Completion requirements

Mark as done
Description
The history of Wireless Technology begun as early as creatures inhabited the
earth. However the the history of mobile computing has its genesis at a definite
time in a much recent part of human history.
This module exposes the students to both the history of Mobile computing and
Wireless technology respectively.
Objectives
At the end of class, students will

● understand and explain the most significant stages in the Wireless

Technology and Mobile Computing
● be able to describe the trend and scope of growth and its significance
Modudle II

History of Mobile Computing - 1970s to 1980s

1970s:

Dynabook Alan Kay, a researcher at the now famous Xerox PARC (Palo Alto
Research Center)
1981:
The Osborne 1; the world’s first consumer laptop released by the Osborne
Computer Corporation
1982:
Epson HX-20, a portable computer 
● with  120 x 32 resolution monochrome LCD screen. 
● powered by rechargeable batteries, 
● with a full-sized keyboard and a built-in dot matrix printer.
● as the true first laptop
1983: 
Kyocera Kyotronic
● most used and useful of the early laptops. 
● larger eight line, 40-character-wide LCD screen, 
● several basic built-in applications 
●  ran on AA batteries.

The Commodore SX-64

● first  portable color screen. 

● never had success, probably because of higher selling prices.
1984: 
Gavilan SC

● first touchscreen
● first to be marketed with the term ‘laptop’.

Mid 1980’s: 
Color STN (Super Twisted Nematic) and DSTN (Dual Scan Super Twist
Nematic) screens bring color to mainstream laptop development.
1989:
Apple Macintosh portable 

● first to feature an active matrix 640 x 400 screen

● eradicated the blurring that most other portable computer screens were
known to have. ,
 ●  Apple’s first mobile computing device.

GriDPad

● first tablet computing device. The operating system was MS-DOS.

1990S
1990: 
Intel 20MHz 386SL processor

●  first CPU to be designed specifically with mobile computing in mind

● featured
●  power management features and sleep modes to conserve battery
 ●

life. 
● AMD (big Intel rival didn’t produce a mobile-specific processor until
1999.
● AMD still enjoyed manufacturers choice because of cheaper pricing

1992: 
Windows 3.1.1 is released

●  becomes the standard operating system for laptops. 

● Previously, laptops had relied on custom BIOSs and drivers to extend the
battery life of their machines.
● Windows 3.1.1 operating system provided rudimentary power
management built into the operating system for the very first time
● made working on the move more practical.

1993: 

● Newton MessagePad PDA (personal digital assistant) introduced by

Apple.
●  20 MHz ARM 610 processor, 4 MB of ROM, and 640k of SRAM. 
 ● first attempt to recognize natural handwriting
● use a basic form of artificial intelligence in a small digital device.

Simon by IBM

● first smartphone. 
● All in one mobile phone, PDA, and fax
● offered a touch screen as a precursor to the Apple iPhone which
would come 14 years later.
1994: IBM’s Thinkpad 755 introduces the CD-ROM drive.
1996: 
PalmPilot 1000 by U.S. Robotics

● 128k of memory and a monochrome, touch-screen display. 

● dominated the handheld market.

1997: 
Libretto by Toshiba.

● the size of a VHS tape

● had a virtually unusable keyboard
● a full-blown notebook in miniature,
● complete with hard drive, TFT screen and the ability to run Windows 95.

Series 5 organizer by a British company called Psion 

● a handheld device 
 ● boasted a well-engineered keyboard.

Late 1990s: 

● Laptops continue to become streamlined, and address issues of battery

life, screen clarity, memory, processor speed, and weight. 
● became thinner and more streamlined
● became cheaper, selling for about $1,500.

2000: 
Microsoft handheld OS

● begins the Pocket PC era. 

● a handheld-sized computer or personal digital assistant (PDA)
● runs the Microsoft ‘Windows Mobile Classic’ operating system. 
● some of the capabilities of a desktop PC. 
● Many models exploded on the market

2002: 
Microsoft Tablet PC. 
2002: 
 BlackBerry smartphone 

● first BlackBerry smartphone. 

● rise of smartphones, and the BlackBerry enterprise.

2006: 
 Qosmio by Toshiba

● first HD DVD player in a computer. 

● HD DVD lost the second format wars with bluray. 
● The first format war was betwen Betamax and VHS.

Palm develops and releases the Treo, with 32MB of RAM and 144MHz of
processing power.
2007:
● Apple launches its first iPhone, which integrated a touchscreen
display with the best Web-browsing experience to yet be offered on
a mobile device.
● Google unveils Android.
2009: Motorola introduces the Droid, the first Android-based smartphone. It
sold over 1 million units within 74 days of its release.
2010:
Apple launches the iPad, a line of tablets designed, developed and marketed
primarily as a platform for audio-visual media including books, periodicals,
movies, music, games, and web content.
● Samsung releases the Galaxy Tab, an Android-based tablet to
compete with the Apple iPad

History of Wireless Technology

Generations (G) of Wireless Technology 
Pre-OG

● From the beginning of the existence of creatures

● With line of sight technologies such as Sound, smoke, fires, 
0G : 1940's with Pre-cell phone technology
·       radio telephone
·       first mobile Pre-cell phone technology
·       A single line of communication (built for automobiles)
·       Wireless radio phones used in military communication.
·       Push to talk or press to transmit (PTT) in 1950. Taxis, police cars, and CB-
radios used technology.
·       Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS) was introduced by Bell Systems in
1960.
1G : In the 1980s: data rates of 2.8kbps.
·       Wireless networks were switched by circuit switching.
·       Cellular communications were analog.
·       Analog Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) uses FDM primarily.
·       No network security.
2G : 1990s: GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication
·       Used digital modulation techniques such as Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA
·       handled both voice and short message
·       implemented Signaling and Data Confidentiality
·       implemented Mobile Station Authentication, to guarantee greater security and
privacy in telephone calls.
·       In 2000 and 2003, a development of a broadband data transfer and internet
network called 2.5G.
3G : 2000s: 144 kbps
·       high-speed data transmission
·       global roaming
·       voice and video calls
·       data can be downloaded and uploaded
·       browse the internet.
·       Packet switching technology used to send data. A circuit switch is used to
interpret voice calls.
·       Technology such as HSUPA, HSDPA, and EVDO are used in 3.5G to achieve
faster data rates than 3G.
·       Improved Video quality
4G : 2010:  Researchers and industries are focusing on developing next-
generation mobile wireless
·       It was based on LTE (Long Term Evolution) and LTE advanced standards.
·       Offer a range of communication services like video calling, real time language
translation and video voice mail.
·       It was capable of providing 100 Mbps to 1Gbps speed.
·       High QoS (Quality of Service) and High security.
·       The basic term used to describe 4G technology is MAGIC. Where :
M - Mobile multiedia
A - Anytime anywhere
G - Global mobility support
I - Integarted wireless solution
C - Customized personal service
·       A completely IP-based system was introduced in the fourth generation in
2010. VoIP costs can be
5G :
·       greatly increased. High
·       quality technology has never been available before. The 5G technology
includes all types of advanced
·       connect with communication basics already existing.
6G :
·       Satellites will be used to provide global coverage on wireless mobile
communication networks of the sixth generation (6G).
·       Four countries have developed systems to achieve global coverage. US
developed GPS, China developed COMPASS, EU developed Galileo, and Russia
developed GLONASS
·       difficulty of roaming in space is resulting from these independent systems.
Wireless mobile
·       offers greater security and lower cost. Satellite and 5G wireless
7G :
·       Mobile communication networks will be more advanced with 7G. 7G aims to
receive space
·       unprecedented levels of mobility.
·       Space roaming is the principle goal of the technology. The global navigation
satellite system can support the 7G technology [18].
Next generation after 7G may be called 7.5G or 8G.
·       Once 7G fixes all its weaknesses, the capacity range and hand-off issues will
no longer be an issue.
·       7G lies at least 20 years in the future. In early 2030s,