SOLUTIONS

Ideal solution – The solution which obeys Raoult’s law under all conditions of temperature and concentration and
during the preparation of which there is no change in enthalpy and volume on mixing the component.

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 Reverse Osmosis – Flow of solvents from higher concentration to lower concentration on application
of pressure greater than osmotic pressure.
+Practical application – desalination of sea-water.

Inclusion of van’t Hoff factor modifies the equations for colligative properties as follows:
∆P/PAo = iXB
∆Tb = iKb .m
∆Tf = iK .m
∏ = iCRT