1) A Coaxial Cable is an electrical cable with a
copper conductor and an insulator shielding around it
and a braided metal mesh that prevents signal
interference and cross talk. Coaxial cable is also
known as coax.The core copper conductor is used for
the transmission of signals and the insulator is used
to provide insulation to the copper conductor and the
insulator is surrounded by a braided metal conductor
which helps to prevent the interference of electrical
signals and prevent cross talk. This entire setup is
again covered with a protective plastic layer to
provide extra safety to the cable.Copper conductor: A
central conductor, which consists of copper. The
conductor is the point at which data
transmits.Insulator: Dielectric plastic insulation around
the copper conductor. it is used to maintain the
spacing between the center conductor and shield.
types of Coaxial cables
1.Hardline coaxial cable: Hardline coaxial cable’s
center conductor is made of copper, silver and has a
larger diameter when compared to other coaxial
cables.2)Flexible coaxial cable: The flexible coaxial
cables are very flexible and the inner conductor is
surrounded by a flexible polymer.3)Semi-rigid
coaxial cable: Semi-rigid coaxial cable uses a solid
copper outer sheath with a dielectric of
Polytetrafluoroethylene. 4)Formable coaxial
cable: It is an alternative to semi-rigid cable, instead
of a rigid copper outer sheath a flexible metal sheath
is utilized Applications of Coaxial cable
The coaxial cables are used in Ethernet LANs and
also used in MANs 1)Television: Coaxial cable used
for television would be 75 Ohm and RG-6 coaxial
cable. 2)Internet: Coaxial cables are also used for
carrying internet signals, RG-6 cables are used for
this.3)CCTV: The coaxial cables are also used in
CCTV systems and both RG-59 AND RG-6 cables
can be used.
Guided media Unguided media
The guided media is The unguided media is also
also called called wireless
wiredcommunication or communication or
bounded transmission unbounded transmission
media. media
The signal energy The signal energy 4) Transport services primitives are
propagates through propagates through the air in used in Transport Layer Service is specified
wires in guided media. unguided media. by a set of primitives. A primitive means
operation. To access the service a user
Guided media is used Unguided media is generally
for point-to-point suited for radio broadcasting process can access these primitives. These
communication. in all directions.
primitives are different for connection oriented
service and connectionless service. Generally
Continuous network
Discrete network service primitives are divided into four classes
topologies are formed topologies are formed by the −  Request − A service node wants some
by the guided media. unguided media. service from its adjacent layer to pass the
parameters to mention the requested service.
It is cost-effective It is expensive.
 Indication − Another Service node or
Examples of guided Examples of unguided media receiver node gets an indication that a
media are twisted pair are microwave or radio links procedure has been invoked by the adjacent
wires, coaxial cables, and infrared light service node.  Response − A receiver
and optical fiber service node acknowledges or completes
cables. some procedure.  Confirm − service nodes
acknowledge the permission to get connected
or not.
3)QoS tools QoS tools generally fall into
these categories:  5)characteristics of the QoS • 1)
Classification. Identifies traffic and marks it to Reliability If a packet gets lost or
make sure that other network devices can acknowledgement is not received (at sender),
identify and prioritize it. 1)Qeueing. Reserves the re-transmission of data will be needed.
bandwidth to hold packets in a buffer to process This decreases the reliability. The importance
later. 2)Policing. Enforces a specific bandwidth of the reliability can differ according to the
and limit and drops packets that don't adhere to application. For example: E- mail and file
the rule. This is part of congestion avoidance. transfer need to have a reliable transmission
3)Shaping. Similar to policing but queues the as compared to that of an audio conferencing.
excess traffic in a buffer instead of completely 2)Delay Delay of a message from source to
dropping them. This, along with queueing, is destination is a very important characteristic.
part of congestion management. 4)Weighted However, delay can be tolerated differently by
random early discard (WRED). Drops low the different applications. For example: The
priority data flows to preserve high-priority data time delay cannot be tolerated in audio
from the negative effects of network congestion. conferencing (needs a minimum time delay),
while the time delay in the e-mail or file
5)Fragmentation and compression. Lowers
transfer has less importance. 3) Jitter The
bandwidth on a network to prevent delay and
jitter. jitter is the variation in the packet delay. If the
difference between delays is large, then it is
QoS tools may perform just one or a called as high jitter. 4) Bandwidth Bandwidth
combination of these functions. Many QoS tools is measured by bits per second. Different
are managed and perform these functions applications need the different bandwidth. For
automatically, giving administrators access to example: Video conferencing needs more
alter settings and policies as needed. Some bandwidth in comparison to that of sending an
popular QoS monitoring tools are: e-mail.
•SolarWinds NetFlow Traffic Analyzer
•Paessler PRTG Network Monitor
•Nagios Network Analyzer
TCP UDP
•ManageEngine NetFlow Analyzer
TCP is a connection-oriented UDP is a connectionless
protocol. protocol.
•OpenNMS (open source)
Data is transmitted in the form It is doesn’t guarantee the
of packets. It includes error- errorchecking and data recov
checking, guarantees the
delivery packets.
TCPTCP is comparatively UDP is faster, simpler, and
slower than UDP. is more efficient than TCP
comparatively slower than
UDP.
TCP has a (20-60) bytes UDP has an 8 bytes fixed-
variable lenTCP has a (20- length header.
60) bytes variable length
header. gth header.

TCP is heavy-weight. UDP is lightweight

TCP IS USED BYTCP is UDP is used byDP is used

used by HTTP, by DNS, DHCP,
HTTPs, FTP, SMTP and Te TFTP, SNMP, RIP,
and VoIP.
lnet.
The TCP connection is a UDP connection is a
byte stream. message stream.

An acknowledgment No acknowledgment
segment is present. segment.