
sembled as one of the designs sketched in Figure 1 or as
metal designated on the drawings or specified by the En-
the actual joint to be used. Qualificationtesting using the
gineer.
butt joint in Figure 1 shall qualify all groove and fillet
2.2.2 Suggested filler metals are listed in Annex A. weld joint designs.
2.3 Processes.Joining processes under this codeshall in- 3.2.4WeldingtheTestJoint. The joint shall be
welded using the process specified in the WPS (see
clude shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), gas metal arc
3.2.1).
welding (GMAW), flux cored arc welding (FCAW), gas
tungsten arc welding (GTAW), plasma arc welding 3.3 Limitations of Procedure Qualification. A quali-
(PAW), and carbon arc welding (CAW). Other processes fied welding procedure shall be used only within the
may be used, provided they are qualified to the require- range of operating variables tested during qualification.
ments of this code. These limits of essential variables are described in the
-k
T”
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1, = tp
APPLICABLE WELDS
SQUARE-GROOVE J-GROOVE
V-GROOVE FLARE-V-GROOVE
(A) Bum JOINT
BEVEL-GROOVE
FLARE-BEVEL-GROOVE
EDGE
150
t2 12
(B) LAP JOINT (C) T-JOINT
Figure 1-Procedure Qualification Test Assemblies
AWS D9.1M/D9.1:2000
following paragraphs. The variables shall be recorded on

a PQR form similar to that shown in Annex E.
(2)anymodeofmetaltransfertoshort
transfer
circuiting
II
33.1 BaseMetals. A change fromoneofthe fol- 33.9 Shielding Gas
lowing base metal groups to another, or a change to
3.3.9.1 A change in shielding gas type (including
a weld between dissimilar metals, requires separate
backing gas type) or deletion of backing gas requires
qualification:
requalification except that, for carbon steel base
metals, a
(1)’ Carbon steel with 0.30 percent maximum carbon
change between 100 percent CO2 (SG-C) and a mixture
and 0.50 percent maximum chromium
of 75 percent Ar - 25 percent CO2 (SG-AC-25) does not
(2) High-strength, low-alloy steels require requalification.
(3) Chromium and chromium-nickel stainless steels
(4) Copper and copper alloys 3.3.9.2 A change in the minor constituent ofthe
( 5 ) Nickel and nickel alloys shielding gas mixture of more than 10 percent requires
(6) Aluminum and aluminum alloys requalification.
(7) Titanium and titanium alloys 3.3.10 Position Qualification. Changes in the weld-
ing position (see Figures 2 and 3), require requalification
33.2 Coating Material. The addition or change, but
other than listed below:
not deletion, of coating material on the base metal re-
quires requalification. Anti-spatter compound is not con- (1) Qualification in the flat position shall qualify the
sidered a coatingmaterial. procedure only in the flat position.
(2) Qualification in thehorizontalposition shall
3.3.3 Base Metal Thickness qualify the procedure in both the flat and horizontal
(1) Achange in thicknesstolessthan 0 . 3 or to positions.
greater than 2t, where t is the thickness of the thinner (3) Qualification in the vertical position shall qualify
base metal qualified, requires requalification. the procedure in the flat, horizontal, and vertical positions.
(2) As an alternate to 3.3.3(1), the following qualifi- (4) Qualification in the overhead position shall qual-
cation tests may be used to cover the complete range of ify the procedure in all positions.
all sheet metal thicknesses as defined in Annex C.
3.4 Inspection of Procedure Qualification Test Welds.
(a) A qualification weld performed on 18 gauge
Inspection of all test weldsshall be visual, without aid of
metal shall provide qualification for the procedure for
magnification. (Prescription eyeglasses for visioncorrec-
metal 16 gauge and thinner (see AnnexC for equivalents).
tion are acceptable.)
(b) A qualificationweldperformed on 10 gauge
metal shall provide qualification for the procedure for 3.4.1GrooveWelds. Exceptforthe first andlast
metal as t h i n as 16 gauge and thicker, up to 2t thick- 13 mm [ O S in.], the weld, as shown in Figure 1(A), shall
nesses, where t is the thickness of the thinner sheetquali- exhibit the following:
fied (see Annex C for equivalents). (1) Complete fusion,
33.4 The omission, but not the addition, of backing (2) Complete joint penetration.
material requires requalification. Shielding gas is not (3) A maximumof3.2 mm [1/8 in.] face reinforce-
ment and 3.2 mm [1/8 in.] root reinforcement.
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considered a backing material.

(4) No more than one visible pore or inclusion in any
33.5 A change in filler metal “F” numberrequires 25 mm [l in.] of weld. The size of any pore or inclusion
requalification (see Annex A, TableAl). shall not exceed 0.2St, where t is the base metal
thickness.
33.6 A change in welding process, or a change in the
method of application (manual, semi-automatic, auto- ( 5 ) No undercut exceeding 0.15t.
matic) requires requalification. (6) No cracks.
33.7 A change in the type of welding current or po- 3.4.2 Fillet Welds.Except for the first and last 13 mm
larity, as indicated below, requires requalification: [OS in.], the weld, as shown in Figure 1(B) and (C),shall
exhibit the following:
(1) acto dc or vice versa
(1) Complete fusion.
(2) DCEN to DCEP or vice versa
(2) The minimum effective throat shall beas specified
33.8 A change in the mode of metal transfer as indi- for the application with maximum convexity not to ex-
cated below, requires requalification: ceed 3.2 mm [1/8 in.].
(I) short circuiting transfer toanyothermode of (3) No more than one visible pore or inclusion in any
metal transfer 25 m m [l in.] of weld. The size of any pore shall not
AWS D9.1M/D9.1:2000
exceed 0.25t, where t is the thickness of the thinner test, except per 4.1.1. Welding shall be performed in ac-
member. cordance with a WPS qualified under Section 3 of this
(4) Undercut maynot exceed 0.13 when thebase code. Contractors, at their option, may administer a gen-
metal thickness being welded is 4.8 mm [0.187 in.] or eral knowledge test of the welder’s and welding opera-
thinner, or exceed 0.23 when the base metal thickness tor’s general welding knowledge (see Annex J).
being welded is greater than 4.8 mm [0.187 in.].
4.2.2 Groove Welds. Test coupon dimensions and test
( 5 ) No cracks.
positions for qualification of groove welds are given in
3.5 Responsibility for Qualification Figure 2.
3.5.1 Each Contractor shall beresponsible for the 4.23 FilletWelds. Weldersand welding operators
qualification of procedures, whether the qualification who qualify for groove welds under 4.2.2 ate automati-
testing is conducted by the Contractor or an independent cally granted qualification for fillet welds (see Figure 2
third party, subject to the following conditions: or Annex G). A lap joint fillet, T-joint fillet, or the actual
(1) The welding procedure specification shall meet all joint to be welded may be welded at the option of the
of the procedure qualification requirements of this code. Contractor unless otherwise specified in the WPS. Test
(2) The Contractor shall assume specific responsibil- positions for qualification of fillet welds are given in Fig-
ity for the procedure qualification work completed by ure 3.
signing and dating the Welding ProcedureSpecification.
4.3 Limitations of Welder and Welding Operator
3.5.2 Records of welding procedures qualified in ac- Qualifications. The limits of essential variables govern-
cordance with this code shall be maintained by the Con- ing welder and welding operator qualification are de-
tractor and shall be available for inspection as required scribed in the following paragraphs.
by the Engineer, the Owner, or their representative (see
43.1 Base Metal.A change from one of the following
Annexes D and E for suggested forms).
base metal groups to another, or a change to a weld be-
3.6 Duration of Procedure Qualification tween dissimilar metals requiresseparate qualification:
( 1 ) Carbon steels with 0.30 percent maximum carbon
3.6.1 Welding procedures qualifiedunderthis code
and 0.50 percent maximum chromium
and previous editions of AWS D9.1 shall remain quali-
(2) High-strength, low-alloy steels
fied unless a subsequent revision of the code requires
(3) Chromium and chromium-nickel stainless steels
requalification.
(4) Copper and copper alloys
3.6.2 Procedures shall be requalifiedwhenever a (5) Nickel and nickel alloys
change is made in an essential variable (see 3.3). ( 6 ) Aluminum and aluminum alloys
(7) Titanium and titanium alloys
43.2 Coating Material. The addition or change, but
4. Qualification of Arc Welders and not deletion, of coating material on the base metal re-
Arc Welding Operators quires requalification. Anti-spatter compound is not con-
sidered a coating material.
4.1 Prior Welder and Welding Operator Qualification
4.1.1 The Engineer, exercising proper discretion, may 4 3 3 Base Metal Thickness
accept evidence of previous qualification of welders and (1) A change in thickness to less than 0 . 3 or to
welding operators to be used on work being performed greater than 2t, where t is the thickness of the thinner
under this code. base metal qualified requires requalification.
(2) As an alternate to 4.3.3 (l), the following qualifi-
4.1.2 Welders and welding operators performing pro- cation tests may be used to cover the complete range of
cedure qualification test welds meeting the procedure all sheet metal thickness as defined in Annexes B and C.
qualification acceptance criteria in Section 3, Arc Weld- (a) A qualification weld performed on 18 gauge
ing Procedure Qualification, shall be considered as quali- metal shall provide qualification for the welding oper-
fied to perform welding without additional qualification ator for metal 16 gauge and thinner (see Annex C for
testing, subject to the limitations defined in 4.3. equivalents).
4.2 Required Welder and Welding Operator Qualifi- (b) A qualification weld performed on 10 gauge
cation Tests metal shall provide qualification for the welder or weld-
ing operator for metal as thin as 16 gauge and thicker, up
4.2.1General. All welders and welding operators to 2t thicknesses, where t is the thickness of the thinner
permitted to weld under this code shall be qualified by sheet qualified (see Annex C for equivalents).
5 --````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
QUALIFICATION IN POSITION
1G QUALIFIES FOR POSITIONS
1G AND1F
(SEE FIGURE 3)
SHEETS HORIZONTAL;
AXIS OF WELD
HORIZONTAL* 15"
(A)TEST POSITION l G , FLAT
QUALIFICATIONIN POSITION
1G, 2G, 1F, AND 2F
SHEETS VERTICAL; (SEE FIGURE 3)
AXIS OF WELD
HORIZONTAL 15"
@)TEST POSITION 26, HORIZONTAL
--````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
1G, 2G, 3G, 1F, 2F,AND 3F
(SEE FIGURE 3)
SHEETS VERTICAL;
AXIS OF WELD
VERTICAL * 15"
150
(C)TEST POSITION 36,VERTICAL
SHEETS HORIZONTAL; 4G QUALIFIES FOR POSITIONS
AXIS OF WELD lG, 2G,3G, 4G,1 F, 2F, 3F, AND 4F
(SEE FIGURE 3)
(D)TEST POSITION 46, OVERHEAD
Figure >Butt Joint Groove Weld Test Positions
THROAT OF WELD QUALIFICATION IN POSITION
VERTICAL 1 F QUALIFIES ONLY FOR
POSITION IF
AXIS OF WELD
HORIZONTAL
15"
bt2
--````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(A) TEST POSITION 1F, FLAT
AXIS OF WELD 2F QUALIFIES FOR POSITIONS
HORIZONTAL 15" 1F AND 2F
NOTE: ONE SHEET MUST

" BE HORIZONTALf 15"
(B) TEST POSITION2F, HORIZONTAL
3F QUALIFIES FOR POSITIONS
1F, 2F, AND 3F
AXIS OF WELD
VERTICAL
15"
(C)TEST POSITION 3F, VERTICAL
1F, 2F, 3F, AND 4F
AXIS OF WELD
HORIZONTAL
15"
(D)TEST POSITION4F, OVERHEAD
Figure 3-Fillet Weld Test Positions
AWS D9.1 M/D9.1:2000
43.4 The omission, but not the addition, of backing glasses for vision correction are acceptable.) Except for
material requires requalification. Shielding gas is not the first and last 13 mm [ O S in.], welds shall exhibit the
considered a backing material. following:
4.3.5 A change in filler metal “F” numberrequires (1) Complete fusion.
requalification (see Annex A, TableAl). (2) Complete joint penetration (groove weld in a butt
joint) or required minimum effective throat (fillet weld).
4.3.6 A change in welding process, or a change in the
method of application (manual, semi-automatic, auto- (3) A maximum of 3.2 mm [1/8 in.] face reinforce-
matic) requires requalification, except as noted below: ment and 3.2 mm [1/8 in.] root reinforcement for welds
(1) Qualificationformanualweldingalsoqualifies in butt joints or a minimum effective throat equal to the
for semiautomatic and automatic application. thickness of the thinner member joined withconvexity,
(2) Qualificationfor semiautomatic weldingalso not to exceed 3.2 m m [1/8 in.] for fillet welds.
qualifies for automatic, but not for manual application. (4) No more than one visible pore or inclusion in any
(3) Qualification for automatic welding qualifies for 25 mm [l in.] of weld. The size of any pore or inclusion
automatic welding only. shall not exceed 0.25t, where t is the base-metal thick-
ness of the thinner member.
4.3.7 A change in the type of welding current or po-
larity, as indicated below, requires requalification: (5) No undercut exceeding 0.19 when the base metal
(1) ac to dc or vice versa being welded is 4.8 mm [0.187 in.] or thinner in thick-
( 2 ) DCEN to DCEP or vice versa ness, nor exceeding 0.25t when the base-metal thickness
being welded is greater than 4.8 mm [0.187 in.].
43.8 A change in the mode of metal transfer as indi- ( 6 ) There shall beno cracks.
cated below, requires requalification:
(1) short circuiting transferto any othermode of 4.5 Responsibility for Qualification
metal transfer
(2) anymodeof metal, transfertoshort circuiting 4.5.1 EachContractor shall beresponsiblefor the
transfer qualification of welders or welding operators, whether
the qualification testing is conducted by the Contractor
43.9 Shielding Gas or an independent third party, subject to the following
4.3.9.1 A change in shielding gas type (including conditions:
backing gas type) or deletion of backing gas requires (1) The welderwasqualifiedmeetingallofthe
requalification except that, for carbon steel base metals,a welder qualification requirementsof this code.
change between 100 percent CO2 (SC-C) and a mixture ( 2 ) The requirements of 4.6 shall be met.
of 75 percent Ar-25 percent CO2 (SG-AC-25) doesnot
(3) The Contractor shall assume specific responsibil-
require requalification.
ity for the welder qualification by signing and dating the
4.3.9.2 A change in the minor constituent ofthe Welder Qualification Test Record (see AnnexF).
shielding gas mixture of more than 10 percent requires
requalification. 4.5.2 Records of welder or weldingoperator qualifica-
tion testing in accordance with this code shall be main-
4.3.10 Position Qualification. Changes in the weld- tained by the Contractor and shall be available for
ing position (see Figures 2 and 3), require requalification inspection as required by the Engineer, the Owner, or
other than listed below: their representative (see Annexes D and E for suggested
(1) Qualification in the flat position shall qualify the forms). All required information for welder or welding
welder or welding operator only in the flat position. operator qualification shall be recorded on an adequate
(2) Qualification in the horizontal position shall qual- form similar to the recommended form shown as Annex F.
ify the welder or welding operator in both the flat and
horizontal positions. 4.6 Duration of Qualification. Qualification of welders
(3) Qualification in the vertical position shall qualify or welding operators tested to the requirements of this
the welder or welding operatorin the flat, horizontal, and code shall remain in effect unless:
vertical positions. (1) The welder or welding operator has not been en-
(4) Qualification in the overhead position shall qual- gaged in performing welding operations utilizing the
ify the welder or welding operatorin all positions. process for which the welder originally qualified for a
4.4 Inspection of Welder and Welding Operator Qual- period exceeding twelve months.
ification Test Welds.Inspection of all test welds shall be ( 2 ) There is a specific reason to question the welder’s
visual, without aid of magnification. (Prescription eye- or welding operator’s ability.
8
--````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
STDmAWS DS*LM/DS=2-ENGt 2000 078112b5 O5297b0 b 5 2
AWS D9.lM/D9.1:2000
5. Arc Welding Workmanship 6.5 Porosity or Inclusions. Some limited porosity or in-
clusion is acceptable, consistent with 6.1 and limited to
Work performed under this code shall exhibit qualities the following:
of workmanship described below. (1) One visible pore or inclusion no larger than 0.3 is
permitted in any 25 mm [l in.] of weld, where t is the
5.1 Uniformity. Surfaces to be joined shall be uniform
thickness of the thinner member.
and free of defects.
(2) Three visible pores or inclusions no larger than
5.2 Joint Cleanliness 0.25t also are permitted in any 25 mm [l in.] of weld,
where t is the thickness of the thinner member.
5.2.1 Joint surfaces, as well as surfaces adjacent to a
joint, shall be free of l o o s e scale, oxides, rust, grease, and 6.6 Undercut
foreign matter. 6.6.1 Groove Welds. Undercut may not exceed 0.1%
5.23 Tightly adherent spatteris not a cause for rejection. 6.6.2 FilletWelds. Undercutmaynot exceed 0.1%
5.3 Position. If a welding position is notspecified explic- when the base-metal thickness being welded is 4.8 mm
itly by the Engineer or dictated by a job condition, joints [0.187 in.] or thinner, or exceed 0.25t when the base-
shall be welded in the most favored position for which metal thickness being welded is greater than 4.8 mm
both the procedure and the welder or welding Operator [0.187 in.].
are qualified, 6.7 Cracks. There shall be no cracks.
I 5.4 Current and Polarity.Welding current and polarity

shall be in accordance with the qualified welding procedure. 6.8 Conformance.Completed welds shall be visually in-
spected for location, size, and length in accordance with
5.5 Inspection of Workmanship. Welds shall be visu- the engineering drawing and specification requirements.
ally inspected and shall meet the acceptance criteria of
Section 6, Inspection of Arc Welding Work.
Part B
6. Inspection of Arc Welding Work Braze Welding
Inspection of allproduction welds shall bevisual,
without aid of magnification. (Prescription eyeglasses for 7. General Provisions for Braze
vision correction are acceptable.)
Welding
Acceptance criteria for productionweldsdifferent
from those specified in this code may be used for a par- 7.1 Base Metal
ticular application, provided they are suitably docu-
7.1.1 Base metals to bejoined under this code include
mented and approved by the Engineer.
coated and uncoated forms of carbon steel, low-alloy
The Contractor shall conduct inspections to ensure steel, chromium and chromium-nickel stainless steel al-
conformance to the acceptance criteria. The Engineer, loys, aluminum and aluminumalloys, copper and copper
with mutual agreement between the Owner and Contrac- alloys, nickel and nickel alloys, and titanium and tita-
tor, may also conduct inspections of the work to ensure nium alloys.
conformance to the acceptance criteria. The specified ac-
ceptance criteria for the work shall be as follows: 7.1.2 Rust inhibitive coatings (including weldable
primers), galvanized or aluminized coatings, or anti-
6.1 Fusion. Complete fusion shall be obtained. spatter compounds may remain on the metal to be joined
6.2 Penetration. Required joint penetration as specified (see ANSI 249.1, Safety in Welding,Cutting, and Allied
for the application shall be present. Processes, for safety precautions).
7.2 Filler Metal
6.3 Reinforcement of Groove Welds. A maximum of
3.2 mm [1/8 in.] face reinforcement and 3.2 mm [1/8 in.] 7.2.1 Filler metals shall be compatible with the base
root reinforcement shall be acceptable. metal designated on the drawings or specified by the
Engineer.
6.4 Throat and Convexity of Fillet Welds. The mini-
mum throat shall be as specified for the application with 7.2.2 Suggested filler metals are shown in Annex
maximum convexity not to exceed 3.2 mm [1/8 in.]. A, Table A l . Only those filler metals with a melting
--````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
____~ ~~
S T D O A W S D S * L M / D S * L - E N G L 2000 W 07842b5 05197bL 599 =

AWS D9.1 M/D9.1:2000
temperature below that of the base metal are suitable for 8.2.4 Braze Welding the Test Joint. The joint shall
braze welding. be braze welded using the process specified in the WPS
(see 8.2.1).
7 3 Processes. Joining processes under this code shall in-
clude gas tungsten arc welding(GTAW), gas metal arc 8 3 Limitations of Procedure Qualification. A quali-
welding (GMAW), and carbon arc braze welding fied braze welding procedure shall be used only within
(CABW). Other processes may be used, provided they the range of operating variables tested during qualifica-
are qualified to the requirements of this code. tion. These limits of essential variables are described in
the following paragraphs. The variables shall be recorded
on an adequate PQR form such as shown in Annex E.
8. Braze Welding Procedure 83.1 Base Metals. A change from one of the follow-
Qualification ing base-metal groups to another, or a change to a weld
between dissimilar metals, requires separate qualification:
8.1 Prior Procedure Qualification (1) Carbon steels with 0.30 percent maximum carbon
8.1.1 Brazeweldingproceduresqualified in accor- and 0.50 percent maximum chromium
dance with AWS B2.1, Standard for Welding Procedure
(2) High-strength, low-alloy steels
and Performance Qualification, latest edition, may be (3) Chromium and chromium-nickel stainless steels
used, provided they also meet the requirements of Sec-
tion 8 of this code. (5) Nickel and nickel alloys
(6) Aluminum and aluminum alloys
8.1.2 The Engineer,
exercising
proper
discretion,
may (7) Titanium
titanium
and alloys II
accept evidenceofpreviousqualification of specific pro- 83.2 CoatingMaterial. The addition orchange, but
cedures to be used on workbeingperformed this not deletion ofcoatingmaterial on the basemetal re-
code. All required information shall be recorded on an quires requalification. ~ ~compound~is not con- i -
adequateProcedureQualificationRecord(PQR) formsidered a coating material,
similar to that shown in Annex E.
83.3 Base Metal Thickness
8.2 Required Procedure Qualification Tests (1) A change in thickness to lessthan0.5t or to
8.2.1WeldingProcedureSpecification. Thequal- greater than 2t, where t is the thickness of the thinner
ification of a WPS shall be the'responsibility of the base metal qualified, requires requalification.
Contractor. Each welding procedure to be used in con- (2) As an alternate to 8.3.3(1), the following qualifi-
junction with this code shall be prepared as a Welding cation tests may be used to cover the complete range of
all sheet metal thicknesses as defined in Annex C.
--````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Procedure Specification (WPS). An independent third

party may perform the actual procedure qualification (a) A qualificationbrazeweldperformed on 18
tests and prepare the forms; however, the Contractor gauge metal shall provide qualification for the procedure for
shall be responsible for certifying acceptance in accor- metal 16 gauge and thinner(see Annex C for equivalents).
dance with the requirements of this code (see 8.5.1). All (b) A qualificationbrazeweldperformed on 10
required information for the WPS shall be recorded on an gauge metal shall provide qualification for the procedure
adequate form similar to that shown in Annex D. for metal as thin as 16 gauge and thicker, up to 2t thick-
nesses, wheret is the thicknessof the thinnersheet quali-
8.23Qpical Joints. Qualification ofanygroove fied (see AnnexC for equivalents).
weld shown in Annex G provides qualification for any
groove or fillet weld. Qualification of any fillet weld 83.4 The omission, but not the addition, of backing
shown in Annex G provides qualification for any fillet
weld. Qualification of a fillet weld does NOT provide
qualification for a groove weld.
material
considered
requires requalification. Shielding gas is not
a backing material. I
83.5 A change in filler metal "F" number requires
8.23 Preparing Joint Chosenfor Testing. The cho- requalification (see AnnexA, Table Al).
sen joint design shall be prepared as a longitudinal joint 83.6 A change in braze welding process, or a change
between two 75 mm [3 in.] by 150 mm [6 in.] sheets, as- in the method of application (manual, semi-automatic,
sembled as one of the designs sketched in Figure 4 or as automatic) requires requalification.
the actual joint to be used. Qualification testing using the
butt joint in Figure 4 shall qualify all groove and fillet 83.7 A change in the type of currentor polarity, as in-
weld joint designs. dicated below, requires requalification:
10
APPLICABLE BRAZE WELDS
SQUARE-GROOVE J-GROOVE
V-GROOVE FLARE-V-GROOVE
(A) BU^ JOINT BEVEL-GROOVE
FLARE-BEVEL-GROOVE
EDGE
t2 t2
(B) LAP JOINT (C) T-JOINT
Figure &Braze Weld Procedure Qualification Test Assemblies
11 --````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
- ~~~~ ~
S T D * A W S D S = L M / D S * L - E N G L 2000
AWS DQ.lM/D9.1:2OoO
(1) ac to dc or vice versa clusion shall not exceed 0.23, where t is the base-metal
(2) DCEN to DCEP or vice versa thickness of the thinner member.
(4)No cracks.
83.8 Shielding Gas
8.5 Responsibility for Qualification
8.3.8.1 A change in shielding gas type (including
8.5.1 Each Contractor shall' be responsible for the
backing gas type) requires requalification except that, for
qualification of procedures, whether the qualification
carbon steel base metals, a change between 100 percent
testing is conducted by the manufacturer, Contractor, or
COz (SG-C) and a mixture of 75 percent Ar - 25 percent
--````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
an independent third party, subject to the following

CO2 (SG-AC-25) does not require requalification.
conditions:
83.8.2 A change in the minor constituent of the (1) The welding procedure specification shall meet all
shielding gas mixture of more than 10 percent requires of the procedure qualification requirements of this code.
requalification. (2) The Contractor shall assume specific responsibil-
ity for the procedure qualification work completed by
83.9 Position Qualification. Changes in the welding signing and dating the Welding Procedure Specification.
position (see Figures 5 and 6), require requalification
other than listed below: 8.5.2 Records of braze welding procedures qualified
(1) Qualification in the flat position shall qualify the in accordance with this code shall be maintained by the
procedure only in the flat position. Contractor and shall be available for inspection as re-
(2) Qualification in the horizontal position shall qual- quired by the Engineer, the Owner, or their representative
ify the procedure in both the flat and horizontal positions. (see Annexes D and E for suggested forms).
(3) Qualification in the vertical position shall qualify 8.6 Duration of Procedure Qualification
the procedurein the flat, horizontal, and vertical positions.
(4) Qualification in the overhead position shall qual- 8.6.1 Braze welding procedures qualified under this
ify the procedure in all positions. code and previous editions of AWS D9.1 shall remain
qualified unless a subsequent revision of the code re-
8.4 Inspection of Procedure Qualification Test Braze quires requalification.
Welds. Inspection of all test braze welds shall be visual, 8.6.2 Procedures shallberequalifiedwhenever a
without aid of magnification. (Prescription eyeglasses for change is made in an essential variable (see 8.3).
vision correction are acceptable.)
8.4.1 Groove Braze Welds. Except for the first and

last 13 mm [ O S in.], the braze groove weld, as shown in 9. Qualification of Braze Welders and
Figure 4(A), shall exhibit the following: Braze Welding Operators
(1) Complete metallic bonding at thejoint.
(2) Face reinforcement shall be a minimumof 0.3, 9.1 Prior Braze Welder and Braze Welding Operator
where t is the thickness of the thinner base metal and Qualification
shall not exceed 3.2 mm [1/8 in.]. Root reinforcement 9.1.1 The Engineer, exercising proper discretion, may
shall not exceed 3.2 mm [I18 in.]. accept evidence of previous qualification of braze weld-
(3) No more than one visible pore or inclusion in any ers and brazewelding operators to be used on workbeing
25 mm [l in.] of braze weld. The size of any pore or in- performed under this code.
clusion shall not exceed 0.25t, where t is the base-metal
thickness. 9.1.2 Braze welders or braze welding operators per-
(4) No cracks. forming procedure qualification test braze welds meeting
the procedure qualification acceptance criteria in Section
8.4.2 Fillet Braze Welds. Except for the first and last 8, Braze Welding Procedure Qualification, shall be con-
13 mm [OS in.], the braze fillet weld, as shown in Figure sidered as qualified to perform braze welding without ad-
4(B) and (C), shall exhibit the following: ditional qualification testing, subject to the limitations
(1) Metallic bonding adequate for the intended defined in 9.3.
application.
9.2 Required Braze Welder and Braze Welding Oper-
(2) The minimum effective throatshall be as specified
ator Qualification Tests
for the application with the convexity not to exceed 3.2
mm [1/8 in.].
(3) No more than one visible pore or inclusion in any
25 mm [l in.] of braze weld. The size of any pore or in-
9.2.1 General. All braze welders and braze welding
operators permitted to braze weld under this code shall
be qualified by test, except per 9.1.1. Braze welding shall Il
12
1G AND 1F
(SEE FIGURE6)
SHEETS HORIZONTAL;
AXIS OF BRAZE WELD
HORIZONTAL 15"
' tl (A)TEST
POSITION 10, FLAT
--````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
1 G, 2G, 1F, AND 2F
SHEETS VERTICAL; (SEE FIGURE6)
AXIS OF BRAZE WELD
*
HORIZONTAL 15"
(B) TEST POSITION2 0 , HORIZONTAL
1G, 2G, 3G, 1F. 2F, AND 3F
I
(SEE FIGURE6)
I SHEETS VERTICAL;
v AXIS OF BRAZE WELD
8
I VERTICAL * 15"
1
1
I
I
1
I
l
t
(C)TEST POSITION 30,VERTICAL
SHEETS HORIZONTAL; 4G QUALIFIES FOR POSITIONS
AXIS OF BRAZE WELD 1 G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 1 F, 2F, 3F. AND 4F
(SEE FIGURE6)
(D)TEST POSITION46, OVERHEAD
Figure %Braze Groove Weld Test Positions
13
, QUALIFICATION IN POSITION
THROAT OF BRAZE WELD
VERTICAL 1F QUALIFIES ONLY FOR
POSITION 1F
AXIS OF BRAZE WELD
t2
(A)TEST POSITION lF, FLAT
AXIS OF BRAZE WELD 2F QUALIFIES FOR POSITIONS
HORIZONTAL 15" 1F AND 2F
--````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
NOTE: ONE SHEET MUST

BE HORIZONTAL* 15"
(B) TEST POSITION 2F, HORIZONTAL
iF, 2F, AND 3F
(C)TEST POSITION 3F,VERTICAL
1F, 2F, 3F, AND 4F
*L AXIS OF BRAZE WELD

*
HORIZONTAL 15"
(D)TEST POSITION 4F,OVERHEAD
Figure &Braze Fillet Weld Test Positions
14
be performed in accordance with a WPS qualified under thicker, up to 2t thicknesses, where t is the thickness of
Section 8, Braze Welding Procedure Qualification, of
this code. Contractors, at their option, may administer a
general knowledge test of the welder’s andwelding oper-
the thinner sheet qualified (see Annex C for equivalents).
93.4 The omission, but not the addition, of backing
I
ator’s general welding knowledge (see Annex J).
9.2.2 Braze Groove Welds. Test coupon dimensions

material requiresrequalification.Shielding
considered a backing material.
gasis not
I
93.5 A change in filler metal “F” number requires
and test positions for qualification for groove braze
requalification (see AnnexA, Table Al).
welds are given in Figure 5.
93.6 A change in braze welding process, or a change
9 3 3 Braze Fillet Welds. Welders and welding oper- in the method of application (manual, semi-automatic,
ators who qualify for groove welds under 9.2.2 are auto- automatic) requires requalification, except as noted below:
matically granted qualification for fillet welds (see (1) Qualification for manual braze welding also quali-
Figure 2 or Annex G). Either a lap joint fillet, T-joint fil- fies forsemiautomatic and automatic application.
let, or the actual joint to be welded may be welded atthe (2) Qualification for semiautomatic braze welding also
option of the Contractor unless otherwise specified in the qualifies for automatic,but not for manual application.
WPS. Test positions for qualification of fillet welds are (3) Qualification for automatic braze welding quali-
given in Figure 6. fies for automatic braze welding only.
9 3 Limitations of Braze Welder and Braze Welding 93.7 Changes in the type of welding current or polar-
Operator Qualifications. The limits Of essential Vari- ity, = indicated below,requires requalification:
ables governing braze welder and brazewelding operator (1) ac to dc or vice versa
qualifications are described in the following paragraphs. (2) DCEN to DCEP or vice versa
93.1 Base Metal. A change from one of the following 93.8 A change in the mode of metal transfer as indi-
base-metal groups to another, or a change to a weld be- cated below, requires requalification:
tween dissimilar metals requires separate qualification: (1) short circuiting transfer toany other mode of
(1) Carbon steel with 0.30 percent maximum carbon metal transfer
and 0.50 percent maximum chromium (2) anymode of metal transfer to short circuiting
(2) High-strength, low-alloy steels transfer
I (3) Chromiumandchromium-nickel stainless steels 93.9 Shielding Cas
( 5 ) Nickel and nickel alloys 93.9.1 A change in shielding gas type (including
(6) Aluminum and aluminum alloys backing gas type) requires requalification except that, for
II (7) Titanium andtitanium alloys carbon steel base metals, a change between 100 percent
COz (SG-C) and a mixture of 75 percent Ar 25 percent -
93.2 Coating Material. The addition or change, but COz (SG-AC-25) does not require requalification.
not deletion, of coating material on the base metal re-
93.9.2 A change in the minor constituent of the
quires requalification. Anti-spatter compound is not con-
shielding gas mixture of more than 10 percent requires
sidered a coating material.
requalification.
9 3 3 Base-Metal Thickness 93.10 Position Qualification. Changes in the weld-
( 1 ) A change in thickness toless than 0.9 or to ing position (see Figures 5 and 6),require requalification
greater than 2t, where t is the thickness of the thinner other than listed below:
base metal qualified, requires requalification. (1) Qualification in the flat position shall qualify
(2) As an alternate to 9.3.3(1), the following qualifi- braze welder or braze welding operator only in the flat
cation tests may be used to cover the complete range of position.
I all sheet metal thicknesses as defined in Annex C. (2) Qualification in the horizontal position shall qual-
(a) A qualification braze weldperformedon 18 ify the braze welder or braze welding operator in both the
gauge metal shall provide qualification for the welding flat and horizontal positions.
operator for metal 16 gauge and thinner (see Annex C for (3) Qualification in the vertical position shall qualify
equivalents). the braze welder or braze welding operator in the flat,
I
(b) A qualification braze weldperformed on 10 horizontal, and vertical positions.
gauge metal shall provide qualification for the welder or (4) Qualification in the overhead positionshall qualify
welding operator for metal as t h i n as 16 gauge and the braze welder or braze welding operator in all positions.
15
--````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
S T D * A W S DS~LM/DS.L-ENGL 2000 D 078q2b5 O5L77b7 T07 M
AWS D9.1M/D9.1:2000
9.4 Inspection of Braze Welder and Braze Welding 10. Braze Welding Workmanship
Operator Qualification Test Braze Welds. Inspection
of all test braze welds shall be visual, without aid of Work performed underthis code shall exhibit qualities
magnification. (Prescription eyeglasses for vision correc- of workmanship described below.
tion are acceptable.) Except for the first and last 13 mm
10.1 Uniformity
[ O S in.], braze welds shall exhibit the following:
(1) Metallic bonding shall be adequate forthe in- 10.1.1 Surfaces to be joined shall be uniform and free
tended application. from cracks.
(2) Face reinforcement of butt joint braze welds shall 10.1.2 A thin layer of filler metal mayflow irregularly
be a minimum of 0.3, when t is the thickness of the thin- beyond the weld area.Unless otherwise specified by con-
ner base metal and shall not exceed 3.2 mm [1/8 in.]. tract, this flow should not be a cause for rejection.
Root reinforcement shall not exceed 3.2 mm [1/8 in.]. 10.2 Cleanliness
(3) For fillet braze welds, the minimumeffective
throat shall be as specified for the application. Convexity 10.2.1 Joint surfaces, as well as surfaces adjacent to a
shall not exceed 3.2 mm [1/8 in.]. joint, shall be free of loose scale, oxides, rust, grease, oil,
(4)No more than one visible pore or inclusion in any and foreign matter.
25 mm [l in.] of weld. The size of any pore or inclusion 10.2.2 Tightly adherent spatter isnot a cause for
shall not exceed 0.25t, where t is the thickness of the rejection.
thinner member.
--````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
10.3 Position. If a welding position is not specified ex-
( 5 ) There shall be no cracks. plicitly by the Engineer or dictated by a job condition,
joints shall be braze welded in the most favored position
9.5 Responsibility for Qualification
I 9.5.1 Each Contractor shall beresponsibleforthe
for which both the procedure and the braze welder or
braze welding operator are qualified.
qualification of braze welders or braze welding opera- 10.4 Current and Polarity.Welding current and polarity
tors, whether the qualification testing is conducted by the shall be in accordance with the qualified braze welding
manufacturer, Contractor, or an independent third party, procedure.
subject to the following conditions:
(1) The braze welder was qualified meeting all of the 10.5 Inspection of Workmanship. Welds shall be in-
braze welder qualification requirements of this code. spected visually and shall meet the acceptance criteria of
Section 11, Inspection of Braze Welding Work.
(2) The requirements of 9.6 shall be met.
(3) The Contractor shall assume specific responsibil-
ity for the welder qualification by signing and dating the
Welder Qualification Test Record (see Annex F). 11. Inspection of Braze Welding Work
9.5.2 Records of welder or welding operator qualifica- Inspection of all production braze welds shall be vi-
tion testing in accordance with this code shall be main- sual, without aid of magnification. (Prescription eye-
tained by the Contractor and shall be available for glasses for vision correctionare acceptable.)
inspection as required by the Engineer, the Owner, or Acceptance criteria for production braze welds differ-
their representative (see Annexes D and E for suggested ent from those specified in this code may be used for a
forms). All required information for braze welder or particular application, provided they are suitably docu-
braze welding operator qualification shall be recorded on mented and approved by the Engineer.
an adequate form similar to the recommended form The Contractor shall conduct inspections to ensure
shown as Annex F. conformance to the acceptance criteria. The Engineer,
with mutual agreement between the Owner and Contrac-
9.6 Duration of Qualification. Qualification of braze tor, may also conduct inspections of the work to ensure
welders or braze welding operators tested to the require- conformance to the acceptance criteria. The specified ac-
ments of this code shall remain in effect unless: ceptance criteria for the workshall be as follows:
(1) The braze welder or braze welding operator has
11.1 Bonding. Metallic bonding, adequate for the in-
not been engaged in performing braze welding opera-
tions utilizing the process for which the welder originally tended application shall be obtained.
Il
qualified for a period exceeding twelve months. 11.2 Reinforcement of Groove Braze Welds. A maxi-
(2) There is a specific reasontoquestionthebraze mum of 3.2 mm [1/8 in.] face reinforcement and 3.2 mm
welder’s or braze welding operator’s ability. [1/8 in.] root
reinforcement shall be acceptable.
16
113 Throat and Convexityof Fillet Braze Welds. The (2) Three visible pores or inclusions no larger than
minimum effective throat shall be as specified for the ap- 0.2% are also permitted in any 25 mm [l in.] where t is
plication with maximum convexity not to exceed 3.2 mm the thickness of the thinner member.
[1/8 in.].
11.5 Cracks. There shall be no cracks.
11.4 Porosity or Inclusions. Some limited porosity or
inclusions are acceptable, consistentwith 11.I and lim- 11.6 Conformance. Completed braze welds shall be in-
ited to the following: in accordance
spected visually for location, size, and length
(1) One visible pore or inclusion no larger than 0.5t is with the engineering drawing and specification require-
permitted in any 25 mm [l in.], where t is the thickness ments. (Note: In brare wekiìng, minute surface contamina-
of the thinner member. tion isfrequently observed and is not a basisfor rejection.)
17
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Annex A
Recommended Filler Metals
(This Annex is not a part of AWS D9.1M/D9.1:2000,
Sheer Metal Welding Code, but is included for information
purposes only.)
Table A l
F Number Groupingof Welding Electrodes andRods
F-NO. AWS Specification AWS Classification
Steel
I A5.1 I
EXX27,
EXX24,
EXX22,
EXXU), ~~~~~ ~~~~
EXX28
1 A5.4 EXXX(Xh25, EXXX(X)-X
EXX20-X, EXX27-X A5.5
A5.1 EXX12, EXX13, EXXl4, EXX19
2
A5.5 E(X)XX13-X
AS. 1 EXX10, EXXll
3
A5.5 E(X)XXlO-x, E(X)XXI 1-x
I A5.1 I EXXIS.
EXX16. EXXl8. EXX18M. EXX48
A5.4
other than austenitic and duplex I EXXX(X)-15, EXXX(X>16, EXXX(X>17
A5.5 E(X)XXlS-X, E(X)XX16-X, E(X)XXlI-X, E(X)XXlSM, E(X)XXlSMl

A5.4
5 austenitic and duplex EXXX(X)-15, EXXX(X)-16, EXXX(X)-17
I A5.2 I AHclassifications
I A5.9 I AHclassifications
A5.17IA5.17M All classifications
A5.18 All classifications
6
A5.23JA5.23M All classifications
A5.25/A5.25M Al1 classifications
AS.26lA5.26M All classifications
I A5.28 I AII classifications
I A5.29 I AH classifications
A5.30 IIN3XX(X)
INSXX,
INMs-X,
(continued)
19
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Table A I (Continued)
F-NO. AWS AWS Specification Classification
Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
A5.3/A5.3M El 100, E3003
21
A5.10 ER1100, Rt100, ER1188, R1188
ER5183, R5183, ER5356, R5356, ER5554, R5554, ER5556, R5556,
22 A5.10
ER5654, R5654
I A5.3fA5.3M I FA043
23 I A5.10
ER4010, R4010, ER4043, R4043, ER4047, R4047, ER4145, R4145,
ER4643, R4643
24 I A5.10 I ER4009,
R4009,
R206.0, RX355.0, R-A356.0,
R357.0,
R-A357.0,
1R401
2 5 1 A5.10 I
R2319 ER2319,
Copper and Copper Alloys
31 I A5.6
A5.7 and
~ ~ _ _ _ _ ~____
~ ~~
I ECU,ERCu
32 A5.6 and A5.7 ECuSi, ERCUSi-A
33 ECuSn-A, ECuSn-C, ERCuSn-A A5.6 and A5.7
34 A5.6, A5.7, and A5.30 ECuNi, ERCuNi, IN67
35 A5.8 RBCuZn-A, RBCuZn-B, RCuZn-C, RBCuZn-D
36 A5.6 and A5.7 ERCuA1-Al, ERCuAl-A2, ERCuAl-A3, ECuAl-A2,ECUAl-B
37 A5.6 and AS.7 ECuNiAI, ECuMnNiAl,ERCuNiAl, ERCuMnNiAl
Nickel and Nickel Alloys
--````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
41 I A5.11/A5.11M,A5.14/A5.14M,andA5.30 1 ENI-1,ERNi-1,IN61
42 I A5.11/A5.11M,A5.14/A5.14M,andA5.30 I ENiCu-7,ERNiCu-7,ERNiCu-8,IN60
ENiCrFe-l,2,3,4,7,9, and 10, ENiCrMo-2,3,6, and 12, ENiCrCoMo-1,
43 A5.11/A5.11M,A5.14/A5.14M,andA5.30ERNiCrMo-2 and3, ERNiCrCoMo-1, ERNiCr-3,4, and 6, ERNiCrFe-5,6,
7,8, and 11, IN82, IN62, IN6A
ENiMo-l,3,7,8,9, and 10, ENiCrMo-4,5,7, 10, 13. and 14, ERNiMo-1,
44 A5.11/A5.11M and A5.14IA5.14M 2,3,7 (B2), 8,9, and 10, ERNiCrWMo-1, ERNiCrMo-4,7 (alloy C4), 10,
13, and 14
45 1 A5.11/A5.11MandA5.14/A5.14M 1 ENiCrMo-l,9, and 11, ERNiCrMo-I, 8,9, and11,ERNiFeCr-1
Titanium and Titanium Alloys
51 I A5.16 1 ERZ-1,
ERTi-4
ERTi-3,
ERTi-2,
52 I A5.16 1 ERTi-7
53 I A5.16 I ERTi-9,
ERTi-PEL1
54 I A5.16 I ERTi-12
55 I A5.16 1 Em¡-5, ERTi-6EL1,
ERZ-SELI,
ERTi-6,
ERTi-15
Zirconium and Zirconium Alloys
61 I A5.24 I
ERZr4ERZr3,ERZr2,
Hardfacing Weld Metal Overlay
71 I A5.13 I All classifications ~~
72 A5.21 All classifications

Magnesium Alloys
91 A5.19 All classifications
20
Annex B
Terms and Definitions
(This Annex is not a part of AWS D9.1M/D9.1:2000, Sheer Meral Weldkg Code, but is included for information
purposes only.)
The termsand definitions in this Annex are of signifi- filler metal specification.The AWS Specification num-
cant importance to sheet metal welding and supplement ber (see Annex A) (to be inserted in the Procedure
those in the latest edition of AWS A3.0, Standard Weld- Qualification Test Record).
ing Terms andDefinitions.
lap joint,offset. A sheet metal jointin which the lapis off-
backing strip. Backing in the form of a strip. set to preserve the alignmentof the working surfaces.
base metal specification. The recognized specification open comer joint. An offset cornerjoint with only a line
[usually the American Society of Testing and Materi- of contact between the members (see Annex G,Figure
als (ASTM)] designating the composition or proper- GA1 1).
ties, or both, of the selected base metal. partial joint penetration. Joint penetration that is inten-
carbon arc braze welding (CABW). A braze welding tionally less than complete.
process variation that uses an arc between a carbon positioned weld. A weld made in a joint that has been
electrode and the base metalas the heat source. placed to facilitate making the weld.
coating. A relatively thin layer of material applied for sheet metal. A light gauge ferrous or nonferrous metal
the purpose of corrosion prevention, resistance to high as thick as 3 gauge, 6 mm t0.250 in.], or as thin as 32
temperature scaling, wearresistance,lubrication, or gauge, 0.26 mm [0.0102 in.] which may or may not be
other purposes. coated.
comer joint, with backing. A joint between two mem- slag inclusion. Nonmetallic solid material entrapped in
--````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
bers locatedapproximatelyatright angles toeach weld metal or between weld metal and base metal.
other with backing.
toe crack. A crack in the base metal occurring at the toe
comer joint, open. An offset cornerjoint. of a weld.
crater crack. A crack in the crater of a weld bead. torch braze welding. A braze welding process that uses
heat from a fuel gas flame.
defective weld.A weld containing oneor more defects.
weld metal grade.The description of the filler metal (for
Engineer. The duly designated person who acts for and example,mild steel, chromium-nickelsteel, alumi-
in behalf of the Owner on all matters within thescope num) to be inserted, as required, when the filler metal
of this code. has no AWS classification.
filler metal classification. The AWS designation of the welding process.A joining process that producescoales-
chosen filler metal, as listed in an AWS Specification cence of materials by heating themto suitable temper-
(see Annex A) (to be inserted in the Procedure Quali- atures,with or withouttheapplication of pressure
fication Test Record). alone, and withor without the use of filler metal.
21
Annex C
Gauge Numbers and Equivalent Thicknesses
in SI Units and US. Customary Units
Sheet Metal Welding Code, but is included for information
purposes only.)
Table Cl Table C2
Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled Steel Sheet Galvanized Steel Sheet
U.S. Standard
Thickness
Galvanized Sheet
T Thickness
Gauge No. mm in. Gauge No. mm in.

3 6.35 0.2500 8 4.27 0.1681
4 5.95 0.2344 9 3.89 O. 1532
5 5.56 0.2187 10 3.51 O. 1382
6 5.16 0.2031 11 3.13 O. 1233
7 4.76 O. 1875 12 2.75 O. 1 084
8 4.37 0.1719 13 2.37 0.0934
9 3.97 0.1562 14 1.99 0.0785
10 3.57 O. 1406 15 1.80 0.0710
11 3.18 o.1250 16 1 .61 0.0635
12 2.78 O. 1 094 17 1.46 0.0575
13 2.38 0.0937 18 1.31 0.0516
14 1.98 0.0781 19 1.16 0.0456
15 1.79 0.0703 20 1.o1 0.0396
16 1.59 0.0625 21 0.93 0.0366
17 1.43 0.0562 22 0.85 0.0336
18 1.27 0.0500 23 0.78 0.0306
19 1.11 0.0437 24 0.70 0.0276
20 0.95 0.0375 25 0.63 0.0247
21 0.87 0.0344 26 0.55 0.0217
22 0.79 0.0312 27 0.51 0.0202
23 0.71 0.0281 28 0.48 0.0187
24 0.64 0.0250 29 0.44 0.0172
25 0.56 0.0219 30 0.40 0.0157
26 0.48 0.0187 31 0.36 0.0142
27 0.44 0.0172 32 0.34 0.0134
28 0.40 0.0156
29 0.36 0.0141
30 0.32 0.0125
31 0.28 0.0109
32 0.26 0.0102
*For materials orgauges other than those listed in Annex C, consult the
producer.
22
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AWS DQ.lM/DQ.1:2000
Table C3 Table C4
Stainless Steel Sheet Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Sheet
Manufacturers’
Standard Gauge No.
r
mm
~
Thickness
in.
Browne and Sharp
Gauge No.
r mm
Thickness
in.
8 4.37 0.1719 8 3.26 O. 1285

9 3.97 0.1563 9 2.91 0.1144
10 3.57 0.1406 10 2.59 0.1019
11 3.18 0.1250 11 2.30 0.0907
12 2.78 O. 1094 12 2.05 0.0808
13 2.38 0.0938 13 1.83 0.0720
14 1.98 0.0781 14 1.63 0.0641
15 1.79 0.0703 15 1.45 0.0571
16 1.59 0.0625 16 1.29 0.0508
17 1.43 0.0563 17 1.15 0.0453
18 1.27 0.0500 18 1.o2 0.0403
19 1.11 0.0438 19 0.91 0.0359
20 0.95 0.0375 20 0.81 0.0320
21 0.87 0.0344 21 0.72 0.0285
22 0.80 0.031 3 22 0.64 0.0253
23 0.71 0.0281 23 0.57 0.0226
24 0.64 0.0250 24 0.51 0.0201
25 0.56 0.0219 25 0.45 0.0179
26 0.48 0.0188 26 0.40 0.0159
27 0.44 0.0172 27 0.36 0.0142
28 0.40 0.0156 28 0.32 0.0126
29 0.36 0.0141 29 0.29 0.01 13
30 0.32 0.01 25 30 0.25 0.0100
31 0.28 0.0109 31 0.23 0.0089
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Table C5
Copper andCopper Alloy Sheet
Weight per Thickness
square meter(kg) square foot (oz.) mm in.

14.5 48 1 .ií4 0.0645
32 9.7 1.O9 0.043 1
7.3 24 0.0323 0.82
6.1 20 0.69 0.0270
16 4.9 0.55 0.021 6
3.6 0.41 12 0.0161
2.4 8 0.0108 0.27
23
Annex D
Welding Procedure Specification (WPS)
(This Annex is not a part of AWS D9.1M/D9.1:2000, Sheet Metal Welding Code, but is included for information
purposes only.)
WPS Number
Supported by PQR No.(s)
No. WPS Rev. WPS Rev. Date
VARIABLES
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Base metal
Metal thickness
Coating type
Joint preparation
Backing material
Position of welding
Welding process
Manual, semiautomatic, or automatic
*Filler metal spec.
*Filler metal class/weld metal grade
Filler metal F. Number
Electrical characteristics dcen
ac dcep
Mode of transfer
Shielding gas/combination
Gas flow Umin [CFH]
*See Deftnitions
JOINING PROCEDURE
Welding Power
Filler Metal Size Current Range Speed of Travel Voltage Range

Joint Detail
We, the undersigned, certii that the statementsin this record arecorrect and thatthe test specimens were prepared, joined,
and examinedin accordance withthe requirements of AWS D9.1MID9.1, sheetMetal Welding Code.
Manufactureror Contractor
Authorized by
24
Annex E
Procedure Qualification Test Record (PQR)
(This Annex is not a part of AWS D9.1M/D9.1:2000, Sheet Metal Welding Code, but is included forinformation
purposes only.)
PQR Number
WPS Number
VARIABLES
Base metal Weld in butt joint visual exam results
Metal thickness (see3.4.1 or 8.4.1)
Coating Fusion
Joint preparation Penetration
Backing Reinforcement
Position of welding Porosity
Welding process Undercut
Manual, semiautomatic, or automatic Cracks
*Filler metal spec. Fillet weld visual exam results
*Filler metal class. (see3.42. or 8.4.2)
Filler metal F. No. Fusion
Electrical
ac char. d=P -dcen Effective throat
Mode of transfer Convexity
Shielding gadcombination Porosity
Gas flow Umin [CFH] Undercut
Welder’s name Cracks
Welder’s ID no.
*See Definitions
JOINING PROCEDURE
--````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Welding Power
Filler Metal Size Speed Current Range Voltage Range of Travel Joint Detail
We, the undersigned, certify that the statements in this record

are correct and that the test specimens were prepared, joined,
and examined ina m d a n c e with the requirementsof AWS D9.1MD9.1, Sheet Metal Welding Code.
Manufacturer or Contractor
Authorized by
2.5
Annex F
Welder and Welding Operator Qualification Test Record
--````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
purposes only.)
QUALIFICATION TEST PERFORMED
Name WPS number
I.D. no. Square groove (butt joint)
Date of Welding Test Fillet
Date of Knowledge Test Weld test
moral OWrittenOPassed OFailed test weld Braze
ESSENTIAL VARIABLES QUALIFIED BY TEST

Types of base metal processWelding
Mode of transfer (GMAW)
Coating material on sheet 0 yes 0
Welding
no current
Backing material ndcen adcep nac
Filler metal
used F number
gasShielding
Method of application Position welded
0 manual 0 semi-auto 0auto Oflat 0
horz a v e r t 0overhead
VISUAL INSPECTION RESULTS
I Acceptance
Criteria
Braze Weld
Square Groove
(Butt Joint) Weld
Joint Fusion
(metallic bond) (metallic bond)
Required joint
penetration
inclusion over 0.25t
Undercut exceeding0.15t 1 I I I NIA NIA
cracks I l I I
Thickness range qualified Inspection performed by
Position qualified Name of inspector
Types ofjoints qualified Signature
26
Annex G
Joint Design and Details
Sheet Metal Welding Code, but is included for information
purposes only.)
Following are some ofthe typical welds that are commonly used in sheet metal fabrication. These welds are grouped
into groove and fillet types for use in qualifying proceduresand welders.
Groove Welds
FigureGA1 -Square-Groove WeldFigureGA4 -Flare-Bevel-GrooveWeld

(in T-Joint or Inside Corner Joint)
J L
+ +
Figure GA5-Flare-V-Groove Weld
-
Figure GA2 Edge Weld (in a Flanged Joint)
1 II
+
+ I
+
Figure GA3-Square-Groove Weld
with
Backing
Figure
GA6 -Square-Groove
Corner
Weld
Part A-Arc Welding
27
--````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
I L
Figure GA7 - Flare-Bevel Weld

in an Offset Lap Joint Figure GA8 -Flare-Bevel-GrooveWeld
--````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Fillet Welds
+
> No-150"
Figure GA11-Fillet Weld in Open (Offset)

Figure GA9 -Plain Lap Joint Fillet Weld Corner Joint (AngleMayVaryfrom90")
MATERIAL AS
SPECIFIED
Il/ V
'U
Figure GA10 - Fillet Weld in T-Joint Figure GA12 -Corner Weld
(One or Both Sides) with Backing
Part A (Continued)-Arc Welding
28
Groove Braze Welds
0-1.5T 4 /T- I L
I
L>150°-180" 2
Figure GB1- Square-Groove BrazeWeld
Figure GB4 Flare-Bevel-Groove-

Braze Weld (in Flanged T-Joint
or Inside Corner Joint)
/"-
Figure GB2- Edge BrazeWeld

(in a Flanged Joint)
Figure GB5- Flare-V-Groove Braze Weld
(E) hl
-1.5T
Figure GB3-Square-Groove Figure GB6-Square-Groove

Braze Weld with Backing Corner BrazeWeld
Part B-Braze Welding
29 --````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Fillet Braze Welds
Figure GB7-Fillet BrazeWeld T-Joint
Figure GB8-Fillet BrazeWeld in Open (Offset) CornerJoint

(Angle May Varyfrom90")
--````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
'
Figure GB9-Plain Lap Joint Fillet Braze
Weld
Part B (Continued)"Braze Weldng
30
Annex H
Recommended Arc Welding Practices
--````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
purposes only.)
Hl. Introduction the sheet metal industrygas welded or braze welded joints
and seams. This was usually both slow and expensive.
These recommended practices have been prepared by With the introduction of l o w voltage power sources
the AWS Committee on Welding, Brazing, andSoldering and smaller diameter electrodes for SMAW and the de-
of Sheet Metal. It has long been recognized that the velopment of the GMAW, GTAW, and PAW processes,
welding of sheet metal has its own particular techniques. welding became a practical methodof joining sheet metal
The Committee does not propose that these recom- components. As the equipment and processes became
mended practices are the only possible methods of weld- more versatile, the practice of arc welding increased in
ing sheet metal. The recommended practices are of a the sheet metal industry to a point that today, virtually all
general nature and are offered only as guidelines indica- sheet metal shops use arc welding equipment.
tive of sheet metal industry experience. There are, of
In today’s marketplace, one will find an abundance of
course, many variations of sheet metal welding. There-
welded components in heating, ventilating, and air con-
fore, some of the practices contained herein may, in some
ditioning; industrial sheet metal applications; food and
instances, be subject to the manufacturer’s discretion.
beverage dispensing systems; foodprocessing equipment;
Additional information may be found in Volume 2,
air pollution and “airveyor” systems; and architectural
Eighth Edition, Welding Handbook, and the latest edi-
metal installations.
tions of AWS C5.1, Recommended Practices for Plasma
Arc Welding and AWS (25.6, Recommended Practices for
Gas Metal Arc Welding.
H3. Fit-up
H2.Brief Historyof Sheet Metal Arc Fit-up is important in sheet metal welding because of
Welding the thinness of the base metal.Gaps that occur from hand
cutting of contours and radii may cause the molten weld
The term sheet metal is usually associated with very pool (puddle) to fall through because the base metal
thin galvanized sheet steel. Actually, the term sheet metal edges melt. This problem is significantly magnified
can mean a coated or uncoated ferrous or nonferrous metal when a job requires welding out of position. Backing
as thick as 3 gauge, 6.35 mm [0.250 in.], and as thin as may be used in sheet metal welding to compensate for
32 gauge, 0.26 mm [0.0102 in.]. poor fit-up, but this is costly, time consuming, and gives
For many years after welding had become everyday the appearance of poor workmanship. Additional time
practice in structural steel work, heavy wall pipe, and should be taken on fit-up to facilitate good weldments.
pressure vessel work, the sheet metal industry was still Because thin sheet metal warps from welding heat, tack
joining thin materials with riveted and soldered joints welds should be placed closer together, in some cases as
and various sheetmetal locks and seams. in a few instances close as 51 mm [2 in.] or less from each other.
31
AWS D9.1M/D9.1:2OOO
H4.Processes Table H l
H4.1 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW). Shielded Suggested Covered Electrode Size
metal arc welding is used extensively in the sheet metal for Various Currents and Gauges
industry. Its versatility lends itself to all position welding
of ferrous and nonferrous metals, including galvanized
metal. However, the level ofskill required to weld metals Thickness
Current of
Metal to be Welded
thinner than 3.2 mm [1/8 in.] increases as the thickness
of metal decreases. Electrodes are produced in 2.0 mm 1/16
20 to 40 20 to 16 gauge
[5/64 in.] and 1.6 mm [1/16 in.] diameter which may be
used with currents as low as 20 amps. Table H l presents 25 to 60 18 to 14 gauge
suggested current ranges for welding sheet metalof vari- 35 to 85 16 to 12 gauge
ous gauges.
3.2 80 to 130 14 to 7 gauge
H4.1.1 Power Sources. Sheet metal is welded with
*Irrespectiveof polarity.
either direct current (dc) or alternating current (ac). The
power supply or welding machine should deliver thelow
current ranges needed for sheet metal with a steep
(drooping) volt-ampere characteristic and high open-
circuit voltage, so changes in arc length will produce lit- Electrodes should be stored under conditions that pre-
tle change in current output. Gasoline or diesel engine- vent the accumulation of excessive moisture content in
driven power sources can be used foron-site welding. the coating. Electrodes are manufactured with their mois-
ture content within acceptable limits, consistent with the
--````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
H4.1.2 Technique. When arc welding sheet metal, the type of covering and the strength of the weld metal. They
highest current that does not cause excessive melt- are packaged in containers designed to provide the de-
through should be used.The welder should determine the gree of moisture protection needed. Table H2 gives typi-
current setting and travel speed on scrap test pieces to cal storage conditions for various A W S electrode
avoid damage or faulty welds on the actual job. classifications. Some of these are seldom used for sheet
The welder should also tilt the electrode in the direc- metal welding because of their deep penetration charac-
tion of travel more than would be required for thicker teristics or the unavailability of small diameter elec-
plates. For fillet welds in T-joints or lap joints between trodes, but the complete table has been reproduced for
sheet metal and thicker reinforcing or backing metal, the reference. It is prudent to follow the electrode manufac-
arc shouldbe concentrated mostlyon the thicker member turer’s storage recommendations.
to create a fillet with an effective throat equal to the
H4.1.4
Welding StainlessSteel
Sheet
Metal.
thickness of the sheet metal, without burning through the
Shielded metal arc welding is commonly used to join
thinner member.
stainless steel sheet metal. Electrodes are available in
H4.13 Welding Carbon Steel and Low-Alloy Steel sizes as small as 1.6 mm [U16 in.] in all compositions
Sheet Metal. Electrodes designed specifically for light (see the latest edition of A W S A5.4, Specification for
sheet metal work in carbon steel are only available as a Stainless Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Weld-
standard commercial product in Classifications E6012 ing). Classifications EXXX-15 are used only withDCEP
and E6013 (the latest editionof A W S A5.1,Specijìcation polarity. Classifications EXXX-16 and EXXX-17 are
for Carbon Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc used with ac or DCEP polarity.
Welding). The E6012 electrodes operate on ac and dc The electrode classificationshouldbechosen to
electrode negative (straight polarity). The E6013 elec- match the composition of the base metal.There are more
trodes operate on ac and dc, either electrode negative than 30 different compositions in A W S A5.4 to provide
(straight polarity) or electrode positive (reverse polarity), the correct composition and properties to match a variety
Electrode positive (reverse polarity), however,is not nor- of sheet metal weldments. In general, a matching type is
mally used forsheet metal welding becauseof the deeper used: for example, Type 410 stainless steel is welded
penetrating characteristics of the arc using that polarity. with E410-15,-16, or -17 electrodes; s p e s 302 and 304
The 2.4 mm [3/32 in.] diameter electrode is the smallest are welded with E308-15, -16, or -17 electrodes, or
electrode size available in some carbon and alloy steel E308L -15, -16, or -17 electrodes. In the case of 300 se-
electrode classifications, thus restricting their application ries stainless steel, it is often helpful to water quench the
to metals thicker than approximately 16 gauge, 1.6 mm welds in order to control distortion. Specific instructions
[0.063 in.]. Table Hl presents suggested current ranges are usually given in customer’s job specification and
for welding sheet metal of various gauges. drawings.
32
Table H2
for Covered Arc Welding Electrodes
Typical Storage and Drying Conditions
Storage Conditions'
AWS Classification Air Drying Conditionsh Holding Ovens Ambie
Eli010, Eli01 1 Ambient temperature Not recommended Not recommended
Eli01 2,Eli013,
Eli019, 30 f 10°C [ 8 0 f U)"F] 1 hour at temperature
12°C [20"F] to24°C [40"F]
m m ,E6022, E6027, 50% max. relative humidity 135 2 15°C [275 f ="F] above ambient tempera
E7014,E7024, E7027
E7015,
E7028,
E7016, E7018,
E7018M, E7048
I
Not Recommendedc I
I
30°C [SOOF]to 140°C [250"F]
I
2 hours at temperature
260 to 427°C [SOO to 800"FI above ambient tem
Notes:
a. After removal from manufacturer's packaging.
b. Because of inherent differences in covering composition, the manufacturers shouldbe consulted for the exact drying conditions.
.
c. Some of the..electrode cla.ification.. may be designated as meeting low moisture absorbing requirement.. This de..ignation does not imply that
storage in ambient air is recommended.
H4.1.5 Welding Aluminum Sheet Metal. Shielded (2) There are no slag inclusions.
metal arc welding of aluminum sheet metal is not recom- (3) Little or no postweld cleaning is required.
mended. Better results can be obtained with other pro- (4) A continuous spooled welding wire is used, and
cesses, particularly gas metal arc (pulsed spray welding), there is almost no filler metal waste.
gas tungsten arc, and plasma arc welding. ( 5 ) The wire feeder controls automatically maintain a
H4.1.6 Welding Copper Sheet Metals. As in weld- steady wire feed rate.
ing aluminum sheet metal, better results can be obtained (6) The absence of flux on the filler metal wire makes
using gas metal arc (pulsed spray welding), gas tungsten humidity less of a problem during electrode wire storage.
arc, and plasma arc welding. (7) The pulsed spray and short circuiting arc ("dip,"
"short arc") variations give the welder excellent control
H4.2 Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW).This process is of the weld bead and will produce strong, neat welds in
used extensively for welding sheet metal. The process all positions on light gauge metal.
uses a continuous wire filler metal which also serves as a
terminal for the electric arc. GMAW operates on elec- H4.2.1 Process Variations. In GMAW, variations of
trode positive (reverse polarity). An external gas is used shielding gases, power supplies, and electrodes have sig-
to shield the arc and molten weld pool. The shielding nificant effects resulting in several process variations.
gases have a dual purpose: protecting the arc and weld Two variations are commonly used withlow average cur-
zone from air, and providing the desired arc characteris- rents suitable for sheet metal welding. The pulsed spray
tics. Various gases are used, depending upon the metal variation requires argon-rich gas mixtures; the short cir-
reactivity and nature of the joint being welded. Caution cuiting arc variation generally uses carbon dioxide, alone
should be exercised that GMAW is not performed in a or in gas mixtures.
draft or direct wind strong enough to dissipate the gas (1) Pulsed Spray Welding. If intermittent high ampli-
shield. This condition may be avoided by protecting the tude pulses of current are superimposed on a low level
weld with an adequate shelter of appropriate material and steady current, the average current can be reduced appre-
shape. Various power supplies have been developed to ciably while producing a metal spray transfer during the
expand the versatility of the process for sheet metal ap- pulse intervals.
plications (see Table H3). Argon-rich gases are essential to achieve thespray.
The gas metal arc welding process provides the fol- This type of metal transfer, produced through the utiliza-
lowing benefits: tion of a unique power supply, characterizes the pulsed
(1) The reduced amount of fume and smoke is more arc process variation. With it, reasonably large electrode
comfortable to a welder, and the molten weld pool (pud- diameters can be employed to weld thin sections in all
dle) can be seen more clearly. positions.
33
--````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
AWS D9.1M/D9.1:2000
Table H3
Suggested Welding Conditionsfor Carbon Steel andLow Alloy Steel Sheet Metal
--````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Argon/Balance CO2
(SC-AC-8 through 20)
Or 95%-98%
Proper operation and adjustment of the power supply (4) A control station containing the relays, solenoids,
may require additional training. The pulsed spray weld- and timers needed to integrate the system
ing process is used frequently to weld thin sections in all (5) A source of shielding gas and a device for meter-
positions. ing the flow rate of the gas
(2) Short Circuiting Arc.With short circuitingarc (6) A power supply to provide an appropriate amount
welding, the average current and deposition rates can be and type of current
reduced by using power supplies which allow metal to be (7) A water supply for cooling, if a water-cooled arc
transferred only during intervals of controlled short cir- welding gun is used
cuits occurring at rates in excess of 50 per second. The Less manipulative skill is needed to master the varia-
short circuiting arc is easy to use to weld thin sections in tions of this process when compared to the SMAW pro-
all positions. cess. I f the welding is highly repetitive and the
equipment controls are preset, only a relatively short
H4.2.2 WeldingEquipment. Bothof the GMAW time is needed to train a welder. The short circuiting arc
process variations used on sheet metal utilize similar process variation is easy to master for use in all positions.
equipment that requiresthe following: The pulsed spray welding process may require additional
(1) An electrode wirefeederwith a variablespeed time to train the operator to set the automatic controls.
motor and motor control to power feedrolls which drive After the welding parameters have been established,
the electrode at a preset and uniform rate welding of thin sections in any position is possible.
(2) An arc welding gun which houses a switch to ini- A reasonable amount of preventive maintenanceis re-
tiate and stop the electrode feed, flow of gas, electrical quired to ensure that the gas passages are clear and the
current to the arc, and, if used, water for cooling the contact tube is not worn. The feeders and control units
torch; a nozzle which directs the shielding gas to the arc are simple electro-mechanical devices and, therefore,
and weld pool; a contact tube at the axis of the nozzle to quite reliable. Maintenanceskills can be developed rapidly.
transfer welding current to the electrode; and a system of H4.23 Shielding Gas. Welding grade shielding gas
cable, hoses, electrical connections, and casings to direct should be correctly selected and regulated.The following
the gas, electrode, power, and waterif used are shielding gases commonly used in GMAW
(3) A mount for the spooled or coiled electrode (1) Argon (AWS SG-A)
AWS D9.1M/D9.1:2000
(2) Helium (AWS SG-He) H4.2.6 WeldingStainlessSteelSheetMetal. The

(3) C02 (AWS SC-C) GMAW short circuiting transfer variation excels in econ-
(4) Various mixturesof the above with each other and omy for welding stainless steel. When welding stainless
with oxygen, especially when welding ferrous metals, to steel, the electrode wire size and current settings are very
prevent undercut and irregular welds. similar to mild steel welding, except that stainless steel
will tolerate a slightly lower current setting. The most
Mixtures of argon and CO2 are commonly used for
critical aspect of GMAW stainless steel is matching the
welding light gauge mild steel and low-alloy steel. Gas
electrode wire composition with the base metal composi-
costs can be decreasedby increasing the percentage of tion. The normal shielding gas for short circuiting trans-
CO*, but spatter and costs of cleanup will increase.
fer welding of stainless steel is a helium-argon-carbon
H4.2.4 Electrode Wire. The filler metal used in the dioxide blend such as 90% He - 7.5% Ar - 2.5% CO2.
GMAW process is quite small in diameter, ranging from (SG-HeAC-7.5/2.5)
0.8 mm [0.030in.] to 1.6 mm [1/16 in.]. Electrode wire H4.2.7 WeldingAluminumSheetMetal. Unlike
should be clean and free from contaminants because of stainless and mild steel welding,best results are obtained
the high surface-to-volume ratio. Any foreign matter on using argon as a shielding gas. With the work electrically
the electrode has an exaggerated effect in relation to the negative, arc action effectively removessurface oxides.
amount of metal present, which may cause weld defects
Using a DCEP (current) and argon shielding gas, it is
such as porosity and cracking. Carbon steel wire has a
possible to weld thin aluminum of approximately
very thin protective coating (usually copper) while most
1.27 mm [0.050 in.]. Electrode wire sizes of 0.8 to 1.6
other wires are bare.
mm [0.030to 1/16 in.] are commonly used. With these
H4.2.5 WeldingCarbonSteelSheetMetal. The diameter wires, base metal melt-through and spatter are
thickness of joints that can be welded depends upon the both minimized.The pulsed arc variation of GMAW pro-
process. The short circuiting arc is ideal for welding fer- duces good results when welding aluminum sheet metal.
rous metalsin all positions, if they are thinner than6 mm Table H4 suggests current ranges for welding aluminum
[1/4 in.] and with square butt joint designs, The pulsed sheet metal.
arc is used to weld sheet as thin as 18 gauge, 1.27 mm
H43 Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW). This process
[O.OS0 in.] in all positions.
is similar in application and equipment to GMAW. Flux
Every type of joint can be welded with GMAW if both cored arc welding uses cored electrodes instead of solid
the appropriate process and welding conditions are electrodes for joining ferrous metal. Minerals andferrous
selected. alloys in the core provide additional protection and help
~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~
Table H4
Suggested Welding Conditionsfor Aluminum Sheet Metal
--````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
75% He + 25% A
(SG-A or SG-HeA-25)
75% He + 2.5% A
(SG-A or SG-HeA-25)
35
AWS D9.1M/D9.1:2O00
control the weld contour. Many cored electrodes are de- A variety of tungsten electrodes is used with the pro-
signed to be used with carbon dioxide-rich gases, and cess. The thoriated, zirconiated, ceriated, and lanthanated
many now are of a self-shielded variety. These electrodes tungsten electrodes have higher current-carrying capacity
are designed to prevent porosity from forming in the and emit electrons better than pure tungsten electrodes,
weld metal by the addition of significant amounts of making them more suitable for dc operations. The elec-
deoxidizers' such as aluminum. This allows them to be trode is normally groundto a point or to a truncated cone
used without a shielding gas. By controlling the ioniz- configuration to minimize arc wandering. Pure tungsten
able materials in the core, the process can employ either has the poorest electron emission but causes the least
--````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
direct current electrode positive (reverse polarity) or di- current imbalance withac welding powersupplies. Alter-
rect current electrode negative (straight polarity). The nating current is advantageous when welding aluminum
self-shielded FCAW process is commercially available in because arc action accelerates removal of oxides from
mild steel and stainless steel filler metals. the surface.
In general, the GMAW and FCAW processes are cost The equipment needed consists of a welding torch,
effective. The deposition efficiencies are particularly welding power supply, and a source of inert gas with
high, approaching 95 to 100 percent with solid electrode suitable pressure regulators and flowmeters.
(depending upon the shielding gas), 85 to 90 percent
Gas tungsten arc welding requires more training time,
with gas-shielded cored electrodes, and 80 to 85 percent
manual dexterity, and operator coordination than does
with the self-shielded cored electrodes. Welders can
SMAW or GMAW. The equipment is portable and usable
work continuously with both GMAW and FCAW pro-
with all metal in a wide range of thicknesses and in all
cesses. The wire is fed continuously, and only duty cycle
welding positions. Welds of the highest quality can be
limitations of the power source, welder fatigue, ora need
produced with the versatileGTAW process.
to change position would require the arc to be interrupted.
The process allows welding of all types of grooves
H4.4 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW). Gas tung- and joint geometries. It is particularly appropriate for
,sten arc welding uses a nonconsumable tungsten elec- welding metals in sheet metal thicknesses.
trode shielded with an inert gas. The arc fuses the metal
AlthoughoftenslowerthanSMAW or GMAW,
being welded as well as the filler metal, if used. The gas
GTAW can provide the highest weld quality while ac-
shield protects the electrode and weld pool and provides
commodating a wider range of thicknesses, positions,
the required arc characteristics.
and geometries than either SMAWor GMAW.
The process may employ either DCEN or ac. In gen-
eral, ac is preferred for aluminum. DCEN is preferred for
the other metals and alloys listed in 3.3.1. DCEP is not H4.5 Plasma Arc Welding (PAW). The equipment in-
used because the tungstenelectrode overheats and evapo- cludes a control circuit, power supply, torch, workpiece
rates if not oversized. connection and work lead assembly, shielding gas hose,
When ac is used with argon shielding, arc action loos- orifice gas hose, inert gas regulators, and flowmeters.The
ens oxides on the surface during the half cycle when the needle arc variation could have application to extremely
electrode current is positive. Oxide removal is beneficial thin sheet metal welding below 1.5 mm [0.062 in.] in
in reducing porosity when welding aluminum. thickness. Its needle-like arc is long and easily controlled.
Helium is notusedforsheetmetalbecauseof its The weld is smooth and made without filler metal. Out-
deeper penetrating arc. of-position weldingis possible.
Regardless of polarity, a constant current (drooping The basic elements oftheplasma arc torch are the
volt-ampere characteristic) welding supplyis required, In tungsten electrode and the orifice.A small flow of argon
addition, a high frequency oscillator is generally an inte- is supplied through the orifice to form the arc plasma.
gral part of the powersupplies intended for GTAW. High The arc and weld shielding is obtained from a second gas
frequency can be employed withdc to initiate the arc in- flow through an encircling outer nozzle cup assembly.
stead of touch starting to minimize tungsten electrode The shielding gas can be argon, helium, or mixtures of
contamination. It is normally turned off automatically argon with helium. A low current pilot arc between the
after arc ignition. High frequency is employed with ac electrode and the orifice insert (commonly referred to as
for initiating the arc and to ensure its re-ignition at each a nontransferred arc) heats the orifice gas to very high
half cycle while welding. I t remains on throughout the temperatures so that it becomes ionized and produces a
welding operation. plasma. The plasma formsa conductive path between the
Some specialized power sources provide pulsating di- electrode and the weldment to permit instant ignition of a
rect current at high or low frequency. With these power welding arc (between electrode andworkpiece) which, in
sources better control of weld metal fusion and solidifi- this case, is called a transferred arc. If filler metal is used,
cation characteristics is possible. it is fed into the arc as in the GTAW process.
36
STDmAWS DS-LM/DS-L-ENGL 2000 078112b5 0539787 BT5
AWS D9.1M/D9.1:2OoO
H4.6 Carbon Arc Welding (CAW). The carbon arc systems. This type of braze welding is used extensively
welding processhas been superseded to a great extent by in small to medium sizedsheet metal shops. In the larger
other welding processes. Therestill are many applica- shops, mostof this type of welding is done using GMAW
tions for which it can be used to good advantage. with silicon-bronze welding wire.
The carbon electrode is used only as a source of heat.
Amperages are chosen to give longestelectrode life. Arc
temperatures range from 3900°C to 5000°C [7000”Fto
9000”F], depending upon the current used, with very H5.Summary
slow burnoff of the electrode on DCEN. If the proper
composition of filler metal is supplied from a separate SMAWandGMAWarethemostused methods for
--````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
source, welds of high tensile strength and ductility are joining sheet metal components for heating, ventilating,
produced. air conditioning, industrial sheet applications, and air
There is still aconsiderable amount of carbon arc pollution applications.
braze welding being donein the sheet metal industry in GTAW and PAW are other methods for joining sheet
the form of braze welding usingsilicon-bronze or alumi- metal components for food and beveragedispensing sys-
num-bronze filler wire. This process, whichis commonly tems; food processing equipment; andarchitectural metal
called “everduring,” has achieved a high degree of usage installations. Due to the sanitary and cosmetic appear-
in the sheet metal industry for joining light gauge galva- ance requiredfor this type of component, these processes
nized fittings used on high and medium pressure duct offer some unique advantages to thesheet metal industry.
37
--````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Annex I
Recommended Braze Welding Practices
purposes only.)
Il. Introduction sheet metal components. As the equipment andprocesses

became more versatile, the practice of braze welding in-
These recommended practices have been prepared by creased in the sheet metal industry to a point that today,
the AWS Committee on Welding, Brazing, and Soldering virtually all sheet metalshops own arc welding equipment.
of Sheet Metal. The Committee does not propose that In today’s marketplace, one will find an abundance of
these are the only possible methodsfor the braze welding welded components in heating, ventilating, and air con-
of sheet metal. These recommended practices are of a ditioning; industrial sheet metal applications; food and
general nature and are offered only as guidelines indica- beverage dispensing systems; food processing equipment;
tive of sheet metal industry experience. More detailedin- air pollution and conveyor systems; and architectural
formation may be found in the latest edition of AWS metal installations.
A5.8, Specification for Filler Metals for Brazing and
Braze Welding,AWS Brazing Handbook, and Volume 2,
Eighth Edition, of theAWS Welding Handbook.
13. Description
Braze welding isa welding process variation in which
12. Brief History of Sheet Metal a filler metal is deposited in a specificjoint configuration
Braze Welding in which bonding is obtained by a wetting action. Braze
The term sheet metal is usually associated with very welding requires heating, but not melting of the base
thin galvanized sheet steel. Actually, the term sheet metal metal and requires by definition, to distinguish from sol-
can mean a coated or uncoated ferrous or nonferrous metal dering, a filler metal havinga melting temperature above
as thick as 3 gauge, 6.35 mm [0.250 in.], and as thin as 450°C [840”F].In sheet metal applications, the braze
32 gauge, 0.26 mm [0.0102]. welding heat source employed most commonly is the
For many years after welding had become every day electric arc. In common usage today also are carbon arc
practice in structural work, heavy wall pipe work, and welding (CAW) (often referred to in the sheet metal in-
heavy wall pressure vessel work, thesheet metal industry dustry as “everduring”), gas metal arc welding (GMAW),
was still joining thin materials with riveted andsoldered and gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) processes.
joints and various sheet metal locks and seams. In a few
instances, the sheet metal industry gas welded or braze
welded joints and seams. This was usually both slow and
expensive.
14. Fit-up
With the introduction of low voltage power sources Stringent fit-up is not critical because the filler metal
and smaller diameter electrodes for SMAW and the de- is deposited in grooves and spaces exactly where the
velopment of the GMAW, GTAW, and PAW processes, molten filler metal wets the base metal. Refer to typical
braze welding became a practical method of joining joint designs in Annex G, Part B.
38
~~
STD-AWS DS=1tl/DS-L-ENCL 2000 D 07842b50519787b78 W

AWS D9.1M/D9.1:2000
15. Base Metals joints prepared with, or exposed to, such machinery.
Cleaning can be accomplished chemically or mechani-
--````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Most similar or dissimilar metal joints may be braze cally. Selection of chemical cleaning agentswill depend
welded, some with a greater degree of ease than others. on the nature of the contamination and may include sol-
Some dissimilar metal joints are more suitable for braze vents, alkaline commercial mixtures, vapor degreasing,
welding than for fusion welding. emulsions, or electrolytic cleaning.
In all cases, chemicalresidueshouldberemoved
completely before braze welding to prevent the forma-
16. Filler Metals tion of other equally undesirable films or coatings. Me-
chanical cleaning or descalingof oxide, scale, etc., may
All filler metals for braze welding havea melting (liq- be accom lished by grinding, wire brushing, or abrasive
uidus) temperature above 450°C and below that
[840"F]
of the base metal being joined. The braze weldingfiller
PI
blasting. B asting material should be clean and not leave
a deposit on the surface. Mechanical cleaning will not ef-
metal may be fed in the form of wire, rod, or strips. Most fectively remove oil or lubricants. To prevent new con-
braze weldingfiller metals contain two or more elements tamination fromthe atmosphere or handling, or both, it is
alloyed to provide certain desirable characteristics. The recommended that braze welding should be accom-
two filler metals most commonly used in the sheet metal plished as soon as possible after the joint has been
industry today are silicon bronze (ERCuSi-Al) and alu- cleaned.
minum bronze (ERCuAl-A2). When selecting a suitable
filler metal for braze welding, application requirements
must be considered; ¡.e., if the braze welded assembly is
to be used in a corrosive environment, the filler metal
19. Shielding Gas
should be as resistant to thecorrosiveenvironment as theGMAandGTA brazeweldingprocessesutilize a
base metal. shielding gas to control
atmosphere.
Suggested
the arc
shielding gases are argon, helium, or combinations
thereof.
17. Joint Strength
Strength of braze weld joints is dependentonthe
properties of the filler metal used. Experienceh a s shown
110. Summary
that braze welded joints made with the gas metal arc or Braze welding offers some unique advantages to the
gas tungsten arc process offer optimum strength and sheet metal industry. The process can be accomplished
integrity. with most of the electric arc power sources found in
many sheet metal shops or on jobsites. The low tempera-
ture required for braze welding minimizesthe distortion
IS. Base Metal Cleaning and and burn-throughsometimes experienced in fusion weld-
ing of thin sheet metal, especially in out-of-position job
Preparation site conditions. Braze welding donewith silicon bronze,
Clean surfaces, free of oxide film or scale, dirt, copper silicon, silicon-aluminum bronze, or aluminum
grease, oil, etc., are essential to braze welding. Foreign bronze filler metal using an electric arc process does not
material on faying and adjacent surfaces may inhibit the require fluxing. For job specifications requiring maxi-
wetting action, prevent uniform flow and bonding of the mum retention of metallic coatings on the base metal, the
filler metal, and resultin voids or inclusions, or both. Be- manufacturer should consider that the lower temperature
cause heavy deposits of oil usually are present on sheet used for braze welding can minimize the loss of the pro-
metal working equipment, cleaning is emphasized on tective coating.
39
Annex J
General Knowledge Test
(This Annex is not a part of AWS D9.1 M/D9.1:2000, Sheet Metal Welding Code, but is included for information
purposes only.)
In order to promote training of welders and welding 3. SMAW can be used in what position?
operators, a general knowledge test of a minimum of 10 A. Horizontal
questions is recommended. Contractors, at their option, B. Vertical
may administer a general knowledge test of the welder’s C. Overhead
and welding operator’s general welding knowledge. The D. All positions
knowledge test shall be considered independent of the
4. SMAW power sources allows the welder to control
welder and welding operator qualification test.
the:
Welders and welding operators should pass a general
A. Voltage
knowledge test consisting of a minimum of 10 questions
B. Ohms
with a score greater than or equal to 70 percent. An im-
C.Watts
mediate retestmay be administered in the eventof failure.
D. Amperage
In the event of second and subsequent failures, further
training shouldbe administered before repeat testing. Sam- 5. An E6010 electrode will weld in all positions, this is
ple test questions may be selected from anyof the various indicated by the:
processes given below. A. First number
B. Second number
C. Third number
D. Last number
Jl. SMAW Sample Test 6. The acceptable term for reverse polarity is:
A. Alternating Current
--````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Please circle the letter corresponding to the best answer B. Direct Current
in each of the following questions. C. Alternating Current Electrode Negative
D. Direct Current Electrode Positive
I . In the welding circuit the greatest resistance to cur-
rent flow is: 7. E6010 electrode are designed to weld using:
A. Through the power source A. DCEN
B. Through the welding cable B. ACHF
C. Through the electrode C. DCEP
D. Across the arc length 8. A long arc length in the SMAW process will force.
the weld metal to:
2. In most cases, reverse polarity produces: A. Spread over a wider bead profile
A. Deep penetration B. Becomenarrow
B. Medium penetration C. Decrease the arc voltage
C. Shallow penetration D. Increase the amperage
40
A m D9.1 M/D9.1:2OOO
9. The proper SMAW arc length equals: 4. Your weldhas a highreinforcementand does not
A. 1.625 mm to 6.5 mm [1/16 in. to 1/4 in.] lave a smooth transition at the toes of the weld.
B. 3.25 mm [lnin.] What should you do?
C. Equals thediameter of the electrode core wire 4. Increase the arc voltage
D. Equals the outside diameter of the electrode in- B. Decrease the arc voltage
cluding the flux coating 2. Hold a tighter electrode extensionand it will
10. Arc strikes on the base material of a welded project make the weldcloser to the. base metal
will do no harm lD. Increasing the shielding gas will help the weld
A. True wet in at the toes of the weld
B. False 5. Short circuit transfer for sheet metal welding nor-
11. Your workpiece connection gets hot, this is caused mally occurs in the voltage range of:
I
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by: A. 5 to 12 volts
A. The clamp is tosmallfortheamperagebeing B. 16 to 21 volts
used C. 23 to 27 volts
B. The weld lead connection to the clamp is loose D. 28 to 35 volts
C. The workpiece lead is to small
D. The connection is frayed to half of its diameter 6. The wire feed speedin a GMA welding process usu-
E. All of the above ally determines the:
E None of the above A.Voltage
B. Amperage
ANSWERS:
1. D
C. Slope
2. A D. None of the above
3. D 7. Whenusing short circuit transfermodethe filler
4. D metal is transferred to the base metal:
5. c A. Across the open arc
6. D B. By direct contact with the base metal
7. c
C. Large droplets transfer across the arc
8. A
D. It is drawntothemetal by Electro-magnetic
9. c force
10. B
11. E 8. The electrical extension (which is the distance from
your contact tip to the end of your wire) for short
circuit welding should be:
52. GMAW Sample Test A. 3.25 mm [1/8 in.]
B. 6.5 mm [1/4 in.]
Please circle the letter corresponding to the best answer
in each of the following questions. C. 9.5 mm [3/8 in.]
D. 19 mm [3/4 in.]
I . In most cases, reverse polarity produces:
A. Deep penetration 9. At the same depositionrate,when changing the
B. Medium penetration shielding gas from a 75% Argon 25% COz (SG-AC-
C. Shallow penetration 25) gas mixture to 100%COz(SG-C), the primary
adjustment that must be made is:
2. GMAW generally has what type of power source? A. An increase in wire speed
A. Constant current B. An decrease in wire speed
B. Alternating current with high frequency
C. A increase in voltage
C. Constant voltage
D. A decrease in voltage
3. What is themostcommonmodeofmetaltransfer
used for thin gage material? 1o. Short circuit transfer requires:
A. Globular transfer A. Low voltage and high amperage
B. Spray transfer B. Low voltage and low amperage
C. Pulsed spray transfer C. High voltage and low amperage
D. Short circuit transfer D. High voltage and high amperage
41
ANSWERS: 7. Select thetungstentip angle thatwillproductthe
1. A deepest penetration.
2. c
3. D
4. A
5. B
6. B
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7. B A. B. C. D.
8. C
9. c 8. Select the tungsten that demonstrates proper grind-
10. B ing techniques.
53. GTAW Sample Test

Please circle the letter corresponding to the best answer
in each of the following questions.
1. The GTAW process normally requires what type of
power source?
A. Constant Voltage
B. Constant Potential
C. Constant Current
A. B.
2. Welding Stainless Steel requires what typeof current?
A. DCEN
9. Select the tungsten grindin question 7 (seven) that will
B. DCEP work best for inside corner welds.
C. ACHF
D.AC 10. Select the GTAW filler metal that helps control po-
rosity when welding carbon steel that has not been
3. Argon is a better electrical conductor than Helium. deoxidized.
A. True First choice
B. False Second choice
4. Argon demonstrates better heat conducthfity across A. ER70S-2
the arc column than Helium. B. ER70S-3
A. True C. ER70S-4
B. False D. ER70S-5
5. The smoothest arc is obtained using what type of E. ER70S-6
current?
A.AC ANSWERS:
B. Rectified single phase current 1. c
C. Rectified three phase current 2. A
D. ACHF 3. A
4. B
6. Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys are welded using 5. c
a power source that produces this type of current. 6. A
A. ACHF 7. c
B. DCEN 8. A
C. DCEP 9. D
D. AC 10. First choice A
E. DC 10. Second choice E
42
AWS D9.1 M/D9.1:2OOO
--````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
54. Braze Welding Sample Test 10. What type of power source is used for CAW?
A. Constant Voltage
Please circle rhe letter corresponding to the best answer B. Constant Current
in each of the following questions.
ANSWERS:
1. What type of current is used in the CAW Process? 1. c
A. DCEP 2. B
B.AC 3. B
C.DCEN 4. c
D. ACHF 5. D
6. D
2. CAW requires the arc melt the base metal. 7. A
A. True 8. Pure Graphite and Baked Carbon
B. False 9. A
10. B
3. The CAW filler material melts above:
A. 1OOOOC [1840"Fl
B. 450°C [840"F] J 5 Welding Safety Sample Test
C. 815°C [1500"F]
D. 1090°C [2000"F] Please circle the letter corresponding to the best answer
in each of thefollowing questions.
4. The gases given off during the electrode erosion are:
1. What distance can sparks travelhorizontallyfrom
A. Helium and Argon the pointof operation?
B. Argon and Carbon Dioxide A. 7.5 meters [25 feet]
C. Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide B. 10.5 meters [35 feet]
D. Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen C. 15.25 meters [50 feet]
D. 30.5 meters [lo0 feet]
5 . The welding arc must be directed to the:
A. The joint root 2. What two organizations have safety standards you
B. The base metal should know?
C. The root opening A. OSHA & ASME
D. The filler material B. OSHA & AWS
C. ASME & AWS
6. Which of the following statementsis the most correct? D. ASME & ASTM
A. Melt the filler metal and never the base metal
3. During welding, current will not harm human
the body.
B. Melt the filler metal and the base metal
A. True, as long as you are in good shape.
C. Melt the filler metal and the galvanized coating B. False, during welding, current can cause direct
D. Melt the filler metal and not the base metal and physiological harm.
any base metal coatings
4. Shock currents that are considered primary because
7. A fabricated copper sleeve will keep the electrode they arecapable of causing direct physiological harm
holder from breaking the electrode and allow more are greater than approximately:
electrode angle adjustment. A. 6 Milliamperes
A. True B. 60 Amperes
B. False C. 10 Milliamperes
D. 100 Amperes
8. What are the two types of electrodes used in the
CAW process? 5 . Finishesformulatedwith pigments having low re-
flectivity are recommended for painted surfaces in a
welding area. These pigments include:
A. Zinc Dioxide
9. It is important to sharpen the electrode to help con- B. Titanium Oxide
centrate the arc on the filler metal and not on the C. Zinc Oxide
base metal. D. Titanium Dioxide
A. True E. A & B
B. False F. C & D
43
S T D * A W S DS.LM/DS*L-ENGL 2000 D 07842b5 0537774 T 3 5
AWS D9.1 M/D9.1:2OOO
6. Weldinghelmetsareadequateprotectionagainst 9. Conduit and pipelines should be used for work lead

simi-
slag chips, grinding fragments, wire bristles and connections
lar hazards. A. True
A. True, as long as it has a clear cover lens. B. False
B. False, safety glasses with side shields that com- 10. To minimize shock hazard, DC machines that are suffi-
ply with ANSI 287 must be worn in addition to ciently close to each other must
be on the same polarity.
the welding helmet. A. True
7. Degreasing and cleaning compounds containing B. False
chlorinated hydrocarbons must be kept away from ANSWERS:
the welding area to prevent exposure to the ultravio- 1. B
let radiation of the arc and the formation of highly 2. B
toxic phosgene gas. 3. B
A. True 4. A
B. False 5. F
6. B
8. Welders should be protectedto prevent shock induced 7. A
falls. 8. A
A. True 9. B
B. False 10. A
--````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
44
S T D - A U S D9.1tl/DS*L-ENGL 2000 m 078112b5 0519795 9 7 1 W
AWS D9.1M/W.l:2OoO
Annex K
Guidelines for Preparation of Technical Inquiries
for AWS Technical Committees
purposes only.)
Kl. Introduction involves twoor more interrelated provisions. That provi-

sion must be identified in the scope of the inquiry, along
The AWS Board of Directors has adopted a policy with the editioi of the standard that contains the provi-
whereby all official interpretations of AWS standards sions or that the inquirer is addressing.
will be handled in a formal manner. Under that policy, all
interpretations are made by the committee that is respon- K2.2 Purpose of the Inquiry.The purpose of the inquiry
sible for thestandard. Oficial communication concern- must be stated in this portion of the inquiry. The p u p e
ing an interpretation is through the AWS staff member can be either to obtain an interpretation of a standard re-
who works with that committee. The policy requires that quirement, or to request the revisionof a particular provi-
all requests for an interpretation be submitted in writing. sion in the standard.
Such requests will be handled as expeditiously as possi-
K2.3 Content of the Inquiry. The inquiry should be
ble but due to the complexity of the work and the proce-
concise, yet complete, to enable the committee to quickly
dures that must be followed, some interpretations may
and fully understand the point of the inquiry. Sketches
require considerable time.
should be used when appropriate and all paragraphs, fig-
ures, and tables (or the Annex), which bear on the in-
quiry must be cited. If the point of the inquiry is to obtain
K2.Procedure a revision of the standard, the inquiry must provide tech-
All inquiries must be directed to: nical justification for that revision.
Managing Director, Technical Services K2.4 Proposed Reply. The inquirer should, as a pro-
American Welding Society posed reply, state an interpretation of the provision thatis
550 N.W. LeJeune Road the point of the inquiry,or the wording for a proposed re-
Miami, FL 33126 vision, if that is whatinquirer seeks.
All inquiries must contain the name, address, and af-

filiation of the inquirer, andthey must provide enoughin-
formation for the committee to fully understand the point K3.Interpretation of Provisions of the
of concern in the inquiry. Where that point is not clearly Standard
defined, the inquiry will be returned for clarification. For
Interpretations of provisions of the standard are made
efficient handling, all inquiries should be typewritten and
by the relevant AWS Technical Committee. The secre-
should also be in the format used here.
tary of the committee refers all inquiries to the chairman
K2.1 Scope. Each inquiry must address one single pro- of the particular subcommittee that has jurisdiction over
vision of the standard, unless the point of the inquiry the portion of the standard addressed by the inquiry. The
45
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AWS D9.1M/D9.1:2OOo
subcommittee reviews the inquiry andthe proposed reply AWS staff members respond toa telephone request foran
to determine what the response to the inquiry should be. official interpretationof any AWSstandard with the infor-
Following the subcommittee’s development of the re- mation that such an interpretation can be obtained only
sponse, the inquiry and the response are presented to the through a written request. The Headquartersstaff cannot
entire committee for review and approval. Upon approval provide consulting services.The staff can, however, refer
by the committee, the interpretation willbe an official in- a caller to any of those consultants whose names are on
terpretation of the Society, and the secretary will transmit file atAWS Headquarters.
the response to the inquirer and to the Welding Journal
for publication.
K6. The AWS Technical Committee
The activities of AWS Technical Committeesin regard
K4. Publication of Interpretations to interpretations, are limitedstrictly to the Interpretation
All official interpretations will appear in the Welding of provisions of standards prepared by the committee or
Journal. to consideration of revisions to existing provisions on the
basis of new data or technology. Neither the committee
nor the staff is in a position to offer interpretive or con-
K5.Telephone Inquiries sulting services on: (1) specific engineering problems, or
(2) requirements of Standards applied to fabrications out-
Telephone inquiries to AWS Headquarters concerning side the scope of the document or points not specifically
AWS standards should be limited to questions of a gen- covered by the standard.In such cases,. the inquirer should
eral nature or to matters directly related to the use of the seek assistance froma competent engineer experienced in
standard. The Board of Directors’ Policy requires that all the particular fieldof interest.
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--````,``,``,,`,`,``,,,,`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Supersedes ANSUAWS D9.1-90

Under the Direction of

American Welding Society

I . Scope. Purpose. and Applications ......................................................................................................................... 1

GB1through GB9 BrazeWelding Joint Designs and Details .......................................................................... 29

(B) LAP JOINT (C) T-JOINT

Figure 1-Procedure Qualification Test Assemblies

following paragraphs. The variables shall be recorded on

considered a backing material.

(A)TEST POSITION l G , FLAT

@)TEST POSITION 26, HORIZONTAL

(C)TEST POSITION 36,VERTICAL

(D)TEST POSITION 46, OVERHEAD

Figure >Butt Joint Groove Weld Test Positions

NOTE: ONE SHEET MUST

(B) TEST POSITION2F, HORIZONTAL

(C)TEST POSITION 3F, VERTICAL

(D)TEST POSITION4F, OVERHEAD

Figure 3-Fillet Weld Test Positions

I 5.4 Current and Polarity.Welding current and polarity

S T D O A W S D S * L M / D S * L - E N G L 2000 W 07842b5 05197bL 599 =

Procedure Specification (WPS). An independent third

(B) LAP JOINT (C) T-JOINT

Figure &Braze Weld Procedure Qualification Test Assemblies

an independent third party, subject to the following

8.4.1 Groove Braze Welds. Except for the first and

(B) TEST POSITION2 0 , HORIZONTAL

(C)TEST POSITION 30,VERTICAL

(D)TEST POSITION46, OVERHEAD

Figure %Braze Groove Weld Test Positions

AXIS OF BRAZE WELD

(A)TEST POSITION lF, FLAT

NOTE: ONE SHEET MUST

(B) TEST POSITION 2F, HORIZONTAL

(C)TEST POSITION 3F,VERTICAL

*L AXIS OF BRAZE WELD

(D)TEST POSITION 4F,OVERHEAD

Figure &Braze Fillet Weld Test Positions

9.2.2 Braze Groove Welds. Test coupon dimensions

A5.5 E(X)XXlS-X, E(X)XX16-X, E(X)XXlI-X, E(X)XXlSM, E(X)XXlSMl

72 A5.21 All classifications

Gauge No. mm in. Gauge No. mm in.

8 4.37 0.1719 8 3.26 O. 1285

square meter(kg) square foot (oz.) mm in.

Filler Metal Size Current Range Speed of Travel Voltage Range

We, the undersigned, certify that the statements in this record

ESSENTIAL VARIABLES QUALIFIED BY TEST

inclusion over 0.25t

Undercut exceeding0.15t 1 I I I NIA NIA

FigureGA1 -Square-Groove WeldFigureGA4 -Flare-Bevel-GrooveWeld

Figure GA7 - Flare-Bevel Weld

Figure GA11-Fillet Weld in Open (Offset)

Part A (Continued)-Arc Welding

Figure GB1- Square-Groove BrazeWeld

Figure GB4 Flare-Bevel-Groove-

Figure GB2- Edge BrazeWeld

Figure GB3-Square-Groove Figure GB6-Square-Groove