BAGUIO COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Baguio City, Philippines

SUBJECT TITLE : Research in Daily Life 2

MODULE TITLE : Consolidation of Modules 1-8
MODULE NO :9
NOMINAL DURATION : 4Hours –October 12-17, 2020
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, the students shall be able to:
1. review the important content about research; and
2. recall the different parts of research.

WHAT IS RESEARCH?
Longman Dictionary of contemporary English .(1997) Research as a serious study of a subject that is intended to
discover new facts or test ideas.
According to The Merriam- (Webster online Dictionary). A studious inquiry or examination, especially; investigation
or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or law in the
light of new facts or practical application of such new or revised theories or law.
Kerlinger (1873). Research is a systematic controlled, empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions
about the presumed relations among natural phenomena.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
1.EMPIRICAL – research is based on direct experience or observation of the researcher.
2.LOGICAL – based on valid procedures and principles
3.CYCLICAL - it starts with a problem and ends with a problem
4.ANALYTICAL – utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive,
experimental, and case study.
5. CRITICAL – exhibits careful and precise judgment
6.METHODICAL – research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic method and
procedures
7.REPLICABILITY – the research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the researcher to arrive
at valid and conclusive results.
TYPES OF RESEARCH
1. BASIC RESEARCH - also called “fundamental research” or “pure research” . It seeks to discover basic
truths or principles . Examples: Boyle’s Law, Newton’s Law etc.
2. APPLIED RESEARCH - research which involves seeking new applications of scientific knowledge to the
solution of a problem, such as a development of a new system or procedure, new device, or new method
in order to solve the problem.
3. DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH – it is a decision-oriented research involving the application of the steps of
the scientific method in response to an immediate need to improve existing practices.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF RESEARCH
1. LIBRARY RESEARCH – done in the library where answers to specific problems or questions of the study
are available.
2. FIELD RESEARCH – research conducted in a natural setting
3. LABORATORY RESEARCH – research conducted in artificial or controlled condition by isolating the study in
a thoroughly specified area.
Quantitative Research
● A systematic scientific investigation of data and their relationships. Quantitative research designs are
structurally scientific methods, utilizing deductive reasoning in forms of hypotheses (Price & Oswald, 2009).
This is also to develop and employ mathematical models, theories, and hypotheses pertaining to natural
phenomena.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
1. OBJECTIVE
2. CLEARLY DEFINED RESEARCH QUESTIONS.
3. STRUCTURED RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
4. NUMERICAL DATA
5. LARGE SAMPLE SIZES
6. REPLICATION
7. FUTURE OUTCOMES.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS
1. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN -This allows the researcher to control the situation. In doing so, it allows the
researcher to answer the question, “What causes something to occur?” This kind of research also allows the
researcher to identify cause and effect relationships between variables and to distinguish placebo effects from
treatment effects.

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Baguio City, Philippines

A. PRE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN.
B. QUASI – EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN.
a. Non-Equivalent Control Group.
b. Interrupted Time Series Design
C. TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN.
2. NON-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN -The researcher observes the phenomena as they occur naturally and no external
variables are introduced. This may also be called as DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN because it is only one under
nonexperimental design.
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN’s main purpose is to observe, describe and document aspects of a situation as it
naturally occurs and sometimes to serve as a starting point for hypothesis generation or theory development. The
types of descriptive design are as follows:
A. SURVEY. It is used to gather information from groups of people by selecting and studying samples chosen
from a population.
B. CORRELATIONAL. It is conducted by researchers whose aim would be to find out the direction,
associations and/or relationship between different variables or groups of respondents under study.
Correlational Research has three types, these are:
a. Bivariate Correlational b. Prediction c. Multiple Regression Prediction
C. EX-POST FACTO or CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE. This kind of research derives conclusions from observations
and manifestations that already occurred in the past and now compared to some dependent variables.
D. COMPARATIVE. It involves comparing and contrasting two or more samples of study subjects on one or more
variables, often at a single point of time. Specifically, this design is used to compare two distinct groups on the
basis of selected attributes such as knowledge level, perceptions, and attitudes, physical or psychological
symptoms
E. NORMATIVE. It describes the normal level of characteristics for a given behavior
F. EVALUATIVE. It is a process used to determine what has happened during a given activity or in an institution.
The purpose of evaluation is to see if a given program is working, an institution is successful according to the
goals set for it, or the original intent was successfully attained. G.METHODOLOGICAL. In this approach, the
implementation of a variety of methodologies forms a critical part of achieving the goal of developing a scale
matched approach, where data from different disciplines can be integrated.
VARIABLES- A variable is a label of name that represents a concept or characteristic that varies(e.g.gender, weight,
achievement, attitudes toward inclusion, etc.)
Conceptual and Operational Definitions of Variables
Conceptual- the use of words or concepts to define a variable
Operational- an indication of the meaning of a variable through the specification of the manner by which it is
measured, categorized, or controlled
TYPES OF VARIABLES
A. Based on Cause-and -Effect
Dependent and Independent Variables
An independent variable (IV), sometimes called an experimental or predictor variable, is a variable that is being
manipulated in an experiment in order to observe the effect on a dependent variable.
The dependent variable is simply that, a variable that is dependent on an independent variable(s).It refers
to those that bear or manifest the effects caused by the independent variables. It is sometimes called the
“outcome” variable.
B. Based on Value Taken by the Variable
Continuous and Discrete Variables
A continuous variable can take on any value in a certain range. These are measurements with fractional
values such as time, distance, mass, age, temperature etc. A boy can be 8 and a half- year old which means
he is 8 years and 6 months. A chicken can weigh 1 kilogram or 1 and ¼ kilogram. But it does not mean to
say that when a measurement is a whole number, it is not continuous.

C. Based on Scales of Measurement

NOMINAL value distinguishes a variable from all others by assigning a name or description. This name
serves to identify the class or group and give a qualitative distinction among groups.
- DICHOTOMOUS variables are nominal variables which have only two categories or levels.
ORDINAL or ranking refers to order sequences. These are variables that have two or more categories just
like nominal variables, only the categories can also be ordered or ranked.
INTERVAL scales are numerical scales in which intervals have the same interpretation throughout. Though
the difference between measurements, it employs an arbitrary zero point which does not represent
complete absence of the attribute.

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Baguio City, Philippines

Ratio variables are interval variables but with the added condition that 0 (zero) of the measurement
indicates that there is none of that variable. Zero indicates the absence of the quantity being measured.
Other types of variables
1. Constant - do not undergo any changes during the experiment
2. Attribute – characteristics of people: intelligence, creativity, anxiety etc.
3. Covariate – included in the research study to create interactions with the independent and dependent
variable
4. Latent – cannot be directly observed like personality traits
5. Manifest – can be directly observed to give proofs to latent variables
6. Exogenous – found outside an identified model
7. Endogenous – found inside, as part of identified model.
Research problem – something that nurtures in your mind a difficulty or uncertainty enough to push you to do an
empirical investigation whereby you search for answers to a problem by collecting and analyzing data or information
through which you can find the right answer or solution (Baraceros, 2016).

Features of a Good Problem

● clarity – clear and thought-through
● specificity –question is focused
-specific enough to be well-covered in the space available
● well-defined scope – problem defines the scope and states the limits of the problem
-gives the boundaries to what extent your study will cover
● measurability – in stating the problem, variables to be measured and observed are identified
-answer to the problem must not be ambiguous and double meaning
● manageable –realistic scope and scale of the project
-question must be within your ability to tackle

Writing the Research Title

-A good research title must be able to summarize what the paper is all about in 12 or less substantive words.
It should be able to differentiate the research from previous researches in the same field.
-It should contain the following: variables used in the study, the research design, the research focus to be
investigated and the respondents/subjects or locus of the study (De Guzman 2015).
Scope and Limitation of the Study
- States what the researcher intends to do and does not intend or may not be able to do.
-The limits of the study should be carefully identified and specifics should be itemized so as to set to its
readers the appropriate expectations and applications for the output of the study.
Significance/ contribution of the Study
-Provides a backdrop as to how the study will make a contribution to existing knowledge and/or practice.
It also indicates the group of people and/or institutions to which the findings will prove to be relevant. Essentially
the justification of the study. Why is it relevant and to whom is it relevant? The group to be affected by the study
and how it is going to be affected should be clearly spelled out.
The Conceptual Framework
-is a tentative theory regarding the topic under investigation usually shown in a diagram (Punch 2009).
Variables in a conceptual framework may be manifest or latent
● manifest variable – can be readily measured like demographic profile, are, occupation etc. A rectangular
shape is used to illustrate these variables
● latent variable – cannot be readily measured by a single question, happiness, job satisfaction and attitude
are examples. It is represented by an oval in the conceptual framework.
What is a hypothesis?
-an “educated guess” based on prior knowledge, experiences and observations
- a tentative answer to a research problem that is advanced so that it can be tested and which serves as a
basis of the solutions to the identified problems in the research.
Categories of Hypothesis
● NULL HYPOTHESIS ( Ho) - states that there is no association or significant difference between the results
of two conditions being tested.
- ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS ( Ha) – states the nature of the connection between or among the variables
that the researcher expects.
Types of Hypothesis (Baraceros 2016)
● Theory driven vs. Data-driven hypotheses
-Theory driven hypothesis – based on existing theory to explain the relationship of variables and the effects
of one to the other
-Data-driven hypothesis - based on the findings of previous research studies

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● Directional ( one-tailed) vs. Non-directional ( two-tailed) hypotheses

-Directional- state the relationship of two variables as well as the direction of relationship
-Non-directional – state the relationship of variables but not on the direction of relationship
● Descriptive vs. Causal Hypotheses
-Descriptive hypothesis – statement specifying the relationship between two variables due to the influence
of something, used in non-experimental researches
-Causal hypothesis– due to cause-effect relationship, used in true experimental and quasi- experimental
research
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
1. Hypothesis should be conceptually clear
2. Hypothesis should be specific
3. Hypothesis should be testable
4. Hypothesis should have empirical basis
Definition of Terms
● conceptual definition - definition based from the dictionary or any authority
● operational definition – definition as used in the study
Literature Review
It is a comprehensive summary of previous research on a topic. Surveys scholarly articles, books, and other sources
relevant to a particular area of research. Should enumerate, describe, summarize, objectively evaluate and clarify
this previous research. It should give a theoretical base for the research and help you (the author) determine the
nature of your research.

Points to be Consider
When constructing the review
1. Provide context of the study and clarify the relationship between the proposed research and previous
research, both empirical and theoretical
2. Show how the proposed study is unique from previous research
3. Convince the reader that the study is timely and worthwhile
4. Demonstrate a critical ability as a scholar – formulate an argument from your perspective
5. Make assertions and convince the reader of their legitimacy by providing logical and empirical support
When you search for studies and literature
6. Materials must be as recent as possible – what is true yesterday might not be true today
7. Materials must be as objective and unbiased as possible – not one-sided, based on observed facts not
opinion
8. Materials must be relevant to the study - consider only materials that have similarities and bearing to the
problem
9. Surveyed materials must have been based upon genuinely original and true facts or data to make them
valid and reliable - hearsay must be avoided
10. Material should not be too few or too many - sufficient enough to give the researcher insight to the study,
more on the relevance of information rather than “thickness” of pages
When you write the review
11. Text of the review should be brief and to the point – do not present all of the details found in the references,
avoid using flowery words, paraphrase or summarize salient points, as much as possible avoid direct
quotation
12. Make a plan on how you are going to present the review – an outline will help to ensure unity and coherence
of ideas presented
13. Emphasize relatedness – general and specialized relevance to the particular area and topic of the research
problem; awareness of the reader on how the literature you are discussing is related to the problem on
hand
14. Review diligently – do not just copy rather honestly and critically analyze the literature
15. A literature review in a proposal is usually 20 pages long enough to convince your committee that you have
thoroughly explored the research topic
Ways of Citing
Three distinct methods
● Direct quotation
● Paraphrasing
● Summary; provided that the information given by the author is not altered
To acknowledge the source, you can use the American Psychological Association (APA) style, Modern Language
Association (MLA) style, Chicago Manual style or whatever style is required by your school. At Baguio College of
Technology, we use the APA style.
The presentation can be any of the three:

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1. By author or writer- the ideas, facts or principles although they have the same meaning are explained or
discussed separately and cited with respective authors or writers
2. By topic – if different authors have different opinions about the same topic, the topic is discussed under the
names of authors or writers
3. Chronological - materials can be cited chronologically according to the time they were written. Materials
that were written earlier should be cited first before those that were written late.
Ethical Standards in Writing Related Literature -the following are to be avoided in proposing, performing, or
reviewing research, or reporting research results:
● Fabrication – making up data or results and recording them.
● Falsification – manipulating research materials, equipment or processes, or changing or omitting data or
results such that the research is not accurately presented in the research record
● Plagiarism – appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes, results or words without giving appropriate
credit
-cutting and pasting from work of others and making it as their own.
Quantitative Data- Quantitative data is statistical and is typically structured in nature – meaning it is more rigid and
defined. This type of data is measured using numbers and values, which makes it a more suitable candidate for data
analysis. Quantitative data are used when a researcher is trying to quantify a problem, or address the "what" or
"how many" aspects of a research question.

Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

1. Observations- Observational data are captured through observation of a behavior or activity. The sense organs
are used to gather facts about people, things, places, events, and so on. These sensory experiences are
expressed through quantitative data. Because observational data is captured in real time, it would be very
difficult or impossible to recreate if lost.
2. Surveys
● Questionnaires- A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions for the purpose
of gathering information from respondents. Questionnaires can be thought of as a kind of written interview.
They can be carried out face to face, by telephone, computer or web based and post or mail. Questionnaires
provide a relatively cheap, quick and efficient way of obtaining large amounts of information from a large
sample of people.
● Interviews- Quite often interviews will be recorded by the researcher and the data written up as a transcript
(a written account of interview questions and answers) which can be analyzed at a later date.
Interviews take many forms, some very informal, others more structured.
Structured interview is a quantitative research method where the interviewer uses a set of prepared
closed-ended questions in the form of an interview schedule, which he/she reads out exactly as worded.
Unstructured Interview- Unstructured interviews do not use any set of questions, instead, the interviewer
asks open-ended questions based on a specific research topic, and will try to let the interview flow like a
natural conversation.
2. Experiments- Experimental data are collected through active intervention by the researcher to produce and
measure change or to create difference when a variable is altered. Experimental data typically allows the
researcher to determine a causal relationship and is typically projectable to a larger population.
3. Content analysis- Content analysis can be both quantitative (focused on counting and measuring) and
qualitative (focused on interpreting and understanding). In both types, you categorize or “code” words,
themes, and concepts within the texts and then analyze the results.
All these are content...
Print media -Newspaper items, magazine articles, books, catalogues
Other writings -Web pages, advertisements, billboards, posters, graffiti
Broadcast media - Radio programs, news items, TV programs
Other recordings -Photos, drawings, videos, films, music
Live situations -Speeches, interviews, plays, concerts
Observations -Gestures, rooms, products in shops
What is content analysis used for?
Researchers use content analysis to find out about the purposes, messages, and effects of communication
content. They can also make inferences about the producers and audience of the texts they analyze. Content analysis
can be used to quantify the occurrence of certain words, phrases, subjects or concepts in a set of historical or
contemporary texts.
REFERENCES: Baraceros, E. L. (2016). Practical Research 2. Manila: Rex Book Store.

Chico, A. M. and Matira, M.D. (2016). Practical Research for the 21st Century Learners. Manila: St. Augustine Publications, Inc.

Prepared by: Necie Mae M. Agana, Venancia G. Banguisan, Lorena G. Dayrit, Jessa S. Gonzales & Loida C. Nadiahan

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