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Unit and Measurements PDF
Unit and Measurements PDF
Unit and Measurements PDF
unit
A unit is a standard quantity or measure that is used to represent or
describe a particular physical quantity or property. Units are used to
specify the magnitude or size of something, and they enable us to make
comparisons and communicate information in a standardized and
consistent way.
For example, units of length could be meters or feet, units of time could be
seconds or minutes, units of weight could be kilograms or pounds, and
units of temperature could be Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Fundamental units
Fundamental units, also known as base units, are the basic units of
measurement for fundamental physical quantities. They are defined in
terms of physical standards, and all other units are derived from them.
The seven fundamental units are:
Mass kilogram kg
Time seconds s
Amount mole mol
Temperature kelvin k
Derived unit
Derived units are units of measurement that are derived from
fundamental units using mathematical equations.
For example, the unit of speed is meters per second (m/s), which is
derived from the fundamental units of length and time. The unit of
force is Newton (N), which is derived from the fundamental units of
mass, length, and time.
There are many other derived units, such as joules (J) for energy, watts
(W) for power, and pascals (Pa) for pressure.
Light year :
A light year is a unit of distance used in astronomy that represents
the distance that light travels in one year.
15
1LY = 9.46x10 m
parsec (pc)
A parsec (pc) is a unit of measurement used in astronomy
to express distances to objects outside our solar system.
It is defined as the distance at which an object would
have a parallax angle of one arcsecond
16
1 Parsec = 3.6x10 m
Angstrom
The angstrom, also spelled Ångström, is a unit of length commonly
used in the field of atomic physics and nanotechnology.
it is denoted by Å
-10
1Å = 10 m
Fermi
The fermi is a unit of length used in nuclear and particle physics.
it is denoted by fm
1FM = 10 m
In scientific notation, significant figures are the digits that are not zero, and are
either measured or estimated with some degree of confidence or precision.
The rules for significant figures (also called significant digits) are:
Non-zero digits are always significant. For example, the number 243 has three
significant figures.
Zeros between non-zero digits are significant. For example, the number 506
has three significant figures.
Leading zeros to the left of the first non-zero digit are not significant. For
example, the number 0.005 has one significant figure.
Trailing zeros to the right of the last non-zero digit are significant only if the
number contains a decimal point. For example, the number 500. has three
significant figures.
Trailing zeros in a number without a decimal point are ambiguous and should be
avoided by using scientific notation. For example, the number 500 may be
written as 5.00 × 10² to indicate that it has three significant figures.
Exact numbers (such as integers and defined constants) have an infinite
number of significant figures. For example, there are exactly 12 inches in a foot,
and the number 12 is an exact number.
These rules are used to determine the number of significant figures in a given
measurement or calculation, which is important for maintaining accuracy and
precision in scientific and engineering work.
Dimension of a Physical Quantity
density=mass / volume
3
=[M]/[L ]
-3
=[ML ]
Note:
The dimension of a physical quantity will be the same as that of
the dimension of its unit.
There are some cases where some quantities are dimensionless even
when they have a unit. For example, angle is a dimensionless
quantity.
The dimensions of some common physical quantities are:
Application of Dimensional analysis
Q = nu
Q=n 1 u 1 ................(1)
Here M1 ,L1 ,T1 and M2 ,L 2,T2 are the units of mass, length and time in the two systems,
then
m1
a L1 b
n1 = n2 [ m2 ] [ L2 ][ T1
T2 ]
C
The equation can be used to find out the value of a physical quantity in the
second or the new system, when its value in first system is known.
for example
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