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ME6101 Mixtures
ME6101 Mixtures
ni Pk
Professor Yi ≡ n :⇒ i =1 Yi =1
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET)
mi = mass of component i
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh m = total mass of mixture
ni = number of moles of component i
zahurul@me.buet.ac.bd
http://zahurul.buet.ac.bd/
n = total number of moles in mixture
mfi = mass fraction of component i
ME 6101: Classical Thermodynamics Yi = mole fraction of component i
http://zahurul.buet.ac.bd/ME6101/ Mi = molecular mass of component i
M = apparent molecular mass of mixture i
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Gas Mixture & Pyschrometry ME 6101 (2022) 1 / 27 © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Gas Mixture & Pyschrometry ME 6101 (2022) 2 / 27
mi = ni Mi : m = nM
Conversion: Mass fraction (mfi ) to Mole Fraction (Yi )
m m1 +m2 +···+mk n1 M1 +n2 M2 +···+nk Mk Pk ni
• M= n = n = n = i =1 n Mi
Pk
mfi
mfi /Mi
M= i =1 Yi Mi Yi = M =P
Mi mfi /Mi
Dry air: 78.08%N2 , 20.95%O2 , 0.93%Ar , 0.03%CO2 :
mfi mf /M
M = 0.7808 · 28 + 0.2095 · 32 + 0.0093 · 39.94 + 0.0003 · 44 = 28.95 kg/kmol i mfi Mi Mi Yi = P mfi i /Mi i
• Apparent gas constant, R = Ru H2 0.10 2.0 0.050 0.6250
M
8.314 O2 0.48 32.0 0.015 0.1875
For air: R = 28.95 = 0.287 kJ/kg K CO 0.42 28.0 0.015 0.1875
• M= m
n = Pk m
= Pk m mi = Pk 1mi /m = Pk
1
mfi
1.00 - 0.080 1.0000
i =1 ni i =1 Mii =1 Mi i =1 Mi
1
M= Pk mfi
M= P 1 = 1
= 12.5 kg/kmol.
i =1 Mi mfi /Mi 0.080
• mfi = mi
= Pni Mi = Pni Mi /n = PYi Mi :⇒ mfi = Yi Mi • If mi ’s are given:
m ni Mi ni Mi /n Yi Mi M
• mi −→ mfi = Pmi = mi
mi m
m
Yi Mi PYi Mi mfi Pmfi /Mi • n= M
mfi = M = Yi Mi : Yi = Mi M= mfi /Mi • ni = Yi n
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Gas Mixture & Pyschrometry ME 6101 (2022) 3 / 27 © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Gas Mixture & Pyschrometry ME 6101 (2022) 4 / 27
Mixtures of Ideal Gas Mixtures of Ideal Gas
P
M= Yi Mi = 12.5 kg/kmol.
• If ni ’s are given:
• ni −→ Yi = Pni ni T281
ni = n
• m = nM
P = PA + PB
• mi = mfi m
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Gas Mixture & Pyschrometry ME 6101 (2022) 5 / 27 © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Gas Mixture & Pyschrometry ME 6101 (2022) 6 / 27
• ∆ũi = c̃v ,i ∆T , ∆h̃i = c̃p,i ∆T , ∆ui = cv ,i ∆T , ∆hi = cp,i ∆T ⇒ ṁc =0.712 kg/s, ṅc = 0.0162, ṅa =0.0575 mol/s, Ya,3 = 0.78, Yc = 0.22
T2 pi ,2 T2 pi ,2 • ∆sa = 1005 ln(330/300) − 287 ln(0.78) = 167 J/kgK
• ∆s̃i = c̃p,i ln −Ru ln ; ∆si = cp,i ln −R ln
T1 pi ,1 T1 pi ,1 • ∆sc = 1008 ln(330/400) − (8314/44) ln(0.22) = 92 J/kgK
• pi ,1 = Yi P1 , partial pressure of component i at state 1. P
• ṁ1 s1 + ṁ2 s2 − ṁ3 s3 + kj=1 Q j
Tj + σ̇cv = 0
• For ideal gas mixtures without change in composition, ppi ,2 = PP2
i ,1 1
⇒ σ̇cv = ṁa ∆sa + ṁc ∆sc = 343 J/K.s
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Gas Mixture & Pyschrometry ME 6101 (2022) 9 / 27 © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Gas Mixture & Pyschrometry ME 6101 (2022) 10 / 27
Psychometry Psychometry
• P = Pa + Pv T285
i
• Relative humidity, φ ≡ Pv
• n = na + nv Pg T ,P : Pg = Psat @T
• m = ma + mv • Moisture content, ω ≡ m v
ma
• Ya = nna : Yv = nnv ω= m Pv VMv /Ru T Mv Pv
≃ 0.622 PPva : 18.0/28.95 = 0.622.
ma = Pa VMa /Ru T = Ma Pa
v
→
• Pa = Ya P : Pv = Yv P
φP
ω = 0.622 PPva = 0.622 P−P
Pv
v
g
= 0.622 P−φP g
T284
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Gas Mixture & Pyschrometry ME 6101 (2022) 11 / 27 © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Gas Mixture & Pyschrometry ME 6101 (2022) 12 / 27
Psychometry Psychometry
T295
T283
Psychometry Psychometry
T286 T287
T288
When the temperature of a cold drink is Constant-pressure cooling of moist air
below the Tdp of the surrounding air, it and the dew-point temperature on the • hv (T ) ≃ hg (T ), hv (Tas ) ≃ hg (Tas ), ω = mv /ma , ω ′ = mv′ /ma
sweats. T-s diagram of water. • ma ha (T ) + mv hg (T ) + (mv′ − mv )hw (Tas ) = ma ha (Tas ) + mv′ hg (Tas )
ha (Tas )−ha (T )+ω ′ [hg (Tas )−hf (Tas )] gp (T )
as
Tdp = Tsat (Pv ) ω= hg (T )−hf (Tas ) : ω ′ = 0.622 P−P g (Tas )
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Gas Mixture & Pyschrometry ME 6101 (2022) 15 / 27 © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Gas Mixture & Pyschrometry ME 6101 (2022) 16 / 27
Psychometry Psychometry
Psychometry Psychometry
Psychrometric Chart
Example: ⊲ Tdb = 25o C & Twb = 20o C , without using psychometric chart:
• Pg (T ) = Psat @T :⇒ Pg (Tdb ) = 3.169 kPa, Pg (Twb ) = 2.339 kPa
φ2 Pg (Twb )
• φ ′ = 1.0 & ω ′ = 0.622 P−φ ⇒ ω ′ = 0.0147
2 Pg (Twb )
Psychrometric Processes
T291 T292
T294
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Gas Mixture & Pyschrometry ME 6101 (2022) 21 / 27 © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Gas Mixture & Pyschrometry ME 6101 (2022) 22 / 27
Psychometry Psychometry
Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Air Streams Mixing of Conditioned Air with Outdoor Air
Cengel Ex. 14-8: ⊲ Estimate state 3.
70 0
50 10467
4
5
27
522 • Dry air : ṁa1 + ṁa2 = ṁa3 05
5 "
1 855
• Water vapour : ṁv 1 + ṁv 2 = ṁv 3 !4
15
71
51 ⇒ ω1 ṁa1 + ω2 ṁa2 = ω3 ṁa3 1245267 2
8249
• ṁa1 (ha1 + ω1 hv 1 ) + ṁa2 (ha2 + ω2 hv 2 ) = 0242
5
• T3 = 19o C
51 51952
ṁa3 (ha3 + ω3 hv 3 ) • φ3 = 89%
52
⇒ ṁa1 h1 + ṁa2 h2 = ṁa3 h3
8249
4
84
7
9
7 71 ⇒ ma2 = ω3 −ω1 = h3 −h1
52950 2 1 2
3
72
0 6 72970 70
T289 T1430 67 5267
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Gas Mixture & Pyschrometry ME 6101 (2022) 25 / 27 © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Gas Mixture & Pyschrometry ME 6101 (2022) 26 / 27
Psychometry
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Gas Mixture & Pyschrometry ME 6101 (2022) 27 / 27