SOCIAL DEVIATIONS AND

SOCIAL WORK
LECTURE
INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL DEVIACY compliance; others may require little or none. • individuals
• Deviancy may be seen from simple breaking of rules within learn to live their lives within the given norms of the society
your home and groups where you belong to committing crimes, which
it can also be observed in doing unacceptable behaviors like may include language, ideas and beliefs, therefore, a person
alcohol and substance abuse and mental disorders. This learns to define
spectrum makes the study of deviancy interesting because we the environment based on not their own interpretation but
get to comprehend the nature of such actions and the way based on the lens of their cultural and group experiences.
society shapes deviancy itself. SOCIAL NORMS
DEVIANCE • Social control measures serve the social purpose of ensuring,
• Marshall Clinard “deviations from social norms which or at least attempting to ensure, conformity to norms. Social
encounter norms take two parallel forms.
disapproval”. • Behavioral norms are the patterns of actual behavior that
• deviance is a behavior, beliefs, and characteristics that individuals typically follow when interacting under given
violate society or a conditions. For example, It is common practice in the United
collectivity’s norms, the violation of which tends to attract States for store clerks to give customers the correct change
negative reactions when a purchase is made. Some do not for one reason or
from audiences. E.g. contempt, punishment, hostility, another. Since most clerks, do, however, this practice
condemnation, constitutes a behavioral norm.
criticism • Expectation norms are what people typically expect each
• It is certain that the stronger the negative reactions and the other to do under given conditions. Most of us in the United
larger the number States share the expectation that store clerks will give us, the
of audiences that react to the behavior, it is most likely that the customers, the correct change. The patterned
person who expectations are so strong that many of us do not carefully
commits the behavior will attract negative reactions or labelling count our change. Since the same expectations are widely
(Goode, shared, this pattern constitutes an expectation norm. Others
2016). see them as a part of culture
SOCIAL CONTROL
NORMATIVE AND REACTIVIST DEFINITION • Internalization of group norms
encourages conformity through socialization, so that people
• A normative definition define deviance as a violation of a know what society expects and desire to conform to that
norm. A norm m is a expectation. Social reaction influences conformity through
standard about “what human beings should or should not think, external pressures in the form of sanctions from others in the
say, or do under given circumstances”. Violations of these event of anticipated or actual nonconformity to norms.
norms draw reactions or Internalization of group norms achieves social control when
sanctions from the social audiences. These sanctions put people learn and accept the norms of their group. People
pressures to most people that feel to conform to social norms generally learn mechanisms of social control, such as customs,
(Clinard & Meier, 2011). traditions, beliefs, attitudes, and values, through prolonged
• A reactivist or relativist definitionholds that there are no interactions with others.
universal or CLASSIFICATION OF SANCTIONS ACCORDING TO
unchanging entities that define deviance for all times and in all THE SOURCES
places. Rather, “social groups create deviance by making the • Informal sanctions
rules whose infraction creates Gossip and ostracism are unofficial actions of groups or
deviance” (Clinard & Meier, 2011). individuals Formal sanctions such as criminal penalties, are
official group expressions meant to convey collective
DEVIANCE AND SOCIETY sentiments. Law is a formal control, it represents a
• Norms formal system of social control. The law is a rule that regulates
• Clinard and Meier (2016), expectation of conduct in particular the norms of conduct of persons or group of persons to
situations, it maintain order in the society. It prohibits the commission of
regulates human social relations and behavior. socially undesirable behavior and penalizes those
• It may vary according to how widely people accept them, how who commit it. By penalizing socially undesirable behavior, the
society law serves as a deterrence for further commission of the
enforces them, how society transmits them, and how much prohibited act
conformity
people require. Some social norms may require considerable
force to ensure

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 FOUR NECESSARY INGREDIENTS FOR A particular area is so high compared to other areas in that
DEVIANCE TO TAKE country, another example is what gender tends to commit
PLACE deviantacts.
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONISTPERSPECTIVE
▪ Constructionism views deviance not as a type of action but a
type of infraction—or, more properly, that which results in a
reaction
A rule or Norm Someone who Violates
▪ need to be investigated, understood, and explicated.
(or thought to violate)
Constructionists are curious about how and why something
An Audience Likelihood of a negative comes to be regarded as or judged to be deviant in the first
(a person or collectively who reaction
place, what is thought of, made of, said about, and done about
judges the behavior ,beliefs (criticism ,censure, stigma it (Goode,2016)
or traits to be wrongful) disapproval ,punishment
and the like by members of
HARMONIZING POSITIVIST AND
atleast one of the CONSTRUCTIVIST PERSPECTIVE
audiences.
▪ We cannot deny the fact that deviant behavior is real as
• Goode (2016) deviance is a matter of degree, a continuum or suggested by the positivist view but it also comes with a label
a spectrum, from trivial to extremely serious, and it is relative as suggested by the constructionist view.
as to audience. Deviance is what is considered to be wrongful ▪ there is no real act, there can be no deviant and if there is no
by certain audiences in certain social settings and constitutes label at all there is no deviant behavior as well.
negative reactions in a socially rejecting manner. Goode ▪ deviant is both a behavior and a label.
further emphasizes that it is the actual or potential reaction that SOCIETAL DEVIANCE
actions,
beliefs, and traits generate or are likely to generate in ■ actions and conditions that are widely recognized to be
audiences. It is this negativer eaction that defines or deviant.
constitutes a given act, belief, or trait as deviant. ■ high degree of consensus on the identification of certain
categories of deviance.
THE POSITIVIST VIEW AND SOCIAL ▪ serious normative violations.
■ Certain acts, beliefs, and traits are deviant society-wide
CONSTRUCTIONIST
because they
are condemned, both in practice and in principle, by the
Thio, Taylor & Schwartz (2013
majority, or
Positivist Perspective Constructionist
by the most powerful member of the society.
Perspective
SITUATIONAL DEVIANCE
Absolutism: Deviance is Relativism:
absolutely, intrinsically real; hence, Deviance is a label,
It does not possess this general or society-wide quality;
deviance or defined as such at a
instead,
deviants can be the subject of given time and place;
it manifests itself in actual, concrete social gatherings, circles,
study. hence, labels,
or settings.
labeling, and impact
of labeling can be the TWO TYPES OF SITUATIONAL DEVIANCE
subject of study.
Objectivism: Deviance is an Subjectivism: ▪ 1. Violates the norms dictating what one may and may not do
observable object; hence, objective Deviance is a within a certain social or physical setting;
research subjective 2. Violates the norms within certain social circles or groups.
methods can be used. experience;h ence, ▪ Some behavior is seen as wrong only among
subjective certain social circles in the society—not in the
Research methods society as a whole.
can be used. ▪ Example killing another human being is a crime
and therefore a deviant act but a soldier killing an
Determinism: Deviance is Voluntarism:
enemy within the context of war is condoned and
determined behavior, a product of Deviance is a
legal.
causation;hence,causal,explanator voluntary act, an
y expression of free DEVIANT ATTITUDES AND BELIEFS
theory can be developed. will; hence,
noncausal, ▪ Cognitive Deviance
descriptive theory ▪ Goode (2016) posits that holding unconventional, unorthodox,
can be unpopular or deviant beliefs may be considered as cognitive
developed. deviance. This category includes religious, political, and
scientific beliefs that are regarded as
unacceptable.
▪Certain beliefs are not deviant simply because they are
POSITIVIST PERSPECTIVE objectively or factually wrong. They are deviant because
they violate the norms of a given society, or an institution,
▪ possesses an internal coherence such that it has an origin; or members of a social circle within a society, they offend
▪ it is the result of a cause-and-effect sequence a particular audience, and, as a result, they are likely to
▪ comes into being as a result of certain locatable conditions, elicit negative reactions.
properties, or factors
▪ seeks to answer why the person does the deviant act
▪ also seek to explain for example why the crime rate in that

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 DIMENSIONS OF DEVIANCE
▪ Institutionalized versus Individualistic Deviance
▪ Institutionalized deviance expects each other to follow
patterned behaviors. The wider society disapproves of
conformity to these deviances
but the deviant groups approve of deviation from them. For
example, from the point of view of professional thieves, a
person who follows their norms
is a dependable conformist. From the standpoint of our society
at large, both are deviant. While for individualistic deviance,
these are persons that deviate from conventional norms and
roles in ways which are not
patterned and institutionalized but are peculiar to him or her.
There are no expectational and behavioral patterns or norms
for this form of deviance.Hence it is very individualistic and not
at all institutionalized.
DIMENSIONS OF DEVIANCE
▪ Institutionalized versus Individualistic Deviance
▪ Institutionalized deviance expects each other to follow
patterned behaviors. The wider society disapproves of
conformity to these deviances
but the deviant groups approve of deviation from them. For
example, fromt he point of view of professional thieves, a
person who follows their norms
is a dependable conformist. From the standpoint of our society
at large, both are deviant. While for individualistic deviance,
these are persons that
deviate from conventional norms and roles in ways which are
not patterned and institutionalized but are peculiar to him or
her. There are no
NEGATIVE VERSUS POSITIVE DEVIANCE
▪ It is usual both in social science and in everyday life to
conceive of deviant behavior as socially unacceptable and
negative. Often it is. Yet a considerable amount of deviant
behavior is actually defined by society's members in positive
fashion. They view it as socially acceptable and reward those
who are deviant. The members of a society are likely to define
a form of deviant behavior in a positive rather than a negative
way if it seems to be helpful for them, to solve a problem for
them. If it seems not to do that but rather to threaten their
existence in some way, they are likely to define that deviant
behavior negatively.
PHYSICAL DEVIANCE
▪ Physical characteristics of individuals are sometimes
considered deviant if they diverge from what is typical. These
can cover a wide range, such as shortness, tallness, obesity,
extreme thinness, brain damage, facial
disfigurement,missinglimbs,blindness,deafness,speechdefects,
orvery long fingernails. In any case, some individuals possess
unusual, atypical physical characteristics. . As with behavioral
deviance, this can have unfortunate consequences: the
individual may be labeled or singled out in a negative way.
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY
PROPONENT: Edwin Hardin Sutherland
-Sutherland received a proposal to
write a textbook on criminology, the
experience of writing that changed his
life.
-1939, Sutherland was elected
president of the American Sociological
Society
-Sutherland believed that criminal
behavior was learned through social
interaction with others.
INTRODUCTION
-A theory developed by Edwin Sutherland
proposing that through interaction with others,
individuals learn the values, attitudes,
techniques, and motives for criminal behavior.
-The differential association theory is the most
talked about of the learning theories of
deviance.
PRINCIPLE OF DIFFERENTIAL
ASSOCIATION THEORY
- criminal behavior is learned
- People learn criminal behavior by interacting with
other people
- People learn criminal behavior in intimate personal
groups.
-learning criminal behavior includes learning the
techniques of committing crime as well as the motives,
drives, rationalizations, and attitudes.
-the motivation to commit crime comes from whether we view
legal codes as favorable or unfavorable.
- the motivation to commit crime comes from whether we view
legal codes as favorable or unfavorable.
- a person becomes delinquent because of an excess of
definitions favorable of breaking the law over definitions
favorable of obeying the law
- Differential association may vary in frequency, duration,
priority, and intensity.
- Learning criminal behavior involves all of the mechanisms
that are involved in other types of learning.
- criminal behavior is not explained by general needs and
values, because noncriminal behavior is an expression of the
same needs and values.
SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY
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A sociological theory called social control theory seeks to look
for what motivates humans to commit crimes. It claims that
people behave in particular ways as a result of
society's influence. An individual will behave in a good, helpful
way if they are connected to society or to significant people
(parents, friends, etc.) in that society. On the other hand,
people will behave destructively, including unlawfully if they are
not connected to society. The main proponent of this theory
was Travis Hirschi, An American criminologist
known for his social-control perspective on juvenile
delinquency and his self-control perspective on crime. He
created and initially published this theory in the latter half of the
20th century. He argued that a person's decision to commit a
crime was significantly influenced by the existence or absence
of societal restrictions over them. People who
commit crimes do so because they don't feel obligated to follow
the laws of a society to which they don't belong or have any
ties.
This theory also claims that social bonds between individuals
impose control over people by keeping them involved in social
rules and values. Hirschi stated that having strong
attachments to one’s family and community, and commitment
to following rules and laws preserve social order in a society
(Hirschi, 1969; Pratt et al., 2010).
Being involved with day to day routines such as going to work
or school, and having a strong belief system are also parts of
the social bonds.
FOUR TYPES OF SOCIAL BONDS:
 Attachment
 Commitment
 Involvement
 Belief
BONDS OF ATTACHMENT
refer to our social ties to other people and members of our
communities. These include our relationships and connections
with parents, family, friends, and peers. According to the Social
Control Theory, people are less likely to engage in
criminal activity or engage in delinquent behavior if their links
of attachment are stronger. An example to the role of
attachment in social control is the argument that children with
absent parents develop criminal or deviant tendencies (Hirschi,
1969; Pratt et al., 2010).
COMMITMENT
One of the four social bond is Commitment, which refers to
people's dedication on abiding with the law and to avoid
undesirable legal repercussions. In order to avoid legal
retribution, individuals follow rules, laws, and restrictions, thus
obeying social control(Hirschi, 1969; Pratt et al., 2010). An
example of commitment can be paying a car parking
ticket in order to avoid receiving overdue penalties.
INVOLVEMENT
Another type of social bond is Involvement or being Involved
with socially accepted activities and routines. These include
routine tasks like going to work or school, performing
housework, and other daily activities. Involvement discourages
crime and deviance since they are time consuming and they
provide individuals with more things to lose, such as a
career or a family life (Hirschi, 1969; Pratt et al., 2010).
BELIEF
The last type of social bonds is Belief, which refers to one’s
faith, value system, or ideology. Having belief does not
necessarily mean participating in an organized religious
system. However, an individual’s belief system often includes
their understanding of ethics and morality, which prevent them
from committing crime (Hirschi, 1969; Pratt et al., 2010).
An example of belief as a social bond can be someone not
seeking revenge after being wronged, due to their belief in
karma or divine justice.
THREE TYPES OF SOCIAL CONTROL
THEORY THAT REGULATES THE CONNECTIONS OF
INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETY
 Centralized
 Decentralized
 Mixed control
These types refer to the different ways in which control is
asserted over individuals.
CENTRALIZED CONTROL,
it refers to social control that is based on administrative
policies or governmental rules and laws. Centralized control
leads to the establishment of
standardized rules and restrictions. Hierarchy is an important
component of creating and
enforcing centralized control. Therefore, it is also referred to as
bureaucratic control.
DECENTRALIZED CONTROL
which is also known as market control. Decentralized control is
enforced through demand and supply, commodity
and service prices, and competition. Individuals’ behaviors and
desires are controlled through market control. An example of
this type of control can be the association of expensive
smartphones with a higher social status, making this
commodity desirable.
MIXED CONTROL
takes place through the establishment of social norms, values,
and traditions. An example of mixed control is clan control,
which refers to companies and other organizations creating a
common culture around shared values and traditions.
ETHNOMETHODOLOGY
-Theoritical approach in Sociology based on their beliefs that
you can discover the normal social order of a society by
disruptingit.
-A perspective which focuses more on the way people make
sense of their everyday world.
-An approach to understand social interaction and is based on
the assumption that social reality is the result of agreement to
agree with one another.
HAROLD GARFINKEL
He developed ethnomethodology, a radical micro-level
qualitative methodology that drew on the work of Georg
Simmel and capitalized on the developments made by
symbolic interactionists.
CONCEPTS OF ETHNOMETHODOLOGY
SOCIAL ORDER -The ways in which people coordinate their
actions to maintain social order
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INDEXICALITY-The idea that meaning is created through the
context in which it is used
REFLEXIVITY-The process of examining one’s own practices
and assumptions
ACCOUNTABILITY-The ways in which people are held
accountable for their actions
METHODS OF ETHNOMETHODOLOGY
PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION-Observing and participating in
everyday activities to understand how people make sense of
their world
CONVERSATION ANALYSIS-Analyzing the structure and
content of conversations to understand how meaning is
created and understood
ETHNOMETHODOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS -Creating
situations to see how people make sense of them in order to
maintain social order.
NATURE OF ETHNOMETHODOLOGY
At its heart, it is a form of social theory that look at how social
order is possible.
ETHNOMETHODOLOGY EMPHASIZES
A social interaction that has a rationality of its own and conduct
is one of accomplishments.
CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE
KARL MARX
-19TH CENTURY, first proposed, arguing that competition over
limited resources was inherent in society. Marx used the theory
to explain the exploitation of the working class in capitalist
societies.
-19TH CENTURY, first proposed, arguing that competition over
limited resources was inherent in society. Marx used the theory
to explain the exploitation of the working class in capitalist
societies.
CORE CONCEPTS OF CONFLICTS PERSPECTIVE
SOCIAL CONCEPT-Distribution of resources, opportunities,
and power in society.
POWER-The ability to influence
EXPLOITATION-The use of power to benefit one group at the
expense of another.
RESISTANCE-The ways in which oppressed groups challenge
and resist dominant power structures.
METHODS OF CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE
HISTORICAL ANALYSIS-Examining the historical roots of
inequality and power struggles.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS-Comparing different societies and
social systems to understand the roots of inequality and power
struggles.
CRITICAL ANALYSIS -Critiquing dominant ideologies and
power structures to uncover hidden inequalities.
who introduced the concept of anomie to sociology for the first
time in 1893 and understood it as a form of rulelessness in
societies, is regarded as a pioneer of anomie theory. Durkheim
coined the term anomie to describe the pathological effects of
the rapidly developing social and labour division in early
industrialism.
TYPES OF SUICIDE
Egoistic
- considered to result from a lack of social integration. It is
done by those who consider themselves to be alone or
outsiders and are social outcasts.
Altruistic
- occurs when social group involvement is too high. Individuals
are so well integrated into the group that they are willing to
sacrifice their own life in order to fulfil some obligation for the
group.
Anomic
-It happens when there is a lot of tension and dissatisfaction
and is brought on by the lack of social regulation. Anomic
suicide is caused by abrupt and unforeseen changes in
circumstances.
Fatalistic
-when people are subject to strict regulation, something
happens. A person's sense of self or individuality is taken away
when they are subjected to strict regulations or have high
expectations placed on them.
STRAIN THEORY
In sociology, it is hypothesized that pressure from social
conditions, such as a lack of resources or a poor education,
encourages criminal behavior. American sociologist Robert K.
Merton introduced the concepts underlying strain theory in the
1930s; his work on the topic had a particularly large impact in
the 1950s.

• Conflict perspective describes the relationship

between employers and employees as one of
conflict, in which the employers wish to pay as
little as possible for the employees labor, while
the employees wish to maximize their wages.

THE ANOMIE-STRAIN
Anomie theories (sometimes also called strain theories) deal
with the question of why norm breaks occur more clearly in
certain societies or historical epochs than in others.
DURKHEIM ON ANOMIE THEORY
PERSONALITY DISORDER (PD)
•Group of disorders characterized by rigid , maladaptive traits
that cause great distress or an inability to get along with others.

5
•It is an enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour
that deviates markedly from the expectation of the individual’s
culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in
adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads
to distress or impairment.
•Since it is chronic and pervasive it can lead to serious
impairments in daily life and functioning.
ANTISOCIAL PERSONAL DISORDER
According to 5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric
Association2013 Antisocial personality disorder (ASP) is
characterized by a gross and guiltless disr egard for and
violation of others' rights, present since age 15 and persisting
in adulthood.
•Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a lack of
conscience.
•People with this disorder are prone to criminal behaviour,
believing that their victims are weak and deserving of being
taken advantage of. They tend to lie and steal.
•They are careless with money and take action without thinking
about consequences.
•They are often aggressive and are much more concerned with
their own needs than the needs of others.
People with antisocial personality disorder often violate the
law, becoming criminals. They may lie, behave violently or
impulsively, and have problems with drug and alcohol use.
They have difficulty consistently meeting responsibilities
related to family, work or school.
SYMPTOMS OF ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY
DISORDER INCLUDE REPEATEDLY:
•Ignoring right and wrong.
•Telling lies to take advantage of others.
•Not being sensitive to or respectful of others.
•Using charm or wit to manipulate others for personal gain or
pleasure.
•Having a sense of superiority and being extremely
opinionated.
•Having problems with the law, including criminal behavior.
•Being hostile, aggressive, violent or threatening to others.
•Feeling no guilt about harming others.
•Doing dangerous things with no regard for the safety of self or
others.
•Being irresponsible and failing to fulfill work or financial
responsibilities.
RISK FACTORS
Certain factors seem to increase the risk of developing
antisocial personality disorder, such as:
•Diagnosis of childhood conduct disorder.
•Family history of antisocial personality disorder or other
personality disorders or mental health conditions.
•Experiencing abuse or neglect during childhood.
•Unstable or violent family life during childhood.
COMPLICATIONS
•Spouse abuse or child abuse or neglect.
•Problems with alcohol or drugs.
•Being in jail or prison.
•Attempting suicide or trying to kill someone else.
•Having other mental health conditions such as depression or
anxiety.
•Financial, educational or social problems.
•Dying early, usually because of violence.
SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY
Proponents
In the 1942, two criminology researchers
from the “Chicago School” of criminology,
Clifford Shaw and Henry D. McKay developed
social disorganization theory through their
research.
The industrialization boom in Chicago
throughout the first few decades of the
20th century contributed to the city's rapid
immigrant growth. Chicago's crime rate
significantly increased during this time, which
prompted theorists to investigate the
criminology of the increases.
INTRODUCTION
According to theory, social disorganization
describes how social order varies between
societies and how ecological disparities in
crime rates are influenced by structural and
cultural factors. In order to analyze the
geographical concentration and stability of
criminal behavior rates, this approach
focused prior sociological research attention
on the factors of urban growth.
CHARACTERISTICS
Economic Deprivation
According to the social disorganization theory,
deviant behavior is more likely to be observed in
economically deprived societies, apartments where
residents frequently move in and out, and families
with single parents or abusive parents
Mores and Institution Conflict
Every group of people living in a community or society has a
set of laws (more) that they must abide by in order to
organize the society. However, these institutions and mores
could no longer be relevant in the future since the new
generation may hold alternative views on social control.
Young people may argue that outdated norms should be
changed, and this might lead to a conflict between society's
new and old mores. This brings destruction to the social
organization.
SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY EXAMPLES
Delinquency among the People Living in the Public
Housing Project- The studies conducted by the theorists
Wikstrom & Loeber (2000) and Bursik & Grasmick (1993)
showed that the juvenile crime rate and other criminal activities
are most likely in the public house projects. This is due to the
weak connection among the people living in these public
projects.
Difficulty in Regulating Community due to Diversity
According to a study by Elliot et al. (1996), neighborhoods
with a diverse population of immigrants had higher crime
rates than neighborhoods with a similar culture or ethnicity.
This occurs as a result of the difficulty in regulating society
caused by the varied languages and cultural practices
practiced by people from different nations.
Self-Regulations in Rural Communities
Traditional or rural communities operate by the tenets of
unwritten rules. "Respect your elders" and "stealing is bad" are
two popular examples of these informal norms. These
standards aid those who live in traditional communities in
avoiding engaging in abnormal behavior. But when
industrialization and migration
increase, society becomes more disorganized and people are
more prone to engage in criminal activity.
Crimes against Immigrants
The social disorganized theory may be used to
explain crimes committed against immigrants by
members of the local or dominant groups in
society as well as crimes that occur because of
the increase in immigration to a community.
STRENGTHS
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 STRONG EMPIRICAL
DATA
The social disorganized
theory is based on strong
empirical research data. The
result were based
on a large number of
empirical data, such as
detailed city maps of
criminal acts, voluminous
statistics, and data collected
over the years.
Hence the empirical method
of the data
collection serves as an
important point that
strengthens the reliability of
the social
disorganized theory.
DURABILITY
Many other theories on
human behavior do not
seem relevant to modern
society. But the social
disorganized theory is still
applicable, although it
has been modified several
times from the initial
proposed social
disorganized theory. This
theory
provides a broader look at
understanding
criminology.
LIMITATIONS
DEPENDENCY ON
SOCIOLOGICAL ACTOR
MIGRATION IS NOT
NECESSARILY BAD
WHITE COLLAR CRIMES
SPATIAL
DISCRIMINATION
ACCURACY
The mathematical
framework built on the
social disorganization theory
is pretty
accurate in predicting
people's unlawful
conduct
PROVIDES WORKABLE
INSIGHTS
Understanding the social
disorganization
theory can assist us in
identifying concepts
that can be used to address
crime. According
to this theory, instead of only
penalizing
criminals, government
should concentrate on
other measures that may
have an influence
on the underlying problem.
The social disorganized
theory considers
only the social factor. It does
not talk about
the psychological causes
that could result in
the delinquent behavior of
the person.
This theory highlights that
the rise in immigration
is responsible for the social
disorganization that
eventually leads to
delinquency. However, this
theory does not talk about
the positive impacts
of immigration in society.
This theory does not explain
the reason behind the
white collar’s crimes. These
white-collar criminal
activities cannot be
explained from the
perspective
of social disorganized theory
because the cause of
the white-collar crimes does
not lie in the
neighborhood or the
immigrations or economy of
the society.
This model was found to be
unjustified because
some areas or the cities
reported high criminal
rates even, they are not
near the city center.
CRITICAL CRIMINOLOGY
PROPONENT
WILLIEM BONGER (1876-1940)
-A Dutch criminologist who
developed critical criminology
-He argued that social and economic
imbalances were the primary
causes of criminal behavior and that
economic explanations are used by
critical criminology to understand
social behavior
CRITICAL THEORY
Critical criminology is an analysis of crime and social attitudes
about criminals from a cultural context, looking at what kinds of
acts society considers crimes and how it deals with them.
Primarily focused on individual offenders, street crime, and
state- sponsored social engineering. The critical criminological
viewpoints challenge the privileged standing of the scientific
method as well as the claims of scientific objectivity made by
mainstream criminology.
PRINCIPAL STRAINS OF CRITICAL CRIMINOLOGY
PEACEMAKING Peacemaking criminology
CRIMINOLOGY observes
that crime is connected to
suffering
and proposes that, to end
crime, we
must end suffering.
POSTMODERNIST The postmodern criminal
CRIMINOLOGY theory is a
modern theory of studying
the causes,
correction, and prevention of
criminal
behavior
FEMINIST CRIMINOLOGY The primary objective of
feminist
criminology is to focus on
studies
concerning women, girls,
and crime.
LEFT REALISM Left realism is a
criminological school of
thought that centers study of
marginalization, oppression,
and over-
policing as key factors in
criminal activity.
EMERGING STRAINS OF CRITICAL CRIMINOLOGY
News making Criminology Cultural Criminology
and Public Criminology Cultural criminology is a
Newsmaking criminology distinct theoretical,
refers to the methodological,
conscious efforts and and interventionist approach
activities of to the study of crime that
criminologists to interpret, places criminality and its
influence or shape control squarely in the
the representation of context of culture;
`newsworthy' items that is, it views crime and
about crime and justice. the agencies and institutions
of crime control as cultural
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 products or as creative perspective, women who fight for it and its three waves can
constructs. help us understand the true meaning and goals of feminist
Convict Criminology Critical Race Criminology\ perspective. In this presentation, the main aim of the reporters
Convict criminology (CC) is Intellectual and social are to further explain the underlying ideas of this perspective. It
a relatively new and movement and loosely sought to give information to the
controversial organized readers and audience about the concept and principle of
perspective in the practical framework of legal analysis feminist perspective. It also wants to prove that feminist
field of criminal justice and based on the premise that perspective has a big contribution to all aspects of society and
the race is as well as to social change and social work.
academic field of not a natural, biologically What is Gender ?
criminology. It provides an grounded feature of Gender includes the social, psychological, cultural and
alternative view to physically behavioral aspects of being a man, woman, or other gender
the way crime and criminal distinct subgroups of human identity.
justice problems are usually beings but a socially -Refers to the characteristic of women and men,girl, boy that
seen by constructed are socially constructer.
researchers, policymakers, (culturally invented)
GENDER PERSPECTIVE
and politicians—many of category that is used to
-focuses particularly on gender based difference in status and
whom have oppress and
power and consider how such discrimination shapes the
had minimal contact with exploit people of color.
immediate needs,as well as the long term interest of women
jails, prisons, and convicts.
and men.Gender are four types Masculine,feminine,neuter,and
common
DEFINITION OF DETERRENCE THEORY
The deterrence theory is the theory that explains why people 1. Masculine - having qualities or an appearance
commit crimes and how the severity of punishment can deter traditionally associated with men or boy.
crime. This theory has been used to explain why crime rates 2. feminine- having qualities or an appearance traditionally
are low in some societies. associated with women or girls.
Deterrence theory's concept. 3. Neuter- Denoting a gender of nouns in some language,
Simplified from the research of philosophers such as: typically contrasting with masculine and feminine or
common.
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1678)- Humans have no moral
compass unless there are predetermined rules to say what 4. Common- Which is sometimes masculine and feminine is
often said to be of common gender.
actions are good or bad.
Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)- Torture should never be used
According to feminist theory “Gender may be factor in how
against an accused whose guilt has not been officially human beings represent reality.”
established
And also Gender have four components this are: Biological
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)- Actions should be judged sex,Gender identity,Social sex role,Sexual orientation.
right or wrong to the extent they increase or decrease human
1. Biological Sex - Usually refers to their status as
well-being or 'utility. female,male or intersex depending on their
Main Objective chromosomes,reproductive organs and other characteristic.
- is 'to deter crime, by creating a fear or establishing an 2. Gender Identity - Is the personal sense of one’s own
example to the society. gender.

Deterrence theory says that people don't commit crime
because they are afraid of getting caught - instead of being
motivated by some deep moral sense. According to
deterrence theory, people are most likely to be dissuaded from
committing a crime if the punishment is swift, certain and
severe.
Effect in the Community
The more severe the punishment, the lower the chance of
commiting crime..
GENDER AND FEMINIST PRESPECTIVE
Feminist perspective has a biggest
contribution into today's society. The right to vote, the right to
work without gender-based discrimination and right to express
are just few of the triumphs of this perspective that women
nowadays are enjoying. Knowing the origin of feminist
3. Social Sex role - Means how were expected to
act,speak,dress,groom, and conduct ourselves based upon our
assigned sex.
4. Sexual Orientation - Is an enduring patterns of
romantic or sexual attraction or (a combination of these) to
person of the opposite sex or gender.
FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE
-it aims to understand the nature of gender inequality and
examines women social role, experience and interest.
Feminism
- is theory that men and women should be equal politically,
Economically,and socially.
FOUR THEORIES OF FEMINISM THESE ARE:
1. Cultural Feminism - The theory that there are
fundamental personality difference between men and women

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and that women’s difference are special and should be
celebrated.

2. Eco-feminism - The theory that rests on the basic

principle that patriarchal philosophies are harmful to
women,children and other living things.

3. Material Feminism - A movement that began in the

late 19th century focused on liberating by improving their
material condition.

4. Amazon Feminism - Focuses on physical equality

and is opposed against women based on assumption that
women are supposed to be look or behave as if they are
passive weak and physical helpless.

THREE MAIN TYPES OF FEMINISM

1. Liberal feminism -one of the earliest forms of

feminism, stating that women's secondary status in society is
based on unequal opportunities and segregation from men.

2. Radical feminism - focuses on male oppression of

females both privately and politically. 

3. Socialist Feminism - believe that women's liberation

must be sought in conjunction with the social and economic
justice of all people. 

INTERACTIONIST/LABELING PERSPECTIVE

-The interactionist/labeling perspective is a sociological theory

that explains how social interactions shape the development of
self-identity and behavior.
-Labels and categories used by society have a powerful impact
on how individuals perceive themselves and their behavior.
-Labels can lead to stigmatization and discrimination and may
cause individuals to adopt the behaviors associated with the
label.
- Social interactions and the labels used to describe
individuals can impact how they perceive themselves and
others.
-The way individuals are labeled and treated in society can
have positive or negative outcomes.
- The interactionist/labeling perspective has been applied to a
range of social issues, such as mental health, criminal justice,
and education.
- By changing societal attitudes and labels, we can create
more positive outcomes and reduce stigmatization and
discrimination
-The interactionist/labeling perspective emphasizes the
importance of understanding how social interactions and labels
shape individual behavior and identity.
-This perspective suggests that individuals' behavior is not
solely determined by their internal characteristics or external
environment but also by the meanings and labels attached to
them by society.
- The interactionist/labeling perspective provides a framework
for examining the social processes that shape individual
behavior and identity.