Citing Sources

to Support
Argument
 Review:
01 What are the 3 types of
Claims?

How does the 3 claims differ

02
from one another?
Background Information
● Arguments articulate a writer’s claim.
This claim requires him to defend
through good reasoning supported by
plenty of research and reliable source
that lend credibility to his work.
What is an Argument?
To give an argument is to provide a set of premises as
reasons for accepting the conclusion. To give an argument is
not necessarily to attack or criticize someone but to support
other people’s viewpoint.
Example

If you want to find a good job, you should work hard. You
do want to find a good job. So, you should work hard.

The first two sentences here are the premises of the argument, and
the last sentence is the conclusion. To give this argument is to offer
the premises as reasons for accepting the conclusion.
A few points to note:
Dogmatic people tend to make assertions without giving reasons. When
they are criticized they often fail to give arguments to defend their own
opinions.

To improve our critical thinking skills, we should develop the habit of giving
good arguments to support our opinions.

To defend an opinion, think about whether you can give more than one
argument to support it. Also, think about potential objections to your
opinion, e.g. arguments against your opinion. A good thinker will
consider the arguments on both sides of an issue.
How to look for Arguments?
There are no easy mechanical rules, and we usually rely on the
context in order to determine which are the premises and the
conclusions. But sometimes the job can be made easier by the
presence of certain premise or conclusion indicators.

For example, if a person makes a statement, and then adds

"this is because ...", then it is quite likely that the first
statement is presented as a conclusion, supported by the
statements that come afterwards.
Other words in English that might be used to indicate
the premises to follow include:

● since
● firstly, secondly, ...
● for, as, after all,
● assuming that, in view of the fact that
● follows from, as shown / indicated by
● may be inferred / deduced / derived from
Conclusions, on the other hand, are often
preceded by words like:

● therefore, so, it follows that

● hence, consequently
● suggests / proves / demonstrates that
● entails, implies
Background Information
● Claims can be supported by facts,
statistics and quotations from
recognized authorities and some
other types of evidence.
Background Information
● Citing and documenting sources properly are
among the skills the students should be
concerned of before they engage
themselves in writing. After all, any source of
intellectual property should be
acknowledged
Citation
 Citation

Is the means by which you

credit other researchers and
writers when you use their
work in your papers.
Citation is essential for the
following
01 It allows readers to locate the materials you used.

It demonstrates that you have conducted a

02 thorough review of the literature on your topic

03 It will be used to reinforce your arguments

Citation is essential for the
following
04 It will be used to explain the reasons for
alternative approaches

05 It will either bolster or challenged your argument

It will refrain you from violating the

06 Intellectual Property Rights
 Plagiarism

is using someone else’s work

or ideas as your own with or
without their consent by
incorporating it into your
work without full
acknowledgment.
 Formats in In-Text Citation
Parenthetical Citation
The reference data appears in
parentheses.

Narrative Citation
The author’s name is incorporated in
the text as part of the sentence and the
year or page number follows in
parentheses
 Parenthetical and Narrative
Citation
Each citation and documentation vary in style
according to format, manner of citation and
source of material used. Study and observe the
summarized in the next slide.
 Citing for a Direct Quote for MLA
Give the author’s last name in the text of your paper and indicate the page
numbers in parenthesis following the borrowed material

Parenthetical Citation Narrative Citation

● The study stressed that “In today’s ● Gomez stressed that social networking
age, social networking sites as sites as venues for public discourse is
venues for public discourse is undeniable (61).
undeniable” (Gomez 61).

Author’s name is Page number

Author’s name & incorporated in the
page number inside text.
the parentheses.
 Citing for a Direct Quote for APA
(Include author’s name, year/date and page number and place quotation
marks around the direct quote when available)

Parenthetical Citation Narrative Citation

● One study found that, “In today’s ● Gomez (n. d.) found that in today’s age,
age, social networking sites as social networking site as venues for
venues for public discourse is public discourse is undeniable.
undeniable” (Gomez, n. d., p.61)

Author’s name page #

Author’s name followed by
year in parenthesis
n.d. means (no date) incorporated in the text.
 Citing for a Web Page for MLA
Use the author’s last name and the page number from which the
quotation or paraphrase was taken in parentheses.
● More than 300 million people worldwide are affected by
depression (Guane 202). Author-page

If the source does not use page numbers, do not include a number in
citation.
● More than 300 million people worldwide are affected by
depression (Guane).

Author’s name only; no

page number available
 Citing for a Web Page for APA
Cite web pages in text as you would with any other source, using the
author and date if known in parentheses.
● More than 300 million people worldwide are affected by
depression (Guane,2018). Author-year

Keep in mind that the author may be an organization rather than a

person.
● More than 300 million people worldwide are affected by
depression (World Health Organization, 2018)

Organizational author year

 Work by 2 Authors for MLA
Give both names separated by the word and when including the names in
the text of a sentence or in parentheses and the page number
Both authors were cited
separated by “and”

● Wilson and Schlosser state that more than 300 million

people worldwide are affected by depression (47)
Page number

● More than 300 million people worldwide are affected by

depression (Wilson and Schlosser 47).

Author’s name separated by “and” followed by

page number inside the parenthesis following
the text cited.
 Work by 2 Authors for APA
Always cite both authors' names in-text every time you reference them
and the date
Both authors were cited year

● Johnson and Smith (2009) found that more than 300

million people worldwide are affected by depression.

● More than 300 million people worldwide are affected by

depression (Wilson and Schlosser 47).

Author’s name separated by “&” followed by a

comma and year inside the parentheses
following the text cited

Observe how MLA and APA differ in citing work with two authors
 Three or more Authors for MLA
When mentioning the authors in the text, give all of the authors' names or
list the first author and write "and others".
Author’s name “and others”

● James and others claim that more than 300 million people
worldwide are affected by depression (157). Page number

For the parenthetical citation and Works Cited citation, give the first
author's name followed by et al.
● More than 300 million people worldwide are affected by
depression (James at al. 57).

Author’s name followed by ”et al” referring to other authors of

same work in parenthetical citation.
 Three or more Authors for APA
Provide all author’s last names when you first refer to a document with
3-5 authors.List of Author’s last names for first reference

● Jones, Chavez, Jackson, and Chen (2010) reported that

more than 300 million people worldwide are affected by
depression.
Only list the first author with the Latin abbreviation “et al” for any
subsequent references.
First author last name with “et al” referring to other
authors of the same work for subsequent referencing

● Jones et al. (2010) further stressed that more than 300 million
people worldwide are affected by depression.
Activity #1:
Activity #2:
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