Chapter 3 Immunology

- immunoglobulin -
Def:
- Glycoprotein molecules produced specifically by plasma cell in response to an antigen and function as Abs
Structure of basic unite of immunoglobulin (monomer):
(a) Heavy (H) & Light (L) chains:
- 2 identical H chains & 2 identical L chains L
(b) Disulphide bonds:
1- Inter-chain → between H & H – H & L chains
H
2- Intra-chain → within each of polypeptide chain

(c) Variable (V) and constant (C) regions:

1- Light chain → have 2 domains CL & VL
2- Heavy chain → have 4 domains 3 CH & VH

(d) Ig fragments: (after digestion by papain enzyme)

1- Two Fab fragments:
- Fragment of Ag binding composed of whole L & ½ H chains.
- Each fab is monovalent (combine with one Ag).
- The combining site is created by both VH and VL which bind to Ag epitopes.
2- One Fc fragment:
- One Fc (fragment crystalizable) contain the remainder of the two H chains.
- This fragment mediates the effector functions of immunoglobulins.
(E) Hinge region:
- The region at which arms form a Y.
- Give some flexibility at this point.
General Function of immunoglobulin:

A. Primary function: performed by Fab fragment

Ag binding → Ab bind specifically to one or a few closely related Ag.
Agglutination
 Neutralization → Ab prevents attachment of virus or toxin with their target cellsprotection of host.
B. Effector function: performed by Fc fragment
After binding Ab mediate one of these functions:
C. fixation →lysis of cell (Ag)
Opsonization → enhancement phagocytosis of organism coated with Ab (opsonin).
 ADCC (Ab Dependant Cellular Cytotoxicity)
Cellular Killing of Antibody coated cells (without phagocytosis) by immune cells having Fc receptor.

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 Chapter
Class 3
IgG IgA Immunology IgM IgD IgE
Gamma H chains Alpha H chains Mu H chains Delta H chains Epsilon H chains
- Monomer - Secretory IgA is Dimer.  subclasses - Pentamer - Monomer -Monomer

Structure
&
Subclasses Based on mild difference in ( Have J chain ) ( Have J Chain ) (Cytotropic)
CH region, it divided into  Has Fc receptor on
N.B:- Monomer in serum (unknown function) Monomer on B lymphocyte
subclasses IgG1, G2, G3, G4 esinophils & Mast
Valency 2 4 10 2 2
Concentration - 75% of serum Ig - 2nd most common (15%) in serum - 3rd most common (7%) - Low level -Least
Half life 23 days 6 days 5 days 3 days 2.5 days
- Ab of 2ry immune response ( local or Mucosal immunity ) - Ab of 1ry immune response - may be found - Ab of immunity
-It is the major Ab in all secretion that inhibit the against parasite
- it is the Ab of Rh - it is the Ab of ABO on the surface of
Importance binding of the pathogens to the mucosal cells.
B-lymphocyte act
-It has secretory piece made in epithelial Cells - present as Ag receptor on -Ab of type I
as Ag receptor Hypersensitivity
which protect it from digestive effect of enzymes the surface of B- lymphocyte
Cross placenta
- Yes
- No - No - No - No
Placenta have IgG Fc receptor
Complement
Fixation
- Yes → Ag. & cell Lysis - No - Yes → Ag. & cell Lysis - No - No
Yes → Good opsonin
Opsonin ( as phagocytic.cells have - No - No - No - No
receptor for Fc of IgG )
Yes Binding of
Yes eosinophils to IgE
(ADCC ) ( as NK.cells have receptor - No - No - No coated helminthes
for Fc of IgG ) result in killing of
the parasite.
Agglutination Yes Yes
Neutralization
Yes Yes Yes
- Good agglutinin

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 Chapter 2 Immunology
Monoclonal antibodies
They are highly specific Ab produced against single epitope
Method:
- A mouse injected with specific epitope of an Ag
- Plasma cells producing antibody against this epitope derived from its spleen
- This plasma cells fused with a Myloma cell ( malignant plasma cells )
- The resulting fused cell is called Hybridoma cell which able to :
➢ Produce unlimited quantity of highly specific monoclonal Ab.
Applications:
• Diagnostic: - Lymphocyte typing
- HLA typing
• Therapeutic: - Anti tumor therapy ( Magic bullet )
by using specific anti-tumour monoclonal Ab after coupling to cytotoxic drugs
- Specific immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection

1ry immune response 2ry immune response

1- Exp. To Ag - 1st time - 2nd time (repeated exposure)

2- Ab class - IgM… mainly - IgG.... mainly
3- Onset - Slow (long induction period) 7…10 days - Rapid (short induction period)
4- Ab level - Low level - High level
5- Ab persistence - Decline rapidly in few days - persist at a plateau for weeks & months
6- Memory cells - Absent - Present
Titre of Ab
2nd
exposure 2ry
IgG
1st
exposure 1ry
IgM

Time
N.B: For effective vaccination
Latent period booster injection is needed to reach the hyperimmune state
, repeated
(it is maximum Ab response where is no further increase in the level of Ab)
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