STOMATA

Stomata are small openings found on the leaves, stems and other organs of plants that are responsible
for the exchange of gases between the plant and the environment. They are surrounded by guard cells
that control the opening and closing of the stomatal pore. The main function of stomata is to facilitate
gas exchange and transpiration, which is the process by which water vapor is released from the plant
during photosynthesis. The amount of water lost through transpiration can be regulated by adjusting
the opening and closing of the stomata, a process known as stomatal control. This process is regulated
by the hormone abscisic acid and by photomorphogenesis. Photomorphogenesis is the process by which
stomata open in response to light and close in response to darkness. Additionally, stomata open in
response to an increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the air and humidity in the air.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy from the
sun into chemical energy in the form of glucose (sugar) and other organic compounds. The process takes
place in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is broken down into two main stages: the light-dependent
reactions and the light-independent reactions (also called the Calvin cycle).

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

In the light-dependent reactions, light energy is absorbed by pigments called chlorophyll, which
generates ATP and NADPH, energy-rich molecules used in the light-independent reactions.

In the light-independent reactions, the ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions are
used to fix carbon dioxide into organic compounds through a series of chemical reactions known as the
Calvin cycle. The end products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen, which are released into the
atmosphere.Understanding stomata is important for understanding plant physiology.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy in
the form of glucose (a sugar) and oxygen. This process occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells,
specifically in the chlorophyll pigments located in the thylakoid membrane. The overall equation for
photosynthesis is:

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6 O2

This equation shows that carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose and oxygen through the
use of light energy. The glucose produced is used as an energy source for the plant and oxygen is
released as a byproduct. The process is divided into two main stages: the light-dependent reactions and
the light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane
and convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. The light-independent
reactions, also known as the Calvin cycle, take place in the stroma of the chloroplasts and use the
chemical energy from the light-dependent reactions to fix carbon dioxide into glucose.

The name of the lens that is closest to the object being viewed in a microscope is the Objective lens.

The name of the lens that is closest to the eye in a microscope is the Eyepiece lens.
The part of the microscope that is used to adjust the focus of the image is the Focusing knob.

The small openings found on the leaves, stems and other organs of plants that are responsible for the
exchange of gases between the plant and the environment are called Stomata.

The guard cells that surround the stomata and control the opening and closing of the stomatal pore are
called Guard cells.

The process by which water vapor is released from the plant during photosynthesis is called
Transpiration.

The main function of stomata in plants is Gas exchange.

The process by which water and dissolved minerals are transported from the roots to the leaves in
plants is called Translocation.

The hormone that regulates the opening and closing of the stomata in plants is Abscisic acid.

The process by which stomata open in response to light and close in response to darkness is
Phototropism.

The earliest geological time period among the given options is the Cambrian period.

The Miller–Urey experiment is the experiment that simulated conditions thought to be present on the
early Earth.

The set of hypothetical conditions on ancient Earth first proposed by Alexander Oparin is called the
primordial soup.

Single-celled organisms are considered to be the first form of life on Earth.

The period in Earth's history when the first animals appeared is the Cambrian period, which is part of the
Paleozoic Era.

The mass extinction event known as the Great Dying occurred 250 million years ago.

The main cause of the mass extinction event that wiped out the dinosaurs is believed to be an asteroid
impact.

The first modern humans (Homo sapiens) appeared on Earth around 200,000 years ago.

The oldest known era in the geologic time scale is the Precambrian Era.

The mass extinction event that wiped out more than 90% of marine species and 70% of terrestrial
species is believed to have been caused by a combination of climate change and massive volcanic
eruptions.
The period in the geologic time scale known for the first land plants is the Devonian period.

The Jurassic period occurred around 145 million years ago.

The period in the geologic time scale when the first dinosaurs appeared is the Triassic period.

The Cenozoic Era began around 65 million years ago.

The period in the geologic time scale when the first mammals appeared is the Paleocene period.

The period in the geologic time scale when the first primates appeared is the Paleocene period.

The process by which life arises from non-living matter is called abiogenesis.

The key components in the process of abiogenesis are water, carbon and nitrogen.

The name of the first self-replicating molecule that is thought to have played a role in the process of
abiogenesis is RNA.

All of the above (Underwater, in a lab, in a volcanic environment) are considered to be possible locations
for the origin of life on Earth.

Water is considered to be a key factor in the process of abiogenesis.

The process by which living organisms convert energy from food into a form that can be used by the
cells is Cellular respiration

The molecule that stores energy in living organisms is ATP.

The primary source of energy for most living organisms is sunlight.

The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy is Photosynthesis.

The process by which animals convert food energy into usable energy is Cellular respiration.

The process by which organisms convert food energy into usable energy without the use of oxygen is
Anaerobic respiration.

The process by which living organisms convert energy from food into a form that can be used by the
cells in the absence of oxygen is Anaerobic respiration.

The process by which living organisms convert energy from food into a form that can be used by the
cells in the presence of oxygen is Aerobic respiration.

The process by which an organism produces offspring without the involvement of sex cells is Asexual
reproduction.

The process by which an organism produces offspring by the fusion of sex cells is Sexual reproduction.
The process by which an organism produces offspring with genetic variations is Sexual reproduction.

The process by which living organisms remove waste products and other harmful substances from their
body is Excretion.

The organ in mammals that serves as the primary organ for excretion is the Kidney.

The process by which living organisms remove waste products and other harmful substances from their
body through the skin is Sweating.

The process by which living organisms remove waste products and other harmful substances from their
body through the lungs is Breathing.

The process by which living organisms remove waste products and other harmful substances from their
body through the intestinal tract is Defecation.

The process by which living organisms remove waste products and other harmful substances from their
body through the liver is Detoxification.

The device that uses lenses to magnify small objects is a Microscope.