Stress and Strain

Theory of structures II lecture

Civil Engineering
Department
 Stress and Strain
•DIRECT STRESSES –COMPRESSIVE AND TENSILE
•YOUNG MODULUS
•STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
•FACTOR OF SAFETY
•POISSON’S RATIO
•COMPOSITE BARS
•TEMPERATURE STRESS IN COMPOSITE BAR
Direct stresses –compressive and tensile
F F F F

F F
Tensile stress,  t = Compressive stress, c =
A A

Where F= direct axial force (either tensile or compressive)

A= cross sectional area

Direct stress causes -:

a) Lengthening if it is tensile

b) Shortening if it is compressive
 Strain
Strain () is defined as change of length per unit length:

l
=
l

Where l = original length

l = change of length
 Young modulus (E)
This is the ratio of stress to strain
Hence,

 stress
E= =
 strain
Stress-strain curve
Plastic range
 Factor of safety (stress factor against
yielding)
• Working stress (σw) is the stress at which a material is under
normal working conditions (σw).
• Yield stress (σy) is the stress at which a material begins to
deform plastically.
• Stress factor against yielding is the ratio of yield stress to
working stress

Hence, y
Stress factor =
w
 Poisson’s ratio
• Longitudinal/Axial strain (εaxial) is the strain in the direction
of the applied force.
• Lateral/transverse strain (εtrans) is the strain not in the
direction of the applied force.
• Poisson’s ratio (n) is the ratio of the lateral strain to the
longitudinal strain. It can be written in form of 1/m, where m
is a constant.
 trans
n =
 axial
Hence,
 Composite bars
• These are bars made of two or more different materials.
• They are connected such that change in length under load is
the same for each constituent member.
• The total load on the composite is the sum of the load carried
by each constituent member.
• Strain is the same for all constituent members.
Hence,
C S
P = PC + PS = =
C S
P =  C AC +  S AS
 Bars in series
• Bars in series are subjected to the same force.
• The change in length under load is different for each
constituent bar.
• Total change in length is the sum of the change in length of
each constituent bar.

Hence,
a
F b F
Fa = Fb= F
l a + lb = L
 Temperature stress in composite bar
• Internal stresses are set up by temperature changes in a
composite bars made with materials of different rates of
thermal expansion.
• If the bars (Lets say A and B) are separated, each bar will
extend separately.
A will extend by ALot and B will extend by BLot

where,
 = coefficient of thermal expansion
t = increase in temperature
L0 = original length of A and B
 Temperature stress in composite bar
• If the bars (Lets say A and B) are joined together under
increased temperature, after expansion;

➢ One with higher  will be compressed by a force F.

➢ One with lower  will be extended by an equal force F.
• If the bars (Lets say A and B) are joined together under
lowered temperature, after compression;

➢ One with higher  will be extended by a force F.

➢ One with lower  will be compressed by an equal force F.

If A > B, Total extension ( l a + l b ) = ALot - BLot

 Temperature stress in composite bar
Diagrams representation
B l0 t l (B)

l (T)
Bar B T l0t
l0
Tube T

αB > αT Temperature raised tC

Sl0t
(l)S
Al0t
A
lo (l)A

αA > αS Temperature lowered tC