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South India
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South India, also known as Peninsular India,[4] consists of the peninsular southern part of India.
It encompasses the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and
Telangana, as well as the union territories of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep and
Puducherry, comprising 19.31% of India's area (635,780 km2 or 245,480 sq mi) and 20% of
India's population. Covering the southern part of the peninsular Deccan Plateau, South India is
bounded by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west and the Indian Ocean in
the south. The geography of the region is diverse with two mountain ranges – the Western and
Eastern Ghats – bordering the plateau heartland. The Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Tungabhadra,
Periyar, Bharathappuzha, Pamba, Thamirabarani, Palar, and Vaigai rivers are important perennial
rivers.

The majority of the people in South India speak

South India
at least one of the four major Dravidian
languages: Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Region

Malayalam (all 4 of which are among the 6

Classical Languages of India). Some states and
union territories also recognize a minority
language, such as Deccani Urdu in Telangana,[5]
and Tamil and French in Puducherry. Besides
these languages, English is used by both the
central and state governments for official
communications and is used on all public
signboards.

During its history, a number of dynastic

kingdoms ruled over parts of South India, and
the Muslim conquests in the Indian
subcontinent across southern and southeastern
Asia affected the history and culture in those
regions. Major dynasties established in South
India include the Satavahanas, Cheras, Cholas,
Pandyas, Pallavas, Vishnukundinas, Chalukyas,
Rashtrakutas, Bahmani, Deccan Sultanates, From Top, left to right: Ross Beach
(Andaman), Venkateswara Temple (Andhra
Cochin, Kakatiyas, Kadambas, Hoysalas, Pradesh), Mysore Palace (Karnataka),
Backwaters of Alappuzha (Kerala), Bangaram
Zamorin, Vijayanagara, Maratha, Travancore,
island (Lakshwadeep), Matrimandir
Arakkal, and Mysore. Jews and Europeans (Puducherry), Thiruvalluvar Statue (Tamil
Nadu), Charminar (Telangana).
entered India through the southwestern Malabar
Coast of Kerala. Parts of South India were
colonized under Portuguese India, French India
and the British Raj. The Hyderabad State ruled
by the Nizams was the last princely state of
India.

South India witnessed sustained growth in per-

capita income and population, structural
changes in the economy, an increased pace of
technological innovation. After experiencing
fluctuations in the decades immediately after
Indian independence, the economies of South States and union territories in South India
Indian states have registered a higher-than- Country  India
national-average growth over the past three States and union Andaman and
territories Nicobar Islands
decades. South India has the largest gross
Andhra Pradesh
domestic product compared to other regions in Karnataka
India. The South Indian states lead in some Kerala
Lakshadweep
socio-economic metrics of India. The HDI in the Puducherry
southern states is high and the economy has Tamil Nadu
Telangana
undergone growth at a faster rate than in most Most populous Chennai
northern states. Literacy rates in the southern cities Bangalore
Hyderabad
states is higher than the national average, with Kochi
approximately 81% of the population capable of Tirupati
Thiruvananthapuram
reading and writing. The fertility rate in South Visakhapatnam
India is 1.9, the lowest of all regions in India. Coimbatore
Vijayawada
Madurai
Contents Kozhikode
Tiruchirappalli
Salem
Warangal
Etymology E…
Hubli-Dharwad
Area
 • Total 635,780 km2
South India is also known as Peninsular India, (245,480 sq mi)
and has been known by several other names Highest elevation 2,695 m (8,842 ft)
too. The term "Deccan", referring to the area (Anamudi)
covered by the Deccan Plateau that covers Lowest elevation −2.2 m (−7.2 ft)
(Kuttanad)
most of peninsular India excluding the coastal
Population (2011)
areas, is an anglicised form of the Prakrit word
 • Total 253,051,953
dakkhiṇa derived from the Sanskrit word  • Density 400/km2
dakshiṇa meaning south.[4] Carnatic, derived (1,000/sq mi)

from "Karnāḍ" or "Karunāḍ" meaning high Demonym(s) South Indian

Telugu
country, has also been associated with South Tamilian
India.[6] Kannadiga
Malayali
Laccadivian
Pondicherrian
History E…
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
Official languages Telugu
Main article: History of South India Tamil
Kannada
Historical references Malayalam
E… English (lingua
See also: Dakshinapatha franca)[1]
HDI (2019) 0.755 (High)
Historical South India has been referred to as Literacy (2011) 81.09%[2]
Sex ratio (2011) [3]
986 ♀ /1000 ♂
Deccan, a prakritic derivative of an ancient term
'Dakshiṇa' or Dakshinapatha. The term had Minority languages Beary
Badaga
geographical as well as the geopolitical meaning Urdu
Gondi
and was mentioned as early as Panini (500
Marathi
BCE).[citation needed] Kodava
Konkani
Toda
Tulu
Ancient and Medieval era E…
See also: Spice trade

Carbon dating shows that ash mounds associated

with Neolithic cultures in South India date back to
8000 BCE. Artifacts such as ground stone axes and
Northern
minor copper objects have been found in the Odisha NorthEastern
region. Towards the beginning of 1000 BCE, iron Central
Eastern
technology spread through the region; however,
Western
there does not appear to be a fully developed
Bronze Age preceding the Iron Age in South India.[7]
The region was in the middle of a trade route that Southern

extended from Muziris to Arikamedu linking the

Mediterranean to East Asia.[8][9] Trade with
Phoenicians, Romans, Greeks, Arabs, Syrians, Jews,
and Chinese began during the Sangam period (c. Zonal Councils of India
3rd century BCE to c. 4th century CE).[10] The
region was part of the ancient Silk Road connecting
the East with the West.[11]

Several dynasties – such as the Cheras of Karuvur,

the Pandyas of Madurai, the Cholas of Thanjavur,
the Zamorins of Kozhikode, the Travancore royal
family of Thiruvananthapuram, the Kingdom of
Cochin, the Mushikas of Kannur, the Satavahanas of TELUGU*

Amaravati, the Pallavas of Kanchi, the Kadambas of KANNADA*

Banavasi, the Western Gangas of Kolar, the TAMIL*

Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, the Chalukyas of MALAYALAM*

Badami, the Hoysalas of Belur, and the Kakatiyas of

Orugallu – ruled over the region from the 6th
Map distribution of dravidian languages
century BCE to the 14th century CE. The
Vijayanagara Empire, founded in the 14th century CE coverered  
much of the region of South India, controlling the lands of the
modern states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,
Kerala, Goa and some parts of Telangana and Maharashtra. It
was established in 1336 by the brothers Harihara I and Bukka
Raya I of the Sangama dynasty, members of a pastoralist
Ancient Silk Road map. The Spice
cowherd community that claimed Yadava lineage.[12] The
trade was mainly along the water
empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts by the routes (blue).
southern powers to ward off Perso-Turkic Islamic invasions
by the end of the 13th century. At its peak, it subjugated  
almost all of South India's ruling families and pushed the
sultans of the Deccan beyond the Tungabhadra-Krishna
river doab region, in addition to annexing Gajapati Kingdom
(Odisha) till Krishna river, thus becoming a notable
power.[13] It lasted until 1646, although its power declined
after a major military defeat in the Battle of Talikota in 1565
by the combined armies of the Deccan sultanates. The
empire is named after its capital city of Vijayanagara,
whose ruins surround present day Hampi, now a World
Heritage Site in Karnataka, India. It was the last Indian
dynasty to rule over the region. After repeated invasions
Extent of Vijayanagara Empire
from the Sultanate of Delhi and the fall of Vijayanagara
empire in 1646, the region was ruled by Deccan Sultanates, the  
Maratha Empire, and polygars and Nayak governors of the
Vijayanagara empire who declared their independence.[14]

Colonial era E…
The Chola Empire during
The Europeans arrived in the 15th century; and by the middle of
Rajendra Chola I, c. 1030
the 18th century, the French and the British were involved in a
protracted struggle for military control over South India. After the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the
Fourth Anglo-Mysore War in 1799 and the end of the Vellore Mutiny in 1806, the British
consolidated their power over much of present-day South India, with the exception of French
Pondichéry. The British Empire took control of the region from the British East India Company in
1857.[15] During the British colonial rule, the region was divided into the Madras Presidency (later,
the Madras Province), Hyderabad State, Mysore, and the Madras States Agency (composed of
Travancore, Cochin, Jeypore, and a number of other minor princely states). The region played a
major role in the Indian independence movement. Of the 72 delegates who participated in the
first session of the Indian National Congress at Bombay in December 1885, 22 hailed from South
India.[16]

Dravida Nadu movement E…

Main article: Dravida Nadu

Dravida Nadu was a proposed nation for sovereign state for the speakers of the Dravidian
languages in South India. The movement for Dravida Nadu was at its height from the 1940s to
1960s, but due to fears of Tamil hegemony, it failed to find any support outside Tamil Nadu.
Initially, the demand of Dravida Nadu proponents was limited to Tamil-speaking regions, but it
was later expanded to include other Indian states with a majority of Dravidian-speakers (Andhra
Pradesh, Telangana, Kerala and Karnataka).[17] Some of the proponents also included parts of
Ceylon (Sri Lanka),[18] Orissa and Maharashtra.[19] Other names for the proposed sovereign state
included "South India", "Deccan Federation" and "Dakshinapath".[20][21] The States
Reorganisation Act 1956, which created linguistic States, weakened the demand further.[22][23] In
1960, the DMK leaders decided to withdraw their demand for a Dravida Nadu from the party
programme at a meeting held in the absence of Annadurai. In 1963, the Government of India led
by Jawaharlal Nehru, declared secessionism as an illegal act. As a consequence, Annadurai
abandoned the "claim" for Dravida Nadu – now geographically limited to modern Tamil Nadu –
completely in 1963.

Post-independence E…

The demand for states to be organized on a linguistic basis was  

developed even before India achieved independence from British
rule. The post-independence period saw the ascent of political
movements for the creation of new states developed on linguistic
lines. The movement to create a Telugu-speaking state out of the
northern portion of Madras State gathered strength in the years
after independence, and in 1953, the sixteen northern Telugu-
speaking districts of Madras State became the new State of
Andhra. After the independence of India in 1947, the region was
South India (1953–1956)
organised into four states: Madras State, Mysore State,
before the States
Hyderabad State and Travancore–Cochin.[24] Andhra State was
Reorganisation Act of 1956
created in 1953 to protect the interests of Telugu people of
Madras State from Tamil dominance.[citation needed] The States Reorganisation Act of 1956
reorganized the states on linguistic lines, resulting in the creation of the new states of Andhra
Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu.[25][26] As a result of this Act, Andhra Pradesh was
created through the merger of Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking districts of Hyderabad
State in 1956.[27] Madras State retained its name and Kanyakumari district was added to it from
the state of Travancore-Cochin.[27] The state was subsequently renamed Tamil Nadu in 1968.[27]
The Marathi-speaking Marathwada region of Hyderabad State was transferred to Bombay State
and ceased to be a part of South India. Kerala emerged from the merger of Malabar District and
the Kasaragod taluk of South Canara districts of Madras State with Travancore–Cochin.[27]

Mysore State was re-organised with the addition of the districts of Bellary and South Canara
(excluding Kasaragod taluk)[note 1] and the Kollegal taluk of Coimbatore district from Madras
State; the districts of Belgaum, Bijapur, North Canara, and Dharwad from Bombay State; the
Kannada-majority districts of Bidar, Raichur, and Gulbarga from the Hyderabad State; and the
province of Coorg.[27] Mysore State was renamed as Karnataka in 1973. The Union territory of
Puducherry was created in 1954, comprising the previous French enclaves of Pondichérry,
Karaikal, Yanam, and Mahé.[28] The Laccadive Islands, which were divided between South Canara
and the Malabar districts of Madras State, were united and organised into the union territory of
Lakshadweep. Goa was created as a union territory by taking military actions against the
Portuguese by the government of India, later it has been declared as a state due to its drastic
growth.[29] Telangana was created on 2 June 2014 by bifurcating Andhra Pradesh; and it
comprises ten districts of the erstwhile state of Andhra Pradesh.[30][31]

Geography E…

Main article: Geography of South India

South India is a peninsula in the

   
shape of an inverted triangle
bound by the Arabian Sea on
the west, by the Bay of Bengal
on the east and the Vindhya and
Satpura ranges on the north.[32]
The peak of Anamudi (2,695 The Narmada river flows
metres (8,842 ft) above sea westwards in the depression
level) is the highest point of
between the Vindhya and
elevation in South India.
Satpura ranges, which define
the northern spur of the Deccan plateau.[33] The Western Ghats
Satellite image of South India
run parallel to the Arabian Sea along the western coast and the
narrow strip of land between the mountains and the sea forms the Konkan region. The Western
Ghats continue south until Kanyakumari.[34][35] The range runs approximately 1,600 km (990 mi)
[36] from south of the Tapti River near the Gujarat–Maharashtra border and across Maharashtra,
Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu to the southern tip of the Deccan peninsula. The average
elevation is around 1,000 m (3,300 ft).[36] Anai Mudi in the Anaimalai Hills 2,695 m (8,842 ft) in
Kerala is the highest peak in the Western Ghats.[37] The Eastern Ghats run parallel to the Bay of
Bengal along the eastern coast and the strip of land between them forms the Coromandel region.
[38] They are a discontinuous range of mountains, which have been eroded and quadrisected by
the four major rivers of southern India, the Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna, and Kaveri.[39] These
mountains extend from West Bengal to Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, along the coast
and parallel to the Bay of Bengal. Though not as tall as the Western Ghats, some of its peaks are
over 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in height.[36] Both mountain ranges meet at the Nilgiri mountains. The
Nilgiris run in a crescent approximately along the borders of Tamil Nadu with northern Kerala and
Karnataka, encompassing the Palakkad and Wayanad hills and the Sathyamangalam ranges,
extending to the relatively low-lying hills of the Eastern Ghats on the western portion of the Tamil
Nadu–Andhra Pradesh border, forming the Tirupati and Annamalai hills.[40]

The low-lying coral islands of Lakshadweep are situated off the southwestern coast of India. The
Andaman and Nicobar islands lie far off the eastern coast. The Palk Strait and the chain of low
sandbars and islands known as Rama's Bridge separate the region from Sri Lanka, which lies off
the southeastern coast.[41][42] The southernmost tip of mainland India is at Kanyakumari where
the Indian Ocean meets the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.[43]

The Deccan plateau is the elevated region bound by the

 
mountain ranges.[44] The plateau rises to 100 metres (330 ft) in
the north and to more than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) in the south,
forming a raised triangle within the downward-pointing triangle
of the Indian subcontinent's coastline.[45] It also slopes gently
from West to East resulting in major rivers arising in the
Western Ghats and flowing east into the Bay of Bengal.[46] The
Bird's-eye view of Krishna river volcanic basalt beds of the Deccan were laid down in the
backwater at Srisailam dam
massive Deccan Traps eruption, which occurred towards the
end of the Cretaceous period, between 67 and 66 million years ago.[47] Layer after layer was
formed by the volcanic activity that lasted 30,000 years;[48] and when the volcanoes became
extinct, they left a region of highlands with typically vast stretches of flat areas on top like a table.
[49] The plateau is watered by the east-flowing Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, and Vaigai rivers. The
major tributaries include the Pennar, Tungabhadra, Bhavani, and Thamirabarani rivers.[50] The
Western Ghats are the source of all Deccan rivers, which include the through Godavari River,
Krishna River and Kaveri River, all draining into the Bay of Bengal. These rivers constitute 20% of
India's total outflow.[51]

Major gulfs include the Gulf of Mannar. Straits include the Palk Strait, which separates India from
Sri Lanka; the Ten Degree Channel, which separates the Andamans from the Nicobar Islands; and
the Eight Degree Channel, which separates the Laccadive and Amindivi Islands from the Minicoy
Island to the south. Important capes include the Kanyakumari (formerly called Cape Comorin),
the southern tip of mainland India; Indira Point, the southernmost point in India (on Great Nicobar
Island); Rama's Bridge, and Point Calimere. The Arabian Sea lies to the west of India, the Bay of
Bengal and the Indian Ocean lie to the east and south, respectively. Smaller seas include the
Laccadive Sea and the Andaman Sea. There are four coral reefs in India, located in the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands, the Gulf of Mannar, Lakshadweep, and the Gulf of Kutch.[52] Important lakes
include Vembanad Lake in Kerala, Kolleru Lake in Andhra Pradesh and Sasthamkotta Lake in
Kerala.

Climate E…

The region has a tropical climate and depends on monsoons for

 
rainfall. According to the Köppen climate classification, it has a
non-arid climate with minimum mean temperatures of 18 °C
(64 °F).[53] The most humid is the tropical monsoon climate
characterized by moderate to high year-round temperatures and
seasonally heavy rainfall above 2,000 mm (79 in) per year. The
tropical climate is experienced in a strip of south-western
lowlands abutting the Malabar Coast, the Western Ghats; the
islands of Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar are also
subject to this climate.[54] Climatic zones
 
A tropical wet and dry climate, drier than areas with a tropical
monsoon climate, prevails over most of the inland peninsular
region except for a semi-arid rain shadow east of the Western
Ghats. Winter and early summer are long dry periods with
temperatures averaging above 18 °C (64 °F); summer is
exceedingly hot with temperatures in low-lying areas exceeding
50 °C (122 °F); and the rainy season lasts from June to
September, with annual rainfall averaging between 750 and
1,500 mm (30 and 59 in) across the region. Once the dry
Southwest monsoon currents
northeast monsoon begins in September, most precipitation in
India falls in Tamil Nadu, leaving other states comparatively dry.[55] A hot semi-arid climate
predominates in the land east of the Western Ghats and the Cardamom Hills. The region – which
includes Karnataka, inland Tamil Nadu and western Andhra Pradesh – gets between 400 and 750
millimetres (15.7 and 29.5 in) of rainfall annually, with hot summers and dry winters with
temperatures around 20–24 °C (68–75 °F). The months between March and May are hot and dry,
with mean monthly temperatures hovering around 32 °C (90 °F), with 320 millimetres (13 in)
precipitation. Without artificial irrigation, this region is not suitable for agriculture.[56]

The southwest monsoon from June to September accounts for most of the rainfall in the region.
The Arabian Sea branch of the southwest monsoon hits the Western Ghats along the coastal
state of Kerala and moves northward along the Konkan coast, with precipitation on coastal areas
west of the Western Ghats. The lofty Western Ghats prevent the winds from reaching the Deccan
Plateau; hence, the leeward region (the region deprived of winds) receives very little rainfall.[57]
[58] The Bay of Bengal branch of the southwest monsoon heads toward northeast India, picking
up moisture from the Bay of Bengal. The Coramandel coast does not receive much rainfall from
the southwest monsoon, due to the shape of the land. Tamil Nadu and southeast Andhra Pradesh
receive rains from the northeast monsoon.[59] The northeast monsoon takes place from
November to early March, when the surface high-pressure system is strongest.[60] The North
Indian Ocean tropical cyclones occur throughout the year in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian
Sea, bringing devastating winds and heavy rainfall.[61][62][63]

Flora and fauna E…

Main articles: Wildlife of Karnataka, Wildlife of Tamil Nadu, Wildlife of Kerala, and List of birds of South
India

There is a wide diversity of plants and animals in South India,

 
resulting from its varied climates and geography. Deciduous
forests are found along the Western Ghats while tropical dry
forests and scrub lands are common in the interior Deccan
plateau. The southern Western Ghats have rain forests located at
high altitudes called the South Western Ghats montane rain
South India also has the
forests, and the Malabar Coast moist forests are found on the
largest elephant population.
coastal plains.[64] The Western Ghats is one of the
eight hottest biodiversity hotspots in the world and a    
UNESCO World Heritage Site.[65][66]

Important ecological regions of South India are the

Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve – located at the conjunction
Nilgiri tahrs are Lion-tailed macaques
of Karnataka, Kerala and, Tamil Nadu in the Nilgiri commonly found are native to the
Hills – and the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve - around the Nilgiri Western Ghats of
located at the conjunction of Kerala and, Tamil Nadu Mountains. South India.

in the Agastya Mala hills - and the Cardamom Hills of

Western Ghats. Bird sanctuaries – including Thattekad, Kadalundi, Vedanthangal, Ranganathittu,
Kumarakom, Neelapattu, and Pulicat – are home to numerous migratory and local birds.[67][68]
Lakshadweep has been declared a bird sanctuary by the Wildlife Institute of India.[69] Other
protected ecological sites include the mangrove forests of Pichavaram, and the backwaters of
Pulicat lake, in Tamil Nadu; and Vembanad, Ashtamudi, Paravur, and Kayamkulam lakes in Kerala.
The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve covers an area of 10,500 km2 (4,100 sq mi) of ocean,
islands and the adjoining coastline including coral reefs, salt marshes and mangroves. It is home
to endangered aquatic species, including dolphins, dugongs, whales and sea cucumbers.[70][71]

South India is home to one of the largest populations of endangered Bengal tigers and Indian
elephants in India, being home to one-third of the tiger population and more than half of the
elephant population,[72][73] with 14 Project Tiger reserves and 11 Project Elephant reserves.[74][75]
Elephant populations are found in eight fragmented sites in the region: in northern Karnataka,
along the Western Ghats, in Bhadra–Malnad, in Brahmagiri–Nilgiris–Eastern Ghats, in Nilambur–
Silent Valley–Coimbatore, in Anamalai–Parambikulam, in Periyar–Srivilliputhur, and in
Agasthyamalai[76] Other threatened and endangered species found in the region include the
grizzled giant squirrel,[77] grey slender loris,[78] sloth bear,[79] Nilgiri tahr,[80] Nilgiri langur,[81]
lion-tailed macaque,[82] and the Indian leopard.[83]

Symbols of states of South India

Name Animal Bird Tree Fruit Flower

Andaman Andaman Andaman

Andaman and Dugong
wood pigeon padauk crape myrtle
Nicobar (Dugong
(Columba (Pterocarpus (Lagerstroemia
Islands[84] dugon)
palumboides) dalbergioides) hypoleuca)

Rose-ringed Common
Blackbuck Neem Mango
Andhra parakeet jasmine
(Antilope (Azadirachta (Mangifera
Pradesh[85] (Psittacula (Jasminum
cervicapra) indica) indica)
krameri) officinale)

Indian
Indian roller Sandalwood Mango Lotus
elephant
Karnataka[86] (Coracias (Santalum (Mangifera (Nelumbo
(Elephas
indica) album) indica) nucifera)
maximus)

Indian
Great hornbill Coconut Jackfruit
elephant Cana fistula
Kerala[87][88] (Buceros (Cocos (Artocarpus
(Elephas (Cassia fistula)
bicornis) nucifera) heterophyllus)
maximus)

Butterfly fish Noddy tern Bread fruit

Lakshadweep[89]
[90]
(Chaetodon (Anous (Artocarpus
falcula) stolidus) incisa)

Indian palm
Koel Bael fruit Cannonball
squirrel
Puducherry[91] (Eudynamys (Aegle (Couroupita
(Funambulus
scolopaceus) marmelos) guianensis)
palmarum)

Nilgiri tahr Emerald dove Palmyra palm Jackfruit Glory lily

Tamil Nadu[92]
[93]
(Nilgiritragus (Chalcophaps (Borassus (Artocarpus (Gloriosa
hylocrius) indica) flabellifer) heterophyllus) superba)

Indian roller Khejri Mango Tanner's cassia

Chital deer
Telangana[94] (Coracias (Prosopis (Mangifera (Senna
(Axis axis)
indica) cineraria) indica) auriculata)

Transport E…

Air E…  

Quilon Aerodrome at Kollam, was established under the

kingdom of Travancore in 1920, but it was closed in 1932.
[95] In March 1930, a discussion initiated by pilot G. Vlasto
led to the founding of the Madras Flying Club, which
became a pioneer in pilot training in South India.[96] On 15
October 1932, Indian aviator J. R. D. Tata flew a Puss Moth Kempegowda International Airport,
aircraft carrying mail from Karachi to Juhu aerodrome, Bengaluru

Bombay; and the aircraft continued to Madras, piloted by  

Neville Vincent, a former Royal Air Force pilot and friend of
Tata.[97] Kannur had an airstrip used for commercial
aviation as early as 1935 when Tata airlines operated
weekly flights between Mumbai and Thiruvananthapuram –
stopping at Goa and Kannur.[98] Chennai International
Chennai International Airport
Airport and Trivandrum International Airport, both
 
inaugurated in 1932 and now managed by the Airport
Authority of India, are among the oldest existing airports in
South India.[citation needed]

There are 11 international airports, 2 customs airports, 15

domestic airports, and 11 air bases in South India.
Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad, and Kochi international
Rajiv Gandhi International Airport,
airports are amongst the 10 busiest in the country.[99][100]
Hyderabad
[101] Chennai International Airport serves as the Southern
 
Regional Headquarters of the Airports Authority of India,
the Southern Region comprising the states of Andhra
Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana,
and the union territories of Puducherry and Lakshadweep.
[102]

The Southern Air Command of the Indian Air Force is

headquartered at Thiruvananthapuram, and the Training Thiruvananthapuram International
Command is headquartered at Bengaluru. The Air Force Airport
operates eleven air bases in Southern India including two in
the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.[103] In the region, the Indian Navy operates airbases at Kochi,
Arakkonam, Uchipuli, Vizag, Campbell Bay, and Diglipur.[104][105]

State/UT International CustomsNote 1 Domestic Military

Andaman and Nicobar 1 0 0 4

Andhra Pradesh 2 0 4 1

Karnataka 2 0 7 3

Kerala 4 0 0 1

Lakshadweep 0 0 1 0

Puducherry 0 0 1 0

Tamil Nadu 3 1 3 6

Telangana 1 0 3 2

Total 12 1 15 16

^Note 1 Restricted international airport

Total
IATA
Rank Name City State passengers
Code
(2018–19)

Kempegowda International
1 Bengaluru Karnataka BLR 33,307,702
Airport

2 Chennai International Airport Chennai Tamil Nadu MAA 22,543,822

Rajiv Gandhi International

3 Hyderabad Telangana HYD 21,403,972
Airport

4 Cochin International Airport Kochi Kerala COK 10,119,825

Thiruvananthapuram
5 Thiruvananthapuram Kerala TRV 4,434,459
International Airport

6 Calicut International Airport Kozhikode Kerala CCJ 3,360,847

7 Coimbatore International Airport Coimbatore Tamil Nadu CJB 3,000,882

Visakhapatnam International Andhra

8 Visakhapatnam VTZ 2,853,390
Airport Pradesh

9 Mangalore International Airport Mangaluru Karnataka IXE 2,240,664

Tiruchirappalli International
10 Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu TRZ 1,578,831
Airport

11 Kannur International Airport Kannur Kerala CNN

Andhra
12 Vijayawada International Airport Vijayawada VGA 1,192,000
Pradesh

Road E…
 

South India has an extensive road network with 20,573 km

(12,783 mi) of National Highways and 46,813 km
(29,088 mi) of State Highways. The Golden Quadrilateral
connects Chennai with Mumbai via Bangalore, and with
Kolkata via Vijayawada, Visakhapatnam.[106][107] Bus
services are provided by state-run transport corporations,
namely the Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport
Corporation,[108] Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation,
[109] Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation,[110]
Telangana State Road Transport Corporation,[111] Kerala
Highway distribution with population
State Road Transport Corporation,[112] and Puducherry density
Road Transport Corporation.[113]

National Motor vehicles per 1000 pop.

State State Highway[115]
Highway[114] [116]

Andhra Pradesh 7,356 km (4,571 mi) 10,650 km (6,620 mi) 145

Karnataka 6,432 km (3,997 mi) 20,774 km (12,908 mi) 182

Tamil Nadu 5,006 km (3,111 mi) 10,764 km (6,688 mi) 257

Telangana 2,635 km (1,637 mi) 3,152 km (1,959 mi) N/A

Kerala 1,811 km (1,125 mi) 4,341 km (2,697 mi) 198

Andaman and
330 km (210 mi) 38 km (24 mi) 152
Nicobar

Puducherry 64 km (40 mi) 246 km (153 mi) 521

22,635 km 49,965 km
Total
(14,065 mi) (31,047 mi)

Rail E…

The Great Southern of India Railway Company was founded in  

England in 1853 and registered in 1859.[117] Construction of
track in the Madras Presidency began in 1859 and the 80 miles
(130 km) link from Trichinopoly to Negapatam and a link from
Tirur to the Port of Beypore at Kozhikode on the Malabar Coast,
which eventually got expanded into the Mangalore-Chennai line
via Palakkad Gap were opened in 1861.[118] The Carnatic
Railway Company was founded in 1864 and opened a Madras–
Arakkonam–Conjeevaram–Katpadi junction line in 1865. These
two companies subsequently merged in 1874 to form the South
Indian Railway Company.[119] In 1880, the Great Indian Indian Railway Map

Peninsula Railway, established by the British, built a railway

network radiating from Madras.[120] In 1879, the Madras Railway constructed a line from
Royapuram to Bangalore; and the Maharaja of Mysore established the Mysore State Railway to
build an extension from Bangalore to Mysore.[121] In order to get access to the west coast,
Malabar region of the country through Port of Quilon, Maharajah Uthram Thirunal of Travancore
built the Quilon-Madras rail line jointly with the South Indian Railway Company and the Madras
Presidency.[122] The Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway was founded on 1 January 1908 by
merging the Madras Railway and the Southern Mahratta Railway.[123][124]

On 14 April 1951, the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway, the South Indian Railway, and the
Mysore State Railway were merged to form the Southern Railway, in the first zone of Indian
Railways.[125] The South Central zone was created on 2 October 1966 as the ninth zone of Indian
Railways and the South Western zone was created on 1 April 2003.[126] Most of the region is
covered by the three zones, with small portions of the coasts covered by East Coast Railway and
Konkan Railway, In 2019, the Government of India announced the formation of the South Coast
Railway zone in the southeast, with headquarters at Visakhapatnam.[127] Hyderabad MMTS
provides the suburban rail services in the city of Hyderabad.

Vijayawada Junction railway station Which was established in the year 1888 is the fourth busiest
railway station of Indian Railways, and it is the busiest railway junction in South India

The Nilgiri Mountain Railway is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[128]

Route
Name of length
Sl. Major
railway Abbr. (in Headquarters[129] Founded[131] Divisions
No stations[132]
 zone[129] km)
[130]

Chennai Central,
Chennai Egmore,
Chennai Beach,
Tambaram,
Coimbatore,
Ernakulam, Erode,
Chennai,[133] Katpadi, Kollam,
Tiruchirappalli,[134] Kozhikode, Madurai,
1. Southern SR 5,098 Chennai 14 April 1951 Madurai,[135] Palakkad, Mangalore Central,
[136]
Salem,[137] Palakkad, Salem,
Thiruvananthapuram[138] Thanjavur,
Thiruvananthapuram
Central, Thrissur,
Tiruchirappalli,
Tirunelveli,
Kanniyakumari
railway station

Visakhapatnam,
Guntur, Nellore,
Tirupati Main,
South 2019 Waltair, Vijayawada, Vijayawada, Adoni,
2. SCoR 3,496 Visakhapatnam
Coast (announced) Guntakal, Guntur Guntakal,
Rajahmundry,
Kakinada Town,
Kadapa, Kondapalli

Secunderabad,
South Secunderabad,[139]
3. SCR 3,127 Secunderabad 2 October 1966 Hyderabad,
Central Hyderabad, Nanded
Warangal

South Hubli, Bengaluru, Bengaluru City,

4. SWR 3,177 Hubli 1 April 2003
Western Mysore, Gulbarga[140] Hubli, Mysore

Visakhapatnam,
Khurda Road,
5. East Coast ECoR 2,572 Bhubaneswar 1 April 2003 Rayagada, Palasa,
Sambalpur
Vizianagaram

26 January
6. Konkan KR 741 Navi Mumbai Karwar, Ratnagiri Madgaon
1988

Metro
E…
Main article: Urban rail transit in India

There are currently 4 operational rapid transit (popularly

 
known as 'metro') systems in South India, with Hyderabad
Metro being the largest.[141] As of December 2022, India
has 822.038 km of operational metro lines and 16 systems.
[142] As of December 2022, South India has 205.06 km of
operational metro lines and 16 systems.[142] A further
237.06 km of lines are under construction. Kochi Metro

As of 19 January 2023
OP + U/C = Operational & Under-construction combined

OP + U/C+ Planned = Operational, Under-construction & Planned Combined

State/ Length Annual

System Locale Union Lines Stations Under Operator(s) Opened Ridership
Operational Planned OP+U/C+Planned
Territory Construction (in millions)

Hyderabad 29
Hyderabad Hyderabad · 67.21 km 63 km
1 Telangana 3 57 - 130.21 km (80.91 mi) Metro Rail Ltd. November 178[145]
Metro Secunderabad (41.76 mi) (39 mi)[143]
(HMRL) 2017[144]

Bengaluru
144.65 km Metro Rail 20
Namma 56.2 km 117.0 km 317.85 km
2 Bengaluru Karnataka 2 52[146] (89.88 mi) Corporation October 174.22[150]
Metro (34.9 mi)[147] (72.7 mi)[148] [148]
(197.50 mi)
Limited 2011[149]
(BMRCL)

Chennai Metro
Chennai 54.65 km 118.9 km 65 km 238.55 km 29 June
3 Chennai Tamil Nadu 2 40[151] Rail Limited 73[citation needed]
Metro (33.96 mi)[152] (73.9 mi)[153] (40 mi)[153] (148.23 mi) 2015[154]
(CMRL)

Kochi Metro
Kochi 27.4 km 1.16 km (0.72 mi) 11.2 km 17 June
4 Kochi Kerala 1 24 [155][156]
39.16 km (24.33 mi) Rail Limited 17[145]
Metro (17.0 mi) (7.0 mi)[157] 2017[158]
  (KMRL)

Water E…

A total of 89 ports are situated along the southern seacoast: Andaman and Nicobar (23), Kerala
(17), Tamil Nadu (15), Andhra Pradesh (12), Karanataka(10), Lakshadweep (10), Pondicherry (2).
[159] Major ports include those at Visakhapatnam, Chennai, Mangalore, Tuticorin, Ennore,
Kakinada, and Kochi.[160]

International Container
Transshipment Terminal, Kochi
 

A Vishakhapatnam harbour view

 

A terminal at the Chennai Port

Cargo Handled
(FY2017–18)[161]
Name City State
% Change
Million tonnes
(over previous FY)

Visakhapatnam Port Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 63.54 4.12% ↑

Chennai Port Chennai Tamil Nadu 51.88 3.32% ↑

New Mangalore Port Mangalore Karnataka 42.05 5.28% ↑

V.O. Chidambaranar Port Thoothukudi Tamil Nadu 36.57 -4.91% ↓

Kamarajar Port Chennai Tamil Nadu 30.45 1.42% ↑

Cochin Port Kochi Kerala 29.14 16.52% ↑

Gangavaram Port Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 20.54 5.12% ↑

Kakinada Port Kakinada Andhra Pradesh 15.12 1.1 ↑

The Kerala backwaters are a network of interconnected canals, rivers, lakes, and inlets, a
labyrinthine system formed by more than 900 km of waterways. In the midst of this landscape,
there are a number of towns and cities, which serve as the starting and endpoints of
transportation services and backwater cruises.[162] Vizhinjam International Seaport also called
The Port of Trivandrum is a mother port under construction on the Arabian Sea at Vizhinjam in
Trivandrum, India. Once completed, it is estimated that this port will handle over 40% of India's
transshipments, thereby reducing the country's reliance on ports at Dubai, Colombo, and
Singapore.[citation needed]

The Eastern Naval Command and Southern Naval Command of the Indian Navy are
headquartered at Visakhapatnam and Kochi, respectively.[163][164] In the region, the Indian Navy
has its major operational bases at Visakhapatnam, Chennai, Kochi, Karwar, and Kavaratti.[165][166]
[167]

Economy E…

Main article: Economy of South India

After independence, the economy of South India conformed to a

 
socialist framework, with strict governmental control over private
sector participation, foreign trade, and foreign direct investment.
From 1960 to 1990, the South Indian economies experienced
mixed economic growth. In the 1960s, Kerala achieved above-
average growth while Andhra Pradesh's economy declined. Kerala
experienced an economic decline in the 1970s while the
economies of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh
consistently exceeded national average growth rates, due to
reform-oriented economic policies.[168] As of March 2015, there
Major crop areas
are 109 operational Special Economic Zones in South India, which
is about 60% of the country's total.[169] As of 2019–20, the total gross domestic product of the
region is ₹67 trillion (US$946 billion). Tamil Nadu has the second-highest GDP and is the
second-most industrialised state in the country after Maharashtra.[170] With the presence of two
major ports, an international airport, and a converging road and rail networks, Chennai is referred
to as the "Gateway of South India."[171][172][173][174] South India contributes 30% of India's GDP,
which is the highest in the country.[175][176] The region's per capita income is the highest in India
and has the lowest debt-to-GDP ratio.[175][176]

Agriculture E…

Over 48% of South India's population is engaged in agriculture, which is largely dependent on
seasonal monsoons. Frequent droughts have left farmers debt-ridden, forcing them to sell their
livestock and sometimes to commit suicide.[177] Some of the main crops cultivated in South India
include paddy, sorghum, pearl millet, pulses, ragi, sugarcane, mangoes, chilli, and cotton. The
staple food is rice; the delta regions of Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri are among the top rice
producing areas in the country.[169][178] Areca nut, coffee, tea, turmeric and other spices, and
rubber are cultivated in the hills, the region accounting for 92% of the total coffee production in
India.[169][179][180][181][182] Other major agricultural products include poultry and silk.[183][184]
Kerala produces 97% of the national output of black pepper[185] and accounts for 85% of the
natural rubber in the country.[186][187] Coconut, tea, coffee, cashew, and spices—including
cardamom, vanilla, cinnamon, and nutmeg are the main agricultural products.[188]: 74 [189][190][191]
[192][193] Around 80% of India's export quality cashew kernels are prepared in Kollam.[194] The
key cash crop is Coconut and Kerala ranks first in the area of coconut cultivation in India.[195] In
1960–61, about 70% of the Coconuts produced in India were from Kerala, which have reduced to
42% in 2011–12.[195] Around 90% of the total Cardamom produced in India is from Kerala.[196]
India is the second-largest producer of Cardamom in world. The three southern states,
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala, are home to coffee and tea gardens, rubber plantations, and
spice crops, generating employment to more than 13 lakh people. Almost 40% of tea produced in
the southern states is exported and 31% of pepper grown here, too, goes to other countries.[197]
South India produces more than 50% of total fish production in India.[198]

Software Industry E…

South India's urban centres are significant contributors to  

the Indian and global economy. According to the
Globalization and World Cities Research Network,
Bengaluru, Chennai, and Hyderabad are the South Indian
cities most integrated with the global economy. Bengaluru
is classified as an alpha world city, while Chennai and
Infosys, Bengaluru
Hyderabad are beta world cities.[199]
 
Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Chennai, Kochi and
Thiruvananthapuram are amongst the major information
technology (IT) hubs of India, with Bengaluru known as the
Silicon Valley of India [200] and Hyderabad hosting biggest
offices of Amazon (company), Microsoft outside United
States.[201] The presence of these hubs has spurred
Technopark, Trivandrum
economic growth and attracted foreign investments and
job seekers from other parts of the country.[202] Software exports from South India grossed over
₹640 billion (US$8.0 billion) in fiscal 2005–06.[203]

Manufacturing industry E…

In early 1960's many industrial corporations like APIIC (Andhra Pradesh), KIDC (Karnataka),
KSIDC (Kerala), TIDC (TamilNadu) was set up to provides businesses with infrastructure such as
land (open plot or built-up spaces), roads, water supply, drainage facilities and street lights.
[citation needed] Salem Steel Plant (SSP), a unit of Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL), is a steel
plant involved in the production of stainless steel.[204] It is located along the Salem — Bangalore
National Highway 44 in the foothills of Kanjamalai in Salem district, Tamil Nadu, India.[205][206]
The plant has an installed capacity of 70,000 tonnes per annum in its cold rolling mill and
3,64,000 tonnes per annum in the hot rolling mill.[204] It also has the country's first stainless steel
blanking facility.[207]

Chennai, known as the "Detroit of Asia", accounts for about 35% of India's overall automotive
components and automobile output.[208] South India is now home to major automobile
companies like Ashok Leyland Limited, Hero MotoCorp, Isuzu Motors India, Kia Motors, Kobelco,
Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India, Mahindra Reva, TAFE Tractors, Tata Motors, Toyota
Kirloskar Motor Private Limited, TVS Motor, Volvo, Eicher, Ather Energy, BMW India, Mini, BMW
Motorrad, Caterpillar Inc., Royal Enfield, Hyundai Motor India Limited, Daimler, BharatBenz,
Yamaha Motor Company.[citation needed] Coimbatore supplies two-thirds of India's requirements of
motors and pumps, and is one of the largest exporters of wet grinders and auto components, as
well as jewellery.[209] Andhra Pradesh is emerging as another automobile manufacturing hub.[210]

Another major industry is textiles[211] with the region being home to nearly 60% of the fiber textile
mills in India.[212]

Tourism E…

Tourism contributes significantly to the GDP of the region, with  

three states – Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and
Telangana – among the top 10 states for tourist arrivals,
accounting for more than 50% of domestic tourist visits.[213] Tamil
Nadu has the largest tourism industry in India with a percentage
share of 21.31% and 21.86% of domestic and foreign tourist visits
in the country. According to the 2020 Ministry of Tourism report, Hogenakkal Falls often
the number of domestic arrivals was at 494.8 million making the referred as Niagara Falls of
Asia
state the second most popular tourist destination in the country,
and foreign arrivals numbered 6.86 million, the highest in the country, making it the most popular
state for tourism in the country.[214] In 2023, Kerala was listed at the 13th spot in The New York
Times' annual list of places to visit and was the only tourist destination listed from India.[215]
Kerala was named by TIME magazine in 2022 among the 50 extraordinary destinations to explore
in its list of the World’s Greatest Places.[216]

List of South Indian states and territories by GDP and NDPS (2019–20)[217][218]
GDP in NSDP in
All GDP in US NSDP in
State/Union Indian Indian
Rank India Dollars US Dollars
Territory Rupees Rupees
Rank (Billion$) (Billion$)
(Lakh₹) (Lakh₹)

1 2 Tamil Nadu 17,97,22,872 230 16,19,71,992 200

2 5 Karnataka 16,28,92,793 200 14,75,27,677 180

Andhra
3 8 9,71,22,422 120 8,70,06,430 110
Pradesh

4 9 Telangana 9,57,20,710 120 8,71,37,381 110

5 11 Kerala 8,54,68,899 110 7,73,09,933 97

6 26 Puducherry 38,00,369 4.8 34,57,849 4.3

Andaman and
7 33 Nicobar 9,71,923 1.2 8,70,221 1.1
Islands

Economic and demographic indicators[219]

Parameter South India National

₹67 trillion (US$946 ₹209.19 trillion

Gross domestic product (GDP)
billion) (US$2.9 trillion)

Net state domestic product (SDP) ₹29,027 (US$360) ₹23,222 (US$290)

Population below the poverty line 15.41% 26.1%

Urban population 32.8% 27.8%

Households with electricity 98.91% 88.2%

Literacy rate 81.09% 74%[220]

Demographics E…

Main articles: Dravidian people, Telugus, Tamils, Kannadigas, Malayalis, and Tuluvas

As per the 2011 census of India, the estimated

 
population of South India was 252 million, around
one fifth of the total population of the country. The
region's total fertility rate (TFR) was less than the
population replacement level of 2.1 for all states,
with Kerala and Tamil Nadu having the lowest TFRs
in India at 1.7.[221][222] As a result, from 1981 to 2011
the proportion of the population of South India to
India's total population has declined.[223][224] The
population density of the region is approximately Population Pyramid in South India
463 per square kilometer.[citation needed] Scheduled
Castes and Tribes form 18% of the population of the region. Agriculture is the major employer in
the region, with 47.5% of the population being involved in agrarian activities.[225] About 60% of
the population lives in permanent housing structures.[226] 67.8% of South India has access to tap
water, with wells and springs being major sources of water supply.[227]

After experiencing fluctuations in the decades immediately after the independence of India, the
economies of South Indian states have, over the past three decades, registered growth higher
than the national average. While South Indian states have improved in some of the socio-
economic metrics,[219][228] poverty continues to affect the region as it does the rest of the
country, although it has considerably decreased over the years. Based on the 2011 census, the
HDI in the southern states is high, and the economy has grown at a faster rate than those of most
northern states.[229]

As per the 2011 census, the average literacy rate in South India is approximately 80%,
considerably higher than the Indian national average of 74%, with Kerala having the highest
literacy rate of 93.91%.[230] South India has the highest sex ratio with Kerala and Tamil Nadu
being the top two states.[231] The South Indian states rank amongst the top 10 in economic
freedom, life expectancy, access to drinking water, house ownership, and TV ownership.[232][233]
[234][235][236] The poverty rate is at 19% while that in the other Indian states is at 38%. The per
capita income is ₹19,531 (US$240), which is more than double of the other Indian states (₹8,951
(US$110)).[237][238] Of the three demographically related targets of the Millennium Development
Goals set by the United Nations and expected to be achieved by 2015, Kerala and Tamil Nadu
achieved the goals related to improvement of maternal health and of reducing infant mortality
and child mortality by 2009.[239][240]

Sex Rural Urban Area Density

State Population Males Females Literacy %
Ratio Population Population (km2) (/km2)

Andaman
and Nicobar 380,520 202,330 177,614 878 86.63 237,093 143,488 8,249 46
Islands

Andhra
49,386,799 24,738,068 24,648,731 996 67.41 34,776,389 14,610,410 162,975 308
Pradesh

Karnataka 61,130,704 30,966,657 30,128,640 973 75.36 37,469,335 23,625,962 191,791 319

Kerala 33,406,061 16,027,412 17,378,649 1084 96.2 17,471,135 15,934,926 38,863 859

Lakshadweep 64,473 33,123 31,350 946 91.85 14,141 50,332 32.62 2,013

Puducherry 1,247,953 612,511 635,442 1037 86.55 395,200 852,753 483 2,598

Tamil Nadu 72,147,030 36,137,975 36,009,055 996 82.9 37,229,590 34,917,440 130,058 555

Telangana 35,003,674 17,611,633 17,392,041 988 72.80 21,395,009 21,395,009 112,077 312

List of metropolitan areas in South India E…

Main article: List of metropolitan areas in India

This is a list of metropolitan areas by population in India. The 74th Amendment to the Indian
Constitution defines a metropolitan area as: An area having a population of 10 Lakh or 1 Million or
more, comprised in one or more districts and consisting of two or more Municipalities or
Panchayats or other contiguous areas, specified by the Governor by public notification to be a
Metropolitan area.[241][242] According to 2011 Census of India, top 10 metropolition areas in south
India are

Rank City Skyline State Population

1 Bengaluru Karnataka 13,193,000

 
2 Chennai Tamil Nadu 11,503,293

3 Hyderabad Telangana 6,809,970

 
4 Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 6,000,000

5 Kozhikode Kerala 3,921,000

6 Kochi Kerala 3,301,000

7 Coimbatore Tamil Nadu 2,935,000

 
8 Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 2,793,000

9 Madurai Tamil Nadu 1,799,000

10 Salem Tamil Nadu 1,146,000

Languages E…
Main articles: Dravidian languages, Telugu language, Malayalam language, Tamil language, and Kannada
language

The largest linguistic group in South India is the

 
Dravidian family of languages, of approximately 73
languages.[244] The major languages spoken include
Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, and Malayalam.[245] Tulu is
spoken by about 1.5 million people in coastal Kerala
and Karnataka; Konkani, an Indo-Aryan language, is
spoken by around 0.8 million people in the Konkan Dravidian language tree
coast (Canara) and Kerala; Kodava Takk is spoken
by more than half a million people in Kodagu, Mysore, and
Bangalore. English is also widely spoken in urban areas of South
India.[246] Deccani Urdu is spoken by around 12 million Muslims in
southern India.[247][248][249] Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam,
Konkani, and Deccani Urdu are listed among the 22 official
languages of India as per the Official Languages Act (1963). Tamil
was the first language to be granted classical language status by
the Government of India in 2004.[250][251] Other major languages
declared classical are Telugu (in 2008), Kannada (in 2008) and Languages of South India
(2011)[243]
Malayalam (in 2013)[252][253] These four languages have literary
outputs larger than other literary languages of India.[254]    Telugu (29.24%)
   Tamil (24.02%)
States and union    Kannada (17.27%)
Number of    Malayalam (13.76%)
S.No. Language territories where
speakers[255]    Others (15.71%)
official

Andhra Pradesh,
1 Telugu 74,002,856 Telangana, Puducherry,
West Bengal

2 Tamil 60,793,814 Tamil Nadu, Puducherry

3 Kannada 43,706,512 Karnataka

Kerala, Lakshadweep,
4 Malayalam 34,838,319
Mahé

Deccani
5 12 – 13 million Telangana
Urdu

Dakshina Kannada,
6 Tulu 1,846,427 Udupi district, Kasargod
district

7 Konkani 800,000+ Goa.

Kodagu district
8 Kodava Takk
(Karnataka)

Religion E…
Main article: Hinduism in South India

Evidence of prehistoric religion in South India comes from

scattered Mesolithic rock paintings depicting dances and rituals,
such as the Kupgal petroglyphs of eastern Karnataka, at Stone
Age sites.[256]

Hinduism is the major religion today in South India, with about

84% of the population adhering to it, which is often regarded as
the oldest religion in the world, tracing its roots to prehistoric
times in India.[257] Its spiritual traditions include both the Shaivite
Religion in South India (2011)
and Vaishnavite branches of Hinduism, although Buddhist and
Jain philosophies were influential several centuries earlier.[258]    Hinduism (84%)
Ayyavazhi has spread significantly across the southern parts of    Islam (11%)
   Christianity (4%)
South India.[259][260] Shaiva Siddhanta philosophy is prominent
   Others (1%)
among many communities.[261]

Shaivism developed as an amalgam of pre-Vedic religions and traditions derived from the
southern Tamil Dravidian Shaiva Siddhanta traditions and philosophies, which were assimilated in
the non-Vedic Shiva-tradition. The religious history of South India is influenced by Hinduism quite
notably during the medieval century. The twelve Alvars (saint-poets of Vaishnavite tradition) and
sixty-three Nayanars (saint poets of Shaivite tradition) are regarded as exponents of the bhakti
tradition of Hinduism in South India. Most of them came from the Tamil region and the last of
them lived in the 9th century CE.[citation needed]

About 11% of the population follow Islam, which was introduced to South India in the early 7th
century by Arab traders on the Malabar Coast, and spread during the rule of the Deccan
Sultanates, from the 17th to 18th centuries. Muslims of Arab descent in Kerala are called Jonaka
Mappila.[262]

About 4% follow Christianity.[263] According to tradition, Christianity was introduced to South

India by Thomas the Apostle, who visited Muziris in Kerala in 52 CE and proselytized natives, who
are called Nazrani Mappila.[264][265]

Kerala is also home to one of the oldest Jewish communities in the world, who are supposed to
have arrived on the Malabar coast during the reign of King Solomon.[266][267]

Administration E…

South India consists of the five southern Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka,
Kerala, and Tamil Nadu, as well as the union territories of Puducherry, and Lakshadweep.[268]
Puducherry and the five states each have an elected state government, while Lakshadweep is
centrally administered by the president of India.[269][270] Each state is headed by a Governor who
is appointed by the President of India and who names the leader of the state legislature's ruling
party or coalition as chief minister, who is the head of the state government.[271][272]

Each state or territory is further divided into districts, which are further subdivided into revenue
divisions and taluks / Mandals or tehsils.[273][274] Local bodies govern respective cities, towns,
and villages, along with an elected mayor, municipal chairman, or panchayat chairman,
respectively.[274]

States E…

ISO Population
Area Official Literacy
S. 3166-2 Date of density Sex % of urban
Name Population (km2) language(s) Capital Rate
No. code[275] formation[27] [277] [278]
(per km2) Ratio[277] [230]
population[279]
[276] [277]
(%)

Andhra
1 AP 1 Oct 1953 49,506,799[280] 162,968[280] Telugu, English Amaravati 308[280] 996[280] 67.41[281] 29.4[280]
Pradesh

Kannada,
2 Karnataka KA 1 Nov 1956 61,095,297 191,791 Bengaluru 319 973 75.60 38.67
English

Malayalam,
3 Kerala KL 1 Nov 1956 33,406,061 38,863 Thiruvananthapuram 860 1084 94.00 47.72
English

Tamil
4 TN 26 Jan 1950 72,147,030 130,058 Tamil, English Chennai 555 996 80.33 48.40
Nadu

Telugu,
5 Telangana TG 2 Jun 2014[282] 35,193,978[282] 112,077[282] Hyderabad 307[283] 988[282] 66.50[283] 38.7[282]
Deccani Urdu

^Note 1 Andhra Pradesh was divided into two states, Telangana and a residual Andhra Pradesh
on 2 June 2014.[284][285][286] Hyderabad, located entirely within the borders of Telangana, is to
serve as joint capital for both states for a period of time not exceeding ten years.[287]

Union territories E…

ISO Population
Area Literacy
3166-2 Official density Sex % of urban
S.No. Name Population (km2) Capital Rate(%)
code[275] [277]
language[278] (per km2) Ratio[277] [230]
population[279]
[276] [277]

English,
1 Lakshadweep LD 64,473 30 Kavaratti 2,013 946 92.28 78.07
Malayalam

2 Puducherry PY 1,247,953 490 Tamil, English Puducherry 2,598 1037 86.55 68.33

Legislative representation E…

South India elects 132 members to the Lok Sabha, Legislative assemblies of states
accounting for roughly one-fourth of the total strength.  
[288] The region is allocated 58 seats in the Rajya Sabha,
out of the total of 245.[289]

The state legislatures of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and

Puducherry are unicameral, while Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka, and Telangana have bicameral legislatures.[290] Shasana Sabha (Andhra Pradesh)
[291] States with bicameral legislatures have an upper  
house (Legislative Council) with members not more than
one-third the size of the Assembly. State legislatures elect
members for terms of five years.[274] Governors may
suspend or dissolve assemblies and can administer when Vidhan Soudha (Karnataka)

no party is able to form a government.[274]  

Niyamasabha Mandiram (Kerala)

 

Fort St. George (Tamil Nadu)

 

Shasana Sabha (Telangana)

Saasana
Lok Rajya Governor/Lieutenant Chief
State/UT Sabha/Vidhan
Sabha[288] Sabha[289] Governor Minister
Sabha[290]

Y. S.
Andhra Biswabhusan
25 11 175 Jaganmohan
Pradesh Harichandan
Reddy

Basavaraj
Karnataka 28 12 224 Thawar Chand Gehlot
Bommai

Pinarayi
Kerala 20 9 140 Arif Mohammad Khan
Vijayan

Lakshadweep 1 N/A N/A H. Rajesh Prasad N/A

N.
Puducherry 1 1 30 Tamilisai Soundararajan
Rangaswamy

Tamil Nadu 39 18 234 R. N. Ravi M. K. Stalin

K.
Telangana 17 7 119 Tamilisai Soundararajan Chandrashekar
Rao

Total 132 58 922

Politics E…

Main article: Politics in South India

Politics in South India is characterized by a mix of regional and national political parties. The
Justice Party and Swaraj Party were the two major parties in the erstwhile Madras Presidency.
[292] The Justice Party eventually lost the 1937 elections to the Indian National Congress, and
Chakravarti Rajagopalachari became the Chief Minister of the Madras Presidency.[292]

During the 1920s and 1930s, the Self-Respect Movement, spearheaded by Theagaroya Chetty
and E. V. Ramaswamy (commonly known as Periyar), emerged in the Madras Presidency.[293] In
1944, Periyar transformed the party into a social organisation, renaming the party Dravidar
Kazhagam, and withdrew from electoral politics. The initial aim was the secession of Dravida
Nadu from the rest of India upon Indian independence. After independence, C. N. Annadurai, a
follower of Periyar, formed the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in 1948. The Anti-Hindi
agitations of Tamil Nadu led to the rise of Dravidian parties that formed Tamil Nadu's first
government, in 1967. In 1972, a split in the DMK resulted in the formation of the All India Anna
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) led by M. G. Ramachandran. Dravidian parties continue
to dominate Tamil Nadu electoral politics, the national parties usually aligning as junior partners
to the major Dravidian parties, AIADMK and DMK.[294][295]

Indian National Congress dominated the political scene in Tamil Nadu in the 1950s and 1960s
under the leadership of K. Kamaraj, who led the party after the death of Jawaharlal Nehru and
ensured the selection of Prime Ministers Lal Bahadur Shastri and Indira Gandhi.[296] Congress
continues to be a major party in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Kerala. The party ruled with
minimal opposition for 30 years in Andhra Pradesh, before the formation of the Telugu Desam
Party by Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao in 1982.[297] Two prominent coalitions in Kerala are the
United Democratic Front, led by the Indian National Congress, and the Left Democratic Front, led
by the Communist Party of India (Marxist). For the past fifty years, these two coalitions have been
alternately in power; and E. M. S. Namboodiripad, the first elected chief minister of Kerala in 1957,
is credited as the leader of the first democratically elected communist government in the world.
[298][299] The Bharatiya Janata Party and Janata Dal (Secular) are significant parties in Karnataka.
[300]

C. Rajagopalachari, the first Indian Governor General of India post independence, was from South
India. The region has produced six Indian presidents, namely, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan,[301] V. V.
Giri,[302] Neelam Sanjiva Reddy,[303] R. Venkataraman,[304] K. R. Narayanan,[305] and APJ Abdul
Kalam.[306] Prime ministers P. V. Narasimha Rao and H. D. Deve Gowda were from the region.[307]

List of current state governments E…

See also: State legislative assemblies of India and State legislative councils of India

State/Union Governor/Lt.
Emblem Chief Minister Ruling party
territory Governor

 
Biswabhusan Y. S. Jagan
Andhra Pradesh YSR Congress Party
Harichandan Mohan Reddy

  Thawar Chand Basavaraj

Karnataka Bharatiya Janata Party
Gehlot Bommai

  Arif Mohammad Communist Party of

Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan
Khan India (Marxist)

 
Tamilisai
Puducherry N. Rangaswamy All India N.R. Congress
Soundararajan

 
Dravida Munnetra
Tamil Nadu R. N. Ravi M. K. Stalin
Kazhagam

Tamilisai K. Chandrashekar
Telangana Bharat Rashtra Samithi
Soundararajan Rao

Culture and heritage E…

Main article: South Indian culture

Clothing E…

South Indian women traditionally wear a sari, a garment that  

consists of a drape varying from 5 yards (4.6 m) to 9 yards
(8.2 m) in length and 2 feet (0.61 m) to 4 feet (1.2 m) in breadth
that is typically wrapped around the waist, with one end draped
over the shoulder, baring the midriff, as according to Indian
philosophy, the navel is considered as the source of life and
creativity.[308][309] Ancient Tamil poetry, such as the
Silappadhikaram, describes women in exquisite drapery or sari.
[310] Madisar is a typical style worn by Brahmin women from
A wedding in traditional South
Tamil Nadu.[311] Women wear colourful silk sarees on special
Indian wear
occasions such as marriages.[312]

The men wear a dhoti, a 4.5 metres (15 ft) long, white rectangular piece of non-stitched cloth
often bordered in brightly coloured stripes. It is usually wrapped around the waist and the legs
and knotted at the waist.[313] A colourful lungi with typical batik patterns is the most common
form of male attire in the countryside.[314]

People in urban areas generally wear tailored clothing, and western dress is popular. Western-
style school uniforms are worn by both boys and girls in schools, even in rural areas.[314]Calico, a
plain-woven textile made from unbleached, and often not fully processed, cotton, was originated
at Calicut (Kozhikode), from which the name of the textile came, in South India, now Kerala,
during the 11th century,[315] where the cloth was known as Chaliyan.[316] The raw fabric was dyed
and printed in bright hues, and calico prints later became popular in the Europe.[317]

Cuisine E…
Main article: South Indian cuisine

Rice is the diet staple, while fish is an integral component

 
of coastal South Indian meals.[318] Coconut and spices are
used extensively in South Indian cuisine. The region has a
rich cuisine involving both traditional non-vegetarian and
vegetarian dishes comprising rice, legumes, and lentils. Its
distinct aroma and flavour is achieved by the blending of
flavourings and spices, including curry leaves, mustard
seeds, coriander, ginger, garlic, chili, pepper, cinnamon, A traditional meal served on a banana
leaf
cloves, green cardamom, cumin, nutmeg, coconut, and
rosewater.[319][320]  

The traditional way of eating a meal involves being seated

on the floor, having the food served on a banana leaf,[321]
and using clean fingers of the right hand to take the food
into the mouth.[322] After the meal, the fingers are washed;
the easily degradable banana leaf is discarded or becomes
fodder for cattle.[323] Eating on banana leaves is a custom
thousands of years old, imparts a unique flavor to the food, Dosa made from a fermented batter
and is considered healthy.[324] of ground black lentils and rice
 
Idli, dosa, uthappam, Pesarattu, appam, pongal, and
paniyaram are popular breakfast dishes in Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala.[325][326] Rice is served with
sambar, rasam, and poriyal for lunch. Andhra cuisine is
characterised by pickles and spicy curries.[327] Famous
dishes are Pesarattu, Ulava charu, Bobbatlu, Pootharekulu,
and Gongura. Chettinad cuisine is famous for its non- Idli
vegetarian items, and Hyderabadi cuisine is popular for its
biryani.[328] Neer dosa, Chitranna, Ragi mudde, Maddur vada, Mysore pak, Obbattu, Bisi Bele
Bath, Mangalore buns, Kesari bat, Akki rotti and Dharwad pedha are famous cuisines of
Karnataka.[329] Udupi Cuisine, which originates from Udupi located in the Coastal Kanara region
of Karnataka is famous for its vegetarian dishes.[330]Coconut is native to Southern India and
spread to Europe, Arabia, and Persia through the southwestern Malabar Coast of South India over
the centuries. Coconut of Indian origin was brought to the Americas by Portuguese merchants.
Black pepper is also native to the Malabar Coast[331][332] of India, and the Malabar pepper is
extensively cultivated there. During classical era, Phoenicians, Greeks, Egyptians, Romans, and
Chinese were attracted by the spices including Cinnamon and Black pepper from the ancient port
of Muziris in the southwestern coast of India.[333][334]

During Middle Ages prior to the Age of Discovery which began with the end of the 15th century
CE, the kingdom of Calicut (Kozhikode) on Malabar Coast was the centre of Indian pepper
exports to the Red Sea and Europe at this time[335] with Egyptian and Arab traders being
particularly active. The Thalassery cuisine, a style of cuisine originated in the Northern Kerala
over centuries, makes use of such spices.[citation needed]

Music and dance E…

The traditional music South Indian dance forms

of South India is          
known as Carnatic
music, which includes
rhythmic and
structured music by
composers such as
Purandara Dasa, Bharatanatyam Kathakali Mohiniyattam Kuchipudi Yakshagana
Kanaka Dasa, (Tamil Nadu) (Kerala) (Kerala) (Andhra (Karnataka)
Pradesh)
Tyagayya,
Annamacharya, Baktha Ramadasu, Muthuswami Dikshitar, Shyama Shastri, Kshetrayya, Mysore
Vasudevachar, and Swathi Thirunal.[336] The main instrument that is used in South Indian Hindu
temples is the nadaswaram, a reed instrument that is often accompanied by the thavil, a type of
drum instrument.[337]

South India is home to several distinct dance forms such as Bharatanatyam, Kuchipudi, Andhra
Natyam, Kathakali, Kerala Natanam, Koodiyattam, Margamkali, Mohiniaattam, Oppana,
Ottamthullal, Theyyam, Vilasini Natyam, and Yakshagana.[338][339][340][341][342] The dance,
clothing, and sculptures of South India exemplify the beauty of the body and motherhood.[308]
[343][344][345][346]

Cinema E…
Main article: Cinema of South India

Films done in regional languages are prevalent in South India,

 
with several regional cinemas being recognized: Kannada
cinema (Karnataka), Malayalam cinema (Kerala), Tamil cinema
(Tamil Nadu), and Telugu cinema (Andhra Pradesh and
Telangana). The first silent film in South India, Keechaka
Vadham, was made by R. Nataraja Mudaliar in 1916.[347]
Mudaliar also established Madras's first film studio.[348] The
first Tamil talkie, Kalidas, was released on 31 October 1931, AVM studios in Chennai, the
oldest surviving studio in India
barely seven months after India's first talking picture, Alam Ara.
[349]

Swamikannu Vincent built the first cinema studio of South India, at Coimbatore, introducing the
"tent cinema", which he first established in Madras and which was known as "Edison's Grand
Cinemamegaphone".[350] Filmmakers K. N. T. Sastry and B. Narsing Rao in Telugu cinema; K
Balachandar, Balu Mahendra, Bharathiraaja, and Mani Ratnam in Tamil cinema; Adoor
Gopalakrishnan, Shaji N. Karun, John Abraham, and G. Aravindan in Malayalam cinema; and
Girish Kasaravalli , Girish Karnad and P. Sheshadri in Kannada cinema produced realistic cinema
in parallel with each other throughout the 1970s.[351]

South Indian cinema has also had an influence on politics of Tamil Nadu.[352] Prominent film
personalities such as C N Annadurai, M G Ramachandran, M Karunanidhi, N. T. Rama Rao, and
Jayalalithaa have become chief ministers of South Indian states.[353] As of 2014, South Indian film
industries contribute to 53% of the total films produced in India.[354]

Feature films certified by the Central Board of Film Certification (2019)[355]

Language No. of films

Telugu 281

Tamil 254

Malayalam 219

Kannada 336

Tulu 16

Konkani 10

Total 1116

Literature E…

South India has an independent literary tradition dating back over  

2500 years. The first known literature of South India is the poetic
Sangam literature, which was written in Tamil 2500 to 2100 years
ago. Tamil literature was composed in three successive poetic
assemblies known as Tamil Sangams, the earliest of which,
according to ancient tradition, were held on a now vanished
continent far to the south of India.[356] This Tamil literature
includes the oldest grammatical treatise, Tholkappiyam, and the
epics Silappatikaram and Manimekalai.[357] References to
Kannada literature appear from the fourth century CE.[358][359]
Telugu literature inscriptions. Poets such as Annamacharya made
The large gopuram is a
many contributions to this literature.[360] A distinct Malayalam hallmark of Dravidian
literature came about in the 13th century.[361] architecture.

Architecture E…

South India has two distinct styles of rock architecture, the Dravidian style of Tamil Nadu, Andhra
Pradesh and the Vesara style of Karnataka, Telangana.[362]

Koil or Gudi Hindu temples of the Dravidian style, consist of porches or mantapas preceding the
door leading to the sanctum. Monumental, ornate gate-pyramids, or gopurams – each topped by
a kalasam, or stone finial – are the principal features in the quadrangular enclosures that
surround the more notable temples[363][364] along with pillared halls. A South Indian temple
typically has a water reservoir called the Kalyani or Pushkarni.[365]

The origins of the gopuram can be traced back to early structures of the Pallavas. Under the
Pandya rulers in the twelfth century, gateways had become the dominant feature of a temple's
outer appearance, eventually overshadowing the inner sanctuary which became obscured from
view by the gopuram's colossal size.[366][367]

The Architecture of Kerala is a unique architecture that emerged in the southwestern part of
India, which is in its striking contrast to Dravidian architecture, which is normally practised in
other parts of South India.[368] It has been performed/followed according to Indian Vedic
architectural science (Vastu Shastra).[368]

Health E…

All South Indian states ranks in top 10 in institutional delivery in India. Kerala has the highest
institutional delivery percentage 99.8% and Telangana has the lowest in 91.5%.[369] Chennai
attracts about 45 percent of health tourists from abroad arriving in the country and 30 to 40
percent of domestic health tourists. The city has been termed India's health capital.

As of 2018, number of Public facilities in South India.

 

Apollo Hospitals, Chennai

Lakeshore Hospital, Kochi

No. of Public facilities No. of

beds
Primary Community Sub- available
State District
Health Health District/Divisional Total in public
Hospitals
Centers Centers Hospitals facilities
[370]

Andaman &
Nicobar 27 4 0 3 34 1,246
Islands

Andhra
1,417 198 31 20 1,666 60,799
Pradesh

Karnataka 2,547 207 147 42 2,943 56,333

Kerala 933 229 82 53 1,297 39,511

Lakshadweep 4 3 2 1 10 250

Puducherry 40 4 5 4 53 4,462

Tamil Nadu 1,854 385 310 32 2,581 72,616

Telangana 788 82 47 15 932 17,358

Total 7,610 1,112 624 170 9,516 252,755

All India 29,899 5,568 1,255 1,003 37,725 739,024

As of 2017, Number of Government Hospitals and Beds in Rural & Urban Areas.

Rural hospitals Urban hospitals [370]

Total
State Total Number of Total Number of Total Number
Number
Hospitals Hospitals of Beds
ofBeds

Andaman &
27 575 3 500
Nicobar Islands

Andhra Pradesh 193 6,480 65 16,658

Karnataka 2,471 21,072 374 49,093

Kerala 981 16,865 299 21,139

Lakshadweep 9 300 0 0

Puducherry 3 96 11 3,473

Tamil Nadu 692 40,179 525 37,353

Telangana 802 7,668 61 13,315

Total 5,178 93,255 1,338 141,531

All India 19,810 279,588 3,772 431,173

Education E…

The South India is home to some of the nation's largest and most prominent public and private
institutions of higher education. Notable public colleges and universities in the South include:

Universities by state and type E…

The table below is correct as of 26 November 2022.  

University of Madras is one of

the oldest and among the most
prominent universities in India.

Central State Deemed Private

State Total
universities universities universities universities

Andhra Pradesh (list) 3 27 4 6 40

Karnataka (list) 1 34 14 25 74

Kerala (list) 1 15 3 0 19

Puducherry (list) 1 1 1 0 3

Tamil Nadu (list) 2 22 28 4 56

Telangana (list) 3 17 4 5 29

Total 11 116 54 40 221

List of all IIT's E…

Main article: Indian Institutes of Technology

Indian Institute of Technology,

Madras is a premier engineering
institute in India.

No. Name Abbreviation Founded Established as IIT State/UT

1 IIT Madras IITM 1959 1959 Tamil Nadu

2 IIT Hyderabad IITH 2008 2008 Telangana

3 IIT Palakkad IITPKD 2015[371] 2015 Kerala

4 IIT Tirupati IITTP 2015[372] 2015 Andhra Pradesh

5 IIT Dharwad IITDH 2016[373] 2016 Karnataka

List of all IIM's E…

Main article: Indian Institutes of Management

Indian Institute of Management

Kozhikode

# NIRF
No. Institute Established[374] Location State/UT Ranking
2022[375]
[a]
1 1 IIM Kozhikode 1996 Kozhikode Kerala 5

IIM [b]
2 2 2011 Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu 18
Tiruchirappalli

IIM Andhra [c]

3 3 2015 Visakhapatnam 33
Visakhapatnam Pradesh

List of all NIT's E…

Main article: National Institutes of Technology (India)

NITs and locations, sorted by date of establishment[378]

NIRF Rank
No. Name Abbreviation Founded Established City/Town State/UT Website
Engineering[379] Overall[380]

1 NIT Calicut NITC 1961 2002 Kozhikode Kerala 31 - [10]

2 NIT Karnataka NITK 1960 2002 Suratkhal Karnataka 10 27 [13]

3 NIT Warangal NITW 1959 2002 Warangal Telangana 21 45 [14]

NIT
4 NITT 1964 2002 Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu 8 21 [16]
Tiruchirappalli

NIT
5 NITPY 2010 2010 Karaikal Puducherry 136 - [28]
Puducherry

NIT Andhra Andhra

6 NITANP 2015 2015 Tadepalligudem - - [31]
Pradesh Pradesh

List of all IIIT's E…

 

Main article: Indian Institutes of Information Technology

IIITs and locations, sorted by date of establishment

# Name Established Mode State/UT
National Institute of Technology
IIITDM Calicut
1 2007 MOE Tamil Nadu
Kancheepuram

Andhra
2 IIIT Sri City 2013 PPP
Pradesh

3 IIIT Tiruchirappalli 2013 PPP Tamil Nadu

4 IIIT Dharwad 2015 PPP Karnataka

Andhra
5 IIITDM Kurnool 2015 MOE
Pradesh

6 IIIT Kottayam 2015 PPP Kerala

7 IIIT Raichur 2019 PPP Karnataka

Sports E…

Cricket is by far the most popular sport in South India with International cricket matches
attracting a sizeable number of spectators who are willing to pay more than the standard ticket
price to get a chance to watch the match.

Association football E…

Football is second most popular sport in South India.

Indian Super League (ISL)  

E…
Main article: Indian Super League

The Southern Derby or Southern Rivalry, is the name

given to a football derby contested by any two of the
three professional football clubs from South India—
Bengaluru FC, Chennaiyin FC and Kerala Blasters FC.[381] 2016 ISL Final at Jawaharlal Nehru
[382][383] The geographical proximity of the clubs International Stadium, Kochi
contributes significantly to the rivalries.

South Indian Teams in Indian Super League

Championship
Club State Stadium Span
Titles

2014–
Bengaluru FC Karnataka Sree Kanteerava Stadium 2018–19
Present

Tamil Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium 2014– 2015

Chennaiyin FC
Nadu (Chennai) Present 2019-20

2019–
Hyderabad FC Telangana G.M.C Balayogi Athletic Stadium 2021–22
Present

Kerala Blasters Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium 2014–

Kerala -
FC (Kochi) Present

National Football Championship (Santosh Trophy)

E…
Main article: Santosh Trophy

The tournament was started in 1941 by Indian Football

 
Association (IFA), which was the then de facto governing
body of football in India. It was named after the former
president of the IFA, Sir Manmatha Nath Roy Chowdhury,
the Maharaja of Santosh who had died at the age of 61 in
1939.[384][385][386]

South Indian Teams in National Football Championship

Championship
Team Stadium
Titles

Andhra Pradesh NFC 2021-22 final match between

- 1965–66
football team Kerala and West Bengal

1946–47
1952–53
Karnataka Bangalore Football
1967–68
football team Stadium
1968–69
2022–23

1973–74
1991–92
Jawaharlal Nehru
1992–93
Kerala football Stadium (Kochi)
2001–02
team EMS Stadium
2004–05
Payyanad Stadium
2017–18
2021–22

Tamil Nadu Jawaharlal Nehru 1972–73

football team Stadium (Chennai) 2011–12

Telangana G.M.C Balayogi 1956–57

football team Athletic Stadium 1957–58

Cricket E…

Cricket is the most popular sport.[387] It is played by many people in open spaces throughout all
states in South India.[388]

Indian Premier League

E…
Main article: Indian Premier League

Chennai Super Kings playing the Kolkata

Knight Riders at the M. A. Chidambaram
Stadium, Chennai in the 2008 Indian
Premier League.

South Indian Teams in IPL

Championship
Team Span Stadium
Titles

2010
2008-2015, 2017– 2011
Chennai Super Kings M. A. Chidambaram Stadium
present 2018
2021

Royal Challengers
2008–present M. Chinnaswamy Stadium -
Bangalore

Rajiv Gandhi International

Sunrisers Hyderabad 2013–Present 2016
Cricket Stadium

Rajiv Gandhi International

Deccan Chargers 2008-2012 2009
Cricket Stadium

Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium

Kochi Tuskers Kerala 2011 -
(Kochi)

Traditional Sports E…
Jallikattu
 
Malla-yuddha

Gatta gusthi

Pallanguzhi

Vallam kali

Nadan panthu kali Vallam kali(Boat race) with snake

boats
See also E…

East India

North India

Northeast India

Central India

Western India

Administrative divisions of India

Notes E…

1. ^ Taluk is a smaller administrative division than a district.

a. ^ Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode was established in 1996 and took its first batch of
students in 1997.[376]

b. ^ Indian Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli was inaugurated in January 2011.[374]

c. ^ Indian Institute of Management Visakhapatnam started operation on 21 September 2015.[377]

References E…

1. ^ "In the land of many tongues, Hindi can't be lingua franca" . Deccan Chronicle. 9 June 2019.

2. ^ "Literacy Survey, India (2017–18)" . Firstpost. 8 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.

3. ^ "Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban)"
(PDF). planningcommission.gov.in. Planning Commission, Government of India. Archived from the
original (PDF) on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.

4. ^ a b Yule, Henry; Burnell, A. C. (13 June 2013). Hobson-Jobson: The Definitive Glossary of British India.
Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-164583-9.

5. ^ "Urdu is second official language in Telangana as state passes Bill" . The News Minute. 17
November 2017.

6. ^ "Origins of the word 'Carnatic' in the Hobson Jobson Dictionary" . University of Chicago. Archived
from the original on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2006.

7. ^ Agarwal, D.P. (2006). Urban Origins in India (PDF). Uppsala University. Archived from the
original (PDF) on 25 May 2006.

8. ^ Schoff, Wilfred (1912). The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel And Trade In The Indian Ocean By A
Merchant Of The First Century. South Asia Books. ISBN 978-81-215-0699-1.

9. ^ J. Innes, Miller (1998) [1969]. The Spice Trade of The Roman Empire: 29 B.C. to A.D. 641. Oxford
University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-814264-5.

10. ^ Landstrom, Bjorn (1964). The Quest for India. Allwin and Unwin. ISBN 978-0-04-910016-9.

11. ^ Elisseeff, Vadime (2001). The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce. UNESCO Publishing /
Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-92-3-103652-1.

12. ^ Sewell 2011, p. 22, 23, 420.

13. ^ Stein 1989, p. xi

14. ^ "They administered our region" . The Hindu. 4 June 2007. Archived from the original on 7 April
2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014.

15. ^ Hibbert, Christopher (1 March 2000). Great Mutiny: India 1857. Penguin. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-14-
004752-3.

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  Wikivoyage has a travel

guide for South India.

Portal:    India

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