Received: 10 July 2018

| Revised: 20 September 2018

| Accepted: 22 September 2018

DOI: 10.1002/htj.21394

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Adomian decomposition solution for

propulsion of dissipative magnetic Jeffrey
biofluid in a ciliated channel containing a
porous medium with forced convection heat
transfer

Naeema Manzoor1 | Khadija Maqbool1 | Osman Anwar Bég2 |

1
Sidra Shaheen

1
Department of Mathematics and
Statistics, International Islamic
University, Islamabad, Pakistan
2
Aeronautical and Mechanical
Engineering Department, University of
Salford, Manchester, UK
Correspondence
Khadija Maqbool, Department of
Mathematics and Statistics, International
Islamic University, Islamabad 44000,
Pakistan.
Email: khadija.maqbool@iiu.edu.pk
Abstract
Physiological transport phenomena often feature ciliated
internal walls. Heat, momentum, and multispecies mass
transfer may arise and additionally non‐Newtonian biofluid
characteristics are common in smaller vessels. Blood
(containing hemoglobin) or other physiological fluids
containing ionic constituents in the human body respond
to magnetic body forces when subjected to external
(extracorporeal) magnetic fields. Inspired by such applica-
tions, in the present work we have considered the forced
convective flow of an electrically conducting viscoelastic
physiological fluid through a ciliated channel under the
action of a transverse magnetic field. The presence of
deposits (fats, cholesterol, etc.) in the channel is mimicked
with a Darcy porous medium drag force model. The effect
of energy loss is simulated via the inclusion of viscous
dissipation in the energy conservation (heat) equation. The
velocity, temperature, and pressure distribution are com-
puted in the form of infinite series constructed by Adomian
decomposition method and numerically evaluated in a
symbolic software (Mathematica). The influence of Hart-
mann number (magnetic parameter), Jeffrey first and
second viscoelastic parameters, permeability parameter
(modified Darcy number), and Brinkman number (viscous

Heat Transfer—Asian Res. 2018;1–26. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj © 2018 Wiley Periodicals Inc. | 1

2 | MANZOOR ET AL.

heating parameter) on velocity, temperature, pressure

gradient, and bolus dynamics is visualized graphically.

KEYWORDS
Adomian decomposition method, ciliary movement, forced
convection, Jeffrey model, magnetohydrodynamics, physiological
propulsion, viscous dissipation

1 | INTRODUCTION

Thermal analysis of biological systems is a vibrant area of modern biomechanics and

biomedical engineering. Thermal science deals with properties of the substances associated
with pressure, density, velocity, viscosity, and temperature and their relationship with energy
which can be studied from the literature.1–6 Thermal science is divided into biological
thermodynamics, classical thermodynamics, equilibrium and nonequilibrium thermodynamics,
statistical thermodynamics, and heat transfer. The human body may be considered as an open
system (heat engine). Energy conservation is based upon the thermodynamics laws and the
fluid mechanics laws (momentum and mass conservation). The fundamental law used in
thermal conduction heat transfer is Fourier law. Heat regulation is essential to all mammals
and furthermore thermal analysis has found many exciting new applications in modern
biomedical engineering. These include thermal treatment of tumors, heat flow in blood,
perspiration, combustion processes associated with food, heat transfer in eye treatment, heat
diffusion in swallowing dynamics, respiratory thermal control, cardiovascular transport,
thermal trauma simulation and therapy, thermal bioconvection, skin burns, tissue thermo-
mechanics, and thermal comfort.7–11 Other applications of heat transfer in biological systems
include laser radiation of tissue, preservation of biological material by freezing and thawing,
cryosurgery, infrared radiators, and microwave methods. An excellent appraisal of these and
numerous other thermal technologies in medicine has been provided by Diller et al12 In parallel
with clinical and laboratory‐based thermal studies, mathematical and computational modeling
of heat transfer in biosystems has emerged as a critical modern tool.13 Simulation provides an
inexpensive and powerful methodology for robust analysis of the behavior of complex organs
and physiological processes involving not just heat transfer, but also mass transfer,
sophisticated geometrical features, and multiphysical fluid dynamics.
The electrically conducting nature of blood and plasma (among other physiological liquids)
has been known for many decades. The presence of iron in the hemoglobin molecule and also
ions in streaming blood, chyme, synovial fluids, etc., result in the response of such fluent media
to externally imposed magnetic fields. The science of this phenomenon is known as
magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). Togawa et al14 performed a seminal study confirming the
electromotive force generated in unsteady hemodynamics with an externally imposed magnetic
field, which contributed to the modern technique of magnetic extracorporeal blood flow
control. Further studies of clinical MHD physiological transport include Saygih et al15
(hydromagnetic retention systems in prosthodontics in prostheses on buccal mucosal blood
flow, Nijm et al16 (magnetic resonance imaging procedures involving MHD blood flow potential
monitoring) and Vallbona et al17 (magnetic pain therapy). Computational studies of magnetic
biofluid dynamics include Mustapha et al18 (time‐dependent multistenosed arterial flow with a
marker and cell code), Tripathi and Bég19 (unsteady peristaltic thermal hydromagnetic
MANZOOR ET AL. | 3

pumping in intestinal dynamics using Mathematica software), Kenjereš and Righolt20

(magnetic capturing of drug carriers in neurovascular transport), Ardahaie et al21 (numerical
and analytical study of the fluid flow of blood containing nanoparticles in a porous media
affected by the magnetic field), Rashidi et al22 (hemotological magnetic filtration simulation
with a differential transform method) and Tripathi et al23 (electrokinetic and MHD peristaltic
microfluidic device simulation). Several researcher have also considered combined heat transfer
and fluid flow in industrial flow with MHD, porous medium and other effects which can be
seen in Saryazdi et al.24–32
A key feature of many biological liquids which is intrinsic to their proper functionality is
rheology. Biorheology considers the non‐Newtonian characteristics of biological liquids and
how they contribute to complex roles in internal physiology and also external (natural)
processes. Many sophisticated phenomena are involved in biorheology including viscoelasticity,
viscoplasticity, memory effects, relaxation, retardation, spurt, normal stress differences etc.
These cannot be simulated by the classical Newtonian model and modifications have to be
made in the Navier‐Stokes (viscous) flow equations. Coined by Copley,33 biorheology features in
an astonishing range of systems including mucus deposition in coughing,34 hemolysis,35
embryological propulsion,36 and synovial lubrication and rheumatoid diseases.37
A complex feature observed on biological surfaces is the cilium. Cilia constitute small but
intricate appendage structures which protrude from vessel walls. Cilia which average 10 μm in
length can flex easily and assist therefore in many sophisticated biophysical transport
mechanisms. They usually occur in high density arrays unlike flagella which usually appear in
nature as single structures or pairs. Cilia beating mechanisms (metachronal) which control the
direction of induced thrust, therefore differ significantly from flagellar beating. They exhibit
whip‐like motions and appear on cells, plants, physiological organs, marine organisms. They
exert a substantial role across the biological spectrum and feature in for example embryonic
mechanotransduction processes, tracheal aerodynamics, coral reef systems, ventricular
cerebrospinal fluid dynamics, etc. Excellent studies of cilia dynamics have been presented by
Lindemann and Lesich38 and Lindemann.39
The beating mechanisms of cilia tend to be dominated by metachronal waves (these also
dictate oscillations of flagella). Generally, the approaches for simulating ciliated flows fall into
two broad categories. The first has become known as the envelope model (followed in the
current article) and the second is the sublayer model. In the envelope model the cilia are
densely packed, and the engulfing fluid medium interacts with a waving material surface
enveloping the top of the layer. Further subcategories of the envelop approach feature models of
an actively driven semiflexible filament (this aims to recreate actual cilia beat mechanisms) and
beat shapes which are optimized based on pumping efficiency. In recent years rheological
hydrodynamics with cilia effects have stimulated some attention. Interesting studies in this
regard include Siddiqui et al40 (who used the Ostwald‐de Waele power law model), Maqbool
et al41 (who considered the fractional Burgers model for ciliated propulsion in a tilted vessel)
and Siddiqui et al42,43 (who simulated the epididymal fluid through the ductus efferentes of the
male reproductive track by considering the viscous fluid model and Carreau fluid model,
respectively, in metachronal wave of cilia motion in an asymmetric tube). Akbar et al44 studied
the hydromagnetic viscoplastic metachronal propulsion with multiple slip effects. Shaheen and
Nadeem45 investigated viscoelastic Jeffrey six‐constant nanofluid ciliated flow in an annular
conduit.
In the current study, we examine for the first time, the MHD pumping of a Jeffrey
viscoelastic biofluid with convective heat transfer through a ciliated channel containing a
4 | MANZOOR ET AL.

homogenous, isotropic porous medium. Viscous dissipation effects are included. Darcy law is
used to simulate porous medium drag effects. The two‐dimensional momentum conservation
partial differential equation and energy conservation equation are normalized with appropriate
variables and transformed from a stationary coordinate system (laboratory or fixed frame) to a
moving one (wave frame). The momentum equation is nonlinear. A stream function is further
used to reduce the boundary value problem. The emerging equations under appropriate
transformations are solved by the seminumerical/analytical Adomian decomposition method
(ADM). The ADM solutions for the key flow characteristics, ie, velocity, temperature, pressure
gradient, and pressure rise are numerically evaluated in a symbolic software (Mathematica).
Streamline distributions are also presented. The influence of Hartmann number (magnetic
parameter), Jeffrey first and second viscoelastic parameters, permeability parameter (modified
Darcy number), and Brinkman number (viscous heating parameter) on velocity, temperature,
pressure gradient, and bolus dynamics is depicted via graphs. The simulations are relevant to
the improved design of magnetic microfluidic fertilization devices and also find applications in
gastrointestinal magnetic therapy.

2 | M A T H E M A T I C A L FO R M U L A T I O N

The regime under investigation, as visualized in Figure 1, examines the forced convective MHD
flow of an incompressible viscoelastic physiological liquid through a ciliated channel of finite
length, L. The inner walls of the channel are ciliated, and the channel contains a high‐
permeability porous medium (representative of deposits, debris, etc., in biomedical vessels). A
constant strength of magnetic field, B0 , is applied transverse to the longitudinal axis of the
channel. The collective motion of the cilia generates a metachronal wave in the axial direction
of the channel having wave speed, c, and wavelength, λ. The biofluid rheology is simulated with
the robust Jeffery elastic‐viscous model46 for which the constitutive equation is:

T = − pI + S , (1)

where:

μ
S= (γ ̇ + λ 2γ ̈) . (2)
1 + λ1

FIGURE 1 Geometry of figure [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

MANZOOR ET AL. | 5

The momentum and energy equations in the fixed frame are given by

∂U ∂V
+ = 0, (3)
∂X ∂Y

⎛ ∂U ∂U ⎞ ∂P ∂S ∂S
ρ ⎜U +V ⎟ = + XX + XY + (J × B ) X + RX , (4)
⎝ ∂X ∂Y ⎠ ∂X ∂X ∂Y

⎛ ∂V ∂V ⎞ ∂P ∂S ∂S
ρ ⎜U +V ⎟ = + XY + YY + (J × B )Y + RY , (5)
⎝ ∂X ∂Y ⎠ ∂Y ∂X ∂Y

⎛ ∂T ∂T ⎞ ∂U ⎛ ∂U ∂V ⎞ ∂V ⎛ ∂ 2T ∂ 2T ⎞
ρcp⎜U +V ⎟ = S + SXY ⎜ + ⎟ + S + k1⎜ 2 + ⎟. (6)
⎝ ∂X ∂Y ⎠
XX
∂X ⎝ ∂Y ∂X ⎠ YY ∂Y ⎝ ∂X ∂Y 2 ⎠

Here:

2μ ⎡ ⎛ ∂ ∂ ⎞⎤ ∂U
SXX = ⎢1 + λ 2 ⎜U +V ⎟⎥  , (7)
1 + λ1 ⎣ ⎝ ∂X ∂Y ⎠⎦ ∂X

μ ⎡ ⎛ ∂ ∂ ⎞⎤⎛ ∂U ∂V ⎞
SXY = ⎢1 + λ 2 ⎜U +V ⎟⎥⎜ + ⎟, (8)
1 + λ1 ⎣ ⎝ ∂X ∂Y ⎠⎦⎝ ∂Y ∂X ⎠

2μ ⎡ ⎛ ∂ ∂ ⎞⎤ ∂V
SYY = ⎢1 + λ 2 ⎜U +V ⎟⎥  ,   (9)
1 + λ1 ⎣ ⎝ ∂X ∂Y ⎠⎦ ∂Y

(J × B ) X = −σB02,  (J × B ) X = 0, (10)

μφ μφ
RX = U ,  RX = V.   (11)
k k

The envelope of the tips can be written as

⎛ 2π ⎞
X = F (X , t ) = X0 + εaα sin ⎜ ⎟(X − ct ),  (12)
⎝ λ ⎠

⎡ ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎤
Y = H (X , t ) = ±⎢a + εa cos ⎜ ⎟(X − ct )⎥ = ±L,  (13)
⎣ ⎝ λ ⎠ ⎦

The transformation from fixed to wave frame are given by

x ̅ = X − ct ,  y ̅ = Y ,  u̅ = U − c, 

v ̅ = V ,  p̅ (x ̅ , y ̅ , t ̅ ) = P (X , Y , t ). (14)
6 | MANZOOR ET AL.

The following nondimensional variables are implemented

x̅ y̅ u̅ λv ̅
x= ,  y = ,  u = ,  v = ,
λ a c ac

a2 p ̅ ct ̅ L ρca
p= ,  t = ,  h = ,  Re = ,
cλ μ λ a μ

a σB0 2a2 1 φa2

β= ,  M2 = ,  = ,
λ μ K k

μcp c2
Pr = ,  Ec = ,  Br = PrEc ,
k1 cpT0

T − T0
θ= .  (15)
T0

Here all parameters are defined in the nomenclature. With the help of Equation (7–13,15,20)
and employing the low Reynolds number approximation from lubrication theory, Equations
(3–6) take the following form:

∂u ∂v
+ = 0,   (16)
∂x ∂y

∂p 1 ∂⎛ ⎛ ∂ ∂ ⎞⎞ ∂u ⎛ 1⎞
= ⎜1 + λ 2 β ⎜u + v ⎟⎟ − ⎜M2 + ⎟(u + 1), (17)
∂x 1 + λ1 ∂y ⎝ ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠⎠ ∂y ⎝ K⎠

∂p
= 0,   (18)
∂x

Br ⎛ ⎛ ∂ ∂ ⎞⎞⎛ ∂u ⎞
2
∂ 2θ
= ⎜1 + λ 2 β ⎜u + v ⎟⎟⎜ ⎟ . (19)
∂y 2 1 + λ1 ⎝ ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠⎠⎝ ∂y ⎠

The associated boundary conditions emerge as:

u(h) = −1 − 2πεαβ cos(2πx ),

v (h) = 2πε sin(2πx ) + β (2πε )2α sin(2πx )cos(2πx ),

θ(h) = 0,  at y = h,
MANZOOR ET AL. | 7

∂u ∂θ
= 0,   = 0, at y = 0. (20)
∂y ∂y

Here h = 1 + ε cos(2πx ). The stream function ψ is defined as:

∂ψ ∂ψ
u= ,  v = − .  (21)
∂y ∂x

Equations (21–24) and boundary conditions (20) in terms of ψ take the following form:

∂ 4ψ ∂2 ⎛ ∂ψ ∂ ∂ψ ∂ ⎞ ∂2ψ ⎛ 2 1 ⎞⎟ ∂ 2ψ
= λ β ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜M + (1 + λ ) ,  (22)
∂y 4
2
∂y 2 ⎝ ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y ⎠ ∂y 2 ⎝ K⎠
1
∂y 2

Br ⎛ ∂ψ ∂ ⎞⎞⎛ ∂2ψ ⎞
2
∂ 2θ ⎛ ∂ψ ∂
= ⎜ 1 + λ 2 β ⎜ − ⎟ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ . (23)
∂y 2 1 + λ1 ⎝ ⎝ ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y ⎠⎠⎝ ∂y 2 ⎠

The boundary conditions can be expressed as:

∂ 2ψ ∂θ
ψ = 0,   2
= 0,   = 0,  at y = 0,
∂y ∂y

∂ψ
ψ = q,   = −1 − 2πεαβ cos(2πx ), θ = 0,   (24)
∂y

∂ψ
= 2πε sin(2πx ) + β (2πε )2α sin(2πx )cos(2πx ), at y = h .
∂x
Here q is flux and Q , the volumetric flow rate, is related to the flux by the following relation:

h ⎛ ∂ψ ⎞
Q= ∫0 ⎜
⎝ ∂y
+ 1⎟dy = q + h.
⎠
(25)

The time mean volumetric flow rate in a fixed frame is defined as:

1 h 1
Q̅ =
T
∫0 (q + h)dt ̅ = ∫0 (q + h)dt = q + 1. (26)

3 | SOLU TIO N O F TH E PR O B L E M

Many advanced computational and semicomputational methods may be used to solve the
transformed boundary value problem defined by Equations (23) under boundary conditions
(24). These include homotopy methods, spectral methods, variational iterative methods and
finite element methods. We have used the ADM. Introduced by American mathematician,
Adomian47 used very precise polynomial expansions to achieve faster convergence than many
other procedures. An advantage of ADM is that it can provide analytical approximations or an
8 | MANZOOR ET AL.

approximated solution to a wide class of nonlinear equations without linearization,

perturbation closure approximations, or discretization methods. ADM deploys an infinite
series solution for the unknown functions and utilizes recursive relations. Recent applications
of this technique in complex biological flow problems include smart lubrication squeeze films48
and swirling nanofluid bioreactors.49 Rewriting Equations 22 and 23 in terms of Adomian
operators we have:

⎛ ∂2 ⎛ ∂ψ ∂ ∂ψ ∂ ⎞ ∂2ψ ⎞ ⎛⎛ 1⎞ ∂ 2ψ ⎞
ψ = φ0 + L1−1 ⎜ −λ2 β 2 ⎜ − ⎟ 2 ⎟ + L1−1 ⎜ ⎜M 2 + ⎟ (1 + λ1) 2 ⎟ ,   (27)
⎝ ∂y ⎝ ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y ⎠ ∂y ⎠ ⎝⎝ K⎠ ∂y ⎠

Br ⎛⎛ ⎛ ∂ψ ∂ ∂ψ ∂ ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ ∂2ψ ⎞ ⎞
2
θ = φ1 − L2−1 ⎜⎜ ⎜1+ λ2 β ⎜ − ⎟ ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎟⎟.  (28)
1+λ1 ⎝⎝ ⎝ ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y ⎠ ⎠ ⎝ ∂y ⎠ ⎠

Here the inverse operators are defined as:

L1−1 (.) = ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ (.) dy,  (29)

L2−1 = ∫ ∫ (.) dy, (30)

The linear term ψ (x , y ) is decomposed in terms of an infinite series of components through

the following expression:

∞
ψ (x , y ) = ∑ ψn (x , y ), (31)
n =0

The nonlinear term Nψ (x , y ) can be decomposed into Adomian polynomials and satisfies:

⎡ ⎞⎤
1 dm ⎢ ⎛⎜
∞
An = N ⎜ ∑ ψ ,⎟⎟ ⎥ ,  n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ….  (32)
n! dλm ⎢⎣ ⎝i =0 i
⎠ ⎥⎦ λ =0

This leads to:

∂ψ0 ∂5ψ0 ∂ψ0 ∂5ψ0 ∂2ψ0 ∂ 4ψ0 ∂ 4ψ0 ∂2ψ0

A0 = − + +2 −2 ,  (33)
∂x ∂y 5 ∂y ∂x ∂y 4 ∂y 2 ∂x ∂y 3 ∂y 4 ∂x ∂y

∂ψ0 ∂5ψ1 ∂ψ1 ∂5ψ0 ∂ψ1 ∂5ψ0 ∂ψ0 ∂5ψ1 ∂2ψ0 ∂ 4ψ1 ∂2ψ1 ∂ 4ψ0
A1 = − − + + + 2 + 2
∂x ∂y 5 ∂x ∂y 5 ∂y ∂x ∂y 4 ∂y ∂x ∂y 4 ∂y 2 ∂x ∂y 3 ∂y 2 ∂x ∂y 3
∂ 4ψ ∂2ψ1 ∂ 4ψ ∂2ψ0
− 2 40 − 2 41  ,   (34)
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y
MANZOOR ET AL. | 9

∂ψ0 ∂5ψ2 ∂ψ1 ∂5ψ1 ∂ψ2 ∂5ψ0 ∂ψ0 ∂5ψ2 ∂ψ1 ∂5ψ1 ∂ψ2 ∂5ψ0
A2 = − − − + + +
∂x ∂y 5 ∂x ∂y 5 ∂x ∂y 5 ∂y ∂x ∂y 4 ∂y ∂x ∂y 4 ∂y ∂x ∂y 4
2
∂ ψ ∂ ψ24 2 4
∂ ψ1 ∂ ψ1 2 4
∂ ψ2 ∂ ψ0 4 2
∂ ψ0 ∂ ψ2 ∂ 4ψ1 ∂2ψ1
+ 2 20 + 2 + 2 − 2 − 2
∂y ∂x ∂y 3 ∂y 2 ∂x ∂y 3 ∂y 2 ∂x ∂y 3 ∂y 4 ∂x ∂y ∂y 4 ∂x ∂y
∂ 4ψ ∂2ψ0
− 2 42  , (35)
∂y ∂x ∂y

and

y2 y3
φ0 = c1 + c2 y + c3 + c4 ,   (36)
2! 3!

φ1 = d1 + d2 y.  (37)

Here c1, c2, c3, c4 , d1, d2 are constants of integration and can be found by using the boundary
conditions given in Equation (24). Now by decomposing the linear and the nonlinear terms
in the
form of infinite series, we get:

∞ ⎛ ∂2 ⎛ ∂ψ ∂ ∂ψn ∂ ⎞ ∂2ψn ⎞
∑ ψn = φ0, n + L1−1 ⎜ −λ2 β 2 ⎜ n − ⎟ ⎟
n =0 ⎝ ∂y ⎝ ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y ⎠ ∂y 2 ⎠
⎛⎛ 1⎞ ∂ 2ψ ⎞
+ L1−1 ⎜ ⎜M 2 + ⎟ (1 + λ1) 2n ⎟ ,   (38)
⎝⎝ K⎠ ∂y ⎠

∞
Br ⎛⎛ ⎛ ∂ψ ∂ ∂ψ ∂ ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ ∂2ψ ⎞ ⎞
2
∑ θn = φ1, n − −1 ⎜ ⎜
L2 ⎜ 1 + λ2 β ⎜ − ⎟
⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟.  (39)
n =0
1 + λ1 ⎝⎝ ⎝ ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y ⎠ ⎠ ⎝ ∂y 2 ⎠ ⎠

Following the ADM, we obtain

⎛ 3q − hu (h) ⎞ ⎛ q − hu (h) ⎞ 3
ψ0 = ⎜ ⎟y − ⎜ ⎟y , (40)
⎝ 2h ⎠ ⎝ 2h3 ⎠

⎡ ⎛ 27βq3λ h′ + h (−42βq2λ u (h) h′ ⎞⎤

1 ⎢ ⎜ 2 2
⎟⎥ Br
θ0 = ⎢Br ⎜ + h (−5h4 + 18βqλ2 u2 (h) h′ ⎟⎥ + y2
10h (1 + λ1) ⎢ ⎜
4
⎟⎥ 2 + 2λ1
⎣ ⎝ + 3βλ2 (q − hu (h))(3q + 2hu (h)) u′(h))) ⎠ ⎦
1 ⎡3Brβλ2 (q − hu (h))(3q2 − 3hqu (h) ⎤
+ ⎢ ⎥y4
2h8 (1 + λ1) ⎣ + h2u2 (h) h′ + h2qu′(h)) ⎦
1 ⎡3Brβλ2 (q − hu (h))2 × (3q − 2hu (h)) h′⎤
+ ⎢ ⎥ y6 ,   (41)
5h10 (1 + λ1) ⎣ + h2u′(h)) ⎦
10 | MANZOOR ET AL.

⎛ ∂2 ⎛ ∂ψ ∂ ∂ψn −1 ∂ ⎞ ∂2ψn −1 ⎞
ψn = L1−1 ⎜ −λ2 β 2 ⎜ n −1 − ⎟ ⎟
⎝ ∂y ⎝ ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y ⎠ ∂y 2 ⎠
⎛⎛ 1⎞ ∂2ψn −1 ⎞
+ L1−1 ⎜ ⎜M 2 + ⎟ (1 + λ1) ⎟,  n ≥ 1, (42)
⎝⎝ K⎠ ∂y 2 ⎠

Br ⎛⎛ ⎛ ∂ψ ∂ ∂ψn ∂ ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ ∂2ψn ⎞ ⎞
2
θn = − L2−1 ⎜⎜ ⎜1 + λ2 β ⎜ n − ⎟ ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎟⎟.  (43)
1 + λ1 ⎝⎝ ⎝ ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y ⎠ ⎠ ⎝ ∂y ⎠ ⎠

The solution in the form of ψ can be written as

∞
ψ= ∑ ψn (x , y ) = ψ0 + ψ1 + ψ2 + ψ3 + ··· = A11 (x ) y + A12 (x ) y 3 + A13 (x ) y 5 + A14 (x ) y7
n =0

+ A15 (x ) y9 + ···,  (44)

and the temperature solution can be written as

θ = θ0 + θ1 + θ2 + θ3 + ··· = B1 (x ) + B2 (x ) y 4 + B3 (x ) y 6 + B4 (x ) y 8 + B5 (x ) y10 + B6 (x ) y12

+ B7 (x ) y14 + B8 (x ) y16 + B9 (x ) y18 + B10 (x ) y 20 + B11 (x ) y 22 + B12 (x ) y 24 + ···.  (45)

Here A11 (x ), A12 (x )···B12 (x ) are given in the Appendix. The pressure gradient
(∂p / ∂x , ie, dp / dx ) by using Equation (44) and Equation (44) in Equation (17) as follows:

dp 1 ∂ ⎛ ⎛ ∂ψ ∂ ∂ψ ∂ ⎞ ⎞ ∂2ψ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ ∂ψ ⎞
= ⎜1 + λ2 β ⎜ − ⎟ ⎟ 2 − ⎜M 2 + ⎟ ⎜ + 1⎟ ,   (46)
dx 1 + λ1 ∂y ⎝ ⎝ ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y ⎠ ⎠ ∂y ⎝ K ⎠ ⎝ ∂y ⎠

1 dp
∆p = ∫0 dx
dx .  (47)

The pressure rise per wavelength can be obtained by integrating Equation (46). However, the
numerical value of the integral is evaluated using the symbolic software Mathematica.

4 | R E S U L T S AN D D I S C U S S I O N

The influence of physical parameters of interest on axial velocity u (x , y ), axial pressure gradient
(dp / dx ), pressure rise (∆p), temperature profile, ψ (x , y ), and stream function ψ (x , y )are
displayed graphically in Figures 2–9.

4.1 | Axial velocity

In Figures 2(a‐d) the effect of Hartmann number (M ) permeability parameter (K ), Jeffrey first and
second viscoelastic parameters (λ1, λ2 ) on the horizontal velocity u (x , y ). It is observed from this
figure that behavior of velocity is not same in the center and near to the wall of channel because of
presence of cilia in the inner side of the channel wall. Figures 2A and 2C show that the axial velocity
MANZOOR ET AL. | 11

FIGURE 2 (A‐D) Influence of M , K , λ1, λ2 on axial velocity u (x , y )

decreases in the region −0.38 < y < 0.38 otherwise significant variation is not seen with the increase
in (M ) and λ1 because magnetic force and viscous force are strong at the center of the channel
whereas the converse behavior can be seen in Figures 2B and 2D with an increase in (K ) and (λ2 ) as
porosity and retardation time causes to increase the velocity near the center of the channel.

4.2 | Pumping characteristics

Figure 3A‐D show that the pressure gradient has a periodic nature and attains its maximum at center
of the channel from where it decreases rapidly as we progress from the core zone. Similar to velocity
field the behavior of pressure gradient exhibits some variation throughout the region. It can be
12 | MANZOOR ET AL.

FIGURE 3 (A‐D) Influence of M , K , λ1, λ2 on axial pressure gradient dp/ dx [Color figure can be viewed at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]

observed from Figures 3A that pressure gradient is boosted at the center and depressed near the walls
with increasing Hartmann number. The magnetic field effect is enhanced with greater Hartmann
number and this generates deceleration in the flow. The inverse relation between velocity and
MANZOOR ET AL. | 13

FIGURE 4 (A‐C) Influence of M , K , λ1, λ2 on pressure rise ∆p with time mean volumetric flow rate Q̅

pressure manifests in an elevation in pressure gradient in the core flow. With increasing permeability
(K ), although velocity is enhanced (Figure 2B), the converse effect is induced in pressure gradient
(Figure 3C). The Darcy resistance term in Equation 22 is inversely proportional to permeability.
Increasing (K ) values decrease the impedance to flow and result in an acceleration and a drop in the
pressure gradient. Figures 3C and 3D show that the first (λ1), and second (λ2) Jeffery parameters
induce respectively an enhancement and suppression in the pressure gradient, although the first
14 | MANZOOR ET AL.

FIGURE 5 (A‐E) Influence of M , K , λ1, λ2, Br on temperature profile θ (x , y ) [Color figure can be viewed at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]

parameter has a much more profound effect. The first parameter denotes the ratio of the relaxation to
retardation times of the biorheological fluid whereas the second parameter designates purely
retardation time. When λ1 = 1 both relaxation and retardation time are exactly equivalent. However,
we have considered values less than unity which are more representative of physiological fluids.50
When λ1 < 1 the retardation time exceeds the relaxation time. This implies that the biofluid responds
MANZOOR ET AL. | 15

FIGURE 6 (A‐C) Influence of Hartmann number M on stream function with α = 0.3; β = 0.1; ε = 0.3;
Q = 2; K = 0.1; λ1 = λ2 = 1

faster with the removal of stress and returns quicker to its unperturbed state. This influences pressure
gradient (and velocity field).
Figure 4A‐C show the effect of different values of Hartmann number ( M ), permeability
parameter ( K ), and the ratio of retardation to relaxation times ( λ1) on pressure rise
16 | MANZOOR ET AL.

FIGURE 7 (A‐C) Influence of permeability parameter K on stream function with α = 0.3; β = 0.1; ε = 0.3;
Q = 2; M = 1; λ1 = λ2 = 1

(∆p) versus Q̅ . It is observed from these figures that there is a linear relation between
pressure rise (∆p) and volumetric flow rate Q̅ . Figure 4A shows that pressure rise
increases with Hartmann number, ( M ), in the region −1.5 < Q̅ < −0.3 because in this
region resistive force due to magnetic field requires more pressure difference and reverse
behavior is observed in the range −0.4 < Q̅ < 1 whereas, it decreases with greater
MANZOOR ET AL. | 17

FIGURE 8 (A‐C) Influence of Jeffrey parameter λ1 on stream function with α = 0.3; β = 0.1; ε = 0.3;
Q = 2; M = 1; K = 0.1; λ2 = 1

permeability (lesser Darcy resistance) in the range −1.5 < Q̅ < −0.4 . because permeability
requires less pressure difference for the flow through the mentioned volume flux. The
effect of (λ1) on pressure rise is to decrease it in the region −1.5 < Q̅ < −1.0 . However, the
contrary effect is induced in the range −1.5 < Q̅ < 1.0 with increasing first Jeffery
viscoelastic parameter.
18 | MANZOOR ET AL.

FIGURE 9 (A‐C) Influence of Jeffrey parameter on stream function with α = 0.3; β = 0.1; ε = 0.3;
Q = 2; M = 1; K = 0.1; λ1 = 1

4.3 | Temperature profile

Figure 5A‐E are plotted to analyze the influence of Hartmann number (M ), permeability
parameter (K ), Brinkman number (Br ), ratio of relaxation to retardation times (λ1) and
MANZOOR ET AL. | 19

retardation time (λ2) on temperature distribution across the channel. The behavior of the
temperature profile is similar to that of the velocity profile although the profiles are significantly
more plateau‐like in the core zone of the channel. Significantly less variation in profiles is
observed near the channel walls. Increasing Hartmann number (Figure 5A) induces a strong
elevation in temperatures across the channel because of slow motion due to magnetic field. The
supplementary work expended by the biofluid in dragging against the action of the applied
magnetic field is dissipated as thermal energy. This heats the biofluid i.e. elevates temperatures.
Conversely increasing permeability parameter (Figure 5B) leads to a reduction in temperature
because porosity causes to reduce conductivity of the biofluid. The increase in medium
permeability implies a decrease in solid matrix fibers in the medium. This reduces the material
available for thermal conduction heat transfer and manifests in a cooling of the medium.
Thermal conductivity of the fluid‐saturated medium is clearly influenced with a modification in
permeability and as the permeability increases the heat transfer rate to the walls will increase.
Increasing first and second Jeffery parameters (Figures 5C and 5D) respectively decreases and
enhances the temperature magnitudes in the medium. Retardation of the biofluid is therefore
beneficial to heat transfer through the medium whereas relaxation opposes it. Figure 5E
illustrates the effect of Brinkman number on the temperature profile. Brinkman number is
related to the heat conduction from the wall to the viscous fluid and characterizes the viscous
dissipation term in the fluid flow. With increasing the value of Brinkman number, the thermal
conductivity of the fluid decreases so greater quantity of heat can be transferred through the
fluid. It is also noted that a higher temperature exists near the core region of the channel in
comparison to the walls of the ciliated channel.

4.4 | Streamlines
Figures 6–9 illustrate the influence of Hartmann number (M ), permeability parameter (K ), ratio
of relaxation to retardation times (λ1) and retardation time (λ2) on the stream function. Figure
6A‐C shows that the number of trapped boluses decrease with Hartmann number. This is due to
the decelerating effect of magnetic force on velocity. It is observed from Figure 7A‐C that the
amplitude of wave decreases with an increase in the permeability parameter since the flow is
accelerated and this prevents the build‐up of larger amplitudes generated by the metachronal
wave motion. Figure 8A‐C highlight that the number of trapped boluses and their magnitudes
are enhanced with increasing Jeffery first viscoelastic parameter, ie, with greater rheological
relaxation times. The boluses are strongly stretched in the vertical direction with greater values
of (λ1). Finally, it is evident from Figure 9A‐C that the size of trapped boluses is also increased
with greater retardation time values (λ2).

5 | C ON C LU S I O N

A mathematical model has been presented for forced convective heat transfer in transport of an
electrically conducting viscoelastic Jeffrey physiological fluid through a ciliated channel
containing a high‐permeability porous medium under the action of a transverse magnetic field.
The flow is produced due to the metachronal wave generated by synchronized beating of cilia
which follow an elliptical path. The transformed (fixed to wave frame) and nondimensional
boundary value problem (momentum and energy conservation equations and associated
channel wall boundary conditions) have been solved with the seminumerical ADM. Extensive
20 | MANZOOR ET AL.

details of the ADM solutions have been provided. The numerical evaluation of the power‐series
solutions is conducted in Mathematica software with the approximately 1 hour of CPU time. In
the current study if λ1, λ2 → 0 then42 can be obtained which assume that our results are correct.
The current study can be used to discuss the problem caused by cholesterol in veins and
arteries. The results show that:

• Velocity field, pressure gradient, and temperature profile show a similar parabolic nature and
attain maximum magnitudes at the channel center and further decrease rapidly at the walls of
channel.
• The behavior of velocity field and pressure gradient is distinctly different throughout the
channel.
• Velocity is decreased with increasing Hartmann number and Jeffery first viscoelastic
parameter (ratio of relaxation to retardation times) in the core zone of the channel whereas
the flow is accelerated near the walls.
• Velocity is elevated with increasing permeability parameter and Jeffery second viscoelastic
parameter (retardation parameter) in the core zone.
• Pressure gradient is increased with higher Hartmann number whereas it is reduced with
greater permeability parameter at the center of the channel.
• Temperature profile is maximized in the core section of the channel and diminished at the
walls.
• Temperature is observed to be enhanced with increasing Hartmann number and second
Jeffery parameter whereas it is reduced with permeability parameter and Jeffery first
parameter.
• There is a linear relationship between pressure rise and volume flow rate.
• Pressure rise is elevated with increasing permeability and Jeffery first parameter (relaxation to
retardation time ratio) whereas it decreases with an increase in Lorentz magnetic body
retarding force, ie, with greater Hartmann numbers.
• Number of trapped boluses decrease an increase in Hartmann number.
• The amplitude of streamlines decreases with an increase in permeability parameter whereas
the size and the number of trapped boluses increase with greater values of Jeffery first and
second viscoelastic parameters.
• The current study has neglected magnetic induction and mass transfer effects which are also
important in fertility devices. These aspects will be addressed in the future.

NOMEN C LAT U RE
V velocity field vector (m/s)
u, v horizontal and vertical velocity in wave frame (m/s)
x, y rectangular coordinates of wave frame (m)
U, V horizontal and vertical velocity in fixed frame (m/s)
X, Y rectangular coordinates of fixed frame (m)
J current density (A/m2)
B magnetic field (W/m2)
R Darcy resistance (kg/m2/s2)
P pressure (N/m2)
θ dimensionless temperature (K)
MANZOOR ET AL. | 21

ψ stream function (m2/s)

γ̇ shear rate (s−1)
c wave speed (m/s)
μ viscosity (kg/m/s)
h half length of channel (m)
t time (seconds)
K permeability of porous medium (m2)
M nondimensional Hartmann number (1)
a wave amplitude (m)
ε cilia length (m)
α eccentricity of elliptical pair of cilia (m)
β nondimensional wave number (1)
λ1, λ2 Jeffrey first and second viscoelastic parameters
Re nondimensional Reynolds’ number (1)
Br nondimensional Brinkman number (1)
k1 thermal conductivity (W/m/K)

ORCID
Naeema Manzoor http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3412-635X
Khadija Maqbool http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3822-593X
Sidra Shaheen http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7642-2646X

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How to cite this article: Manzoor N, Maqbool K, Bég OA and Shaheen S. Adomian
decomposition solution for propulsion of dissipative magnetic Jeffrey biofluid in a ciliated
channel containing a porous medium with forced convection heat transfer. Heat
Transfer—Asian Res. 2018;1–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/htj.21394
24 | MANZOOR ET AL.

APPENDIX A: ADOMIA N S OLUTION S

1
A1 (x ) = (1512000(−1 + Q ) + h (−504000u (h) + Ah (25200 + Ah2 (−1320
1008000h
1
+ 67Ah2))(1 − Q + hu (h)))) + βλ2 ((15(2520 + Ah2 (−228
84000h3
+ 5Ah2))(−1 + Q )2 − 9h (7000 + 3Ah2 (−180 + 7Ah2))(−1 + Q ) u (h)
+ 2h2 (12600 + Ah2 (−1770 + 167Ah2)) u2 (h)) h′ + h2 (12600(−1 + Q − hu (h))
− 60Ah2 (−33 + 33Q + 2hu (h)) + A2 h4 (181(−1 + Q ) + 39hu (h))) u′(h)),

1
A2 (x ) = − (−378000 + Ah2 (37800 + Ah2 (−2430 + 133Ah2))) × (1 − Q + hu (h))
756000h3
1
− βλ2 ((15(−15 + Ah2)(−84 + 5Ah2) × (−1 + Q )2 − h (31500 + Ah2 (−3555
21000h5
+ 167Ah2))(−1 + Q ) u (h) + h2 (12600 + Ah2 (−2220 + 227Ah2)) u2 (h)) h′
+ h2 ((6300 + Ah2 (−1215 + 118Ah2))(−1 + Q ) + h (−15 + Ah2) × (420
+ 17Ah2) u (h)) u′(h))),

1
A3 (x ) = A (1400 + Ah2 (−140 + 9Ah2))(1 − Q + hu (h))
56000h3
1
− βλ2 ((−15(420 + Ah2 (−98 + 5Ah2))(−1 + Q )2 + h (10500 + Ah2 (−2310
14000h7
+ 149Ah2))(−1 + Q ) u (h) − 2h2 (2100 + Ah2 (−595 + 72Ah2)) u2 (h)) h′
+ h2 (A2 h4 (71 − 71Q + hu (h)) + 2100(1 − Q + hu (h)) − 70Ah2 (9 − 9Q
+ 4hu (h))) u′(h))),

1 1
A 4 (x ) = − A2 (−10 + Ah2)(1 − Q + hu (h)) − Aβλ2 ((15(−9 + Ah2)(−1 + Q )2
16800h3 4200h7
− 9h (−25 + 3Ah2)(−1 + Q ) u (h) + h2 (−90 + 17Ah2) u2 (h)) h′ + h2 (Ah2 (−8 + 8Q
− 3hu (h)] + 45(1 − Q + hu (h))) u′(h)),

1 1
A5 (x ) = 3
A3 (1 − Q + hu (h)) − (A2 (1 − Q + hu (h)) βλ2 ((−3 + 3Q
120960h 3360h7
− 2hu (h)) h′ + h2u′(h))),
MANZOOR ET AL. | 25

1
B1 (x ) = − [Br (21420941900117760000000000h6
10710470950058880000000000h4 (1 + λ1)
+ (1 − Q + hu (h)) βλ2 ((A9 h18 (10233330719421(−1 + Q )
− 13415170239448hu (h))(−1 + Q − hu (h)) − 1486674000A6 h12 (7370113(−1 + Q )
− 19503891hu (h))(−1 + Q − hu (h)) − 1159141877712000000A3 h6 (1 − Q
+ hu (h))(256 − 256Q + 255hu (h)) + 3213141285017664000000000(9(−1 + Q )2
− 5h (−1 + Q ) u (h) + h2u2 (h))) h′ + 7h2 (165591696816000000A3 h6 (1 − Q + hu (h))
− 2576996039196000A6 h12 (1 − Q + hu (h)) + 454548502861A9 h18 (1 − Q + hu (h))
+ 459020183573952000000000(−3 + 3Q + 2hu (h))) u′(h))],

1
B2 [x ] = [Br (−1 + Q − hu)
48009024000000000h8 (1 + λ1)
× βλ2 ((36006768000000A3 h6 (1 − Q + hu (h ))2 − 7794468000A6 h12 (1 − Q + hu (h ))2
+ 1185163A9 h18 (1 − Q + hu (h))2 − 72013536000000000(3 + 3Q 2 − 3Q (2 + hu (h ))
+ hu (h)(3 + hu))) h′ − 72013536000000000h2 (−1 + Q ) u′(h)],

1
B 3 (x ) = [Br (1 − Q + hu (h))2βλ2
360067680000000000h10 (1 + λ1)
× ((−216040608000000000(3 − 3Q + 2hu (h)) + 36006768000000A3 h6 (26 − 26Q
+ 25hu (h)) − 78732000A6 h12 (−3891(−1 + Q ) + 3932hu (h))
+ 133A9 h18 (−438972(−1 + Q ) + 449621hu (h))) h′ + h2 (216040608000000000
− 36006768000000A3 h6 − 3228012000A6 h12 + 1416317A9 h18) u′(h)],

1
B4 (x ) = [A3 Br (1 − Q + hu (h))2βλ2
24893568000000000h6 (1 + λ1)
× ((A6 h12 (10685101(−1 + Q ) − 10831802hu (h)) − 444528000000(204 − 204Q
+ 181hu (h)) + 5292000A3 h6 (−8767(−1 + Q + 8625hu (h))) h′ + h2 (10224144000000
− 751464000A3 h6 − 146701A6 h12) u′(h)],

1
B5 (x ) = [A3 Br (1 − Q + hu (h))22 βλ
6001128000000000h8 (1 + λ1)
× ((1000188000000(14 − 14Q + 11hu (h)) − 81000A3 h6 (−165937(−1 + Q )
+ 156106hu (h)) + 7A6 h12 (−558740(−1 + Q ) + 554657hu (h))) h′
− 3h2 (1000188000000 − 265437000A3 h6 + 9527A6 h12) u′(h))],
26 | MANZOOR ET AL.

1
B 6 (x ) = [A3 Br (1 − Q + hu (h))2βλ2
158429779200000000h10 (1 + λ1)
× ((A6 h12 (101393121(−1 + Q ) − 98073227hu (h )) − 30005640000000(3 − 3Q
+ 2hu (h)) + 10206000A3 h6 (−24819(−1 + Q ) + 22055hu (h))) h′
+ 2h2 (15002820000000 − 14104692000A3 h6 + 1659947A6 h12) u′(h))]

1
B 7 (x ) = [A6 Br (1 − Q + hu (h))2βλ2 × ((−25200(−2893(−1 + Q )
107872128000000h6 (1 + λ1)
+ 2400hu (h)) + A3 h6 (−45924(−1 + Q ) + 43127hu (h))) h′ + h2 (12423600
− 2797A3 h6) u′(h))]

1
B 8 (x ) = [A6 Br (1 − Q + hu (h))2βλ2 × ((A3 h6 (82529(−1 + Q )
426746880000000h8 (1 + λ1)
− 74860hu (h)) + 2646000(25 − 25Q + 19hu (h))) h′ + h2 (−15876000
+ 7669A3 h6) u′(h))]

1
B 9 (x ) = [A6 Br (1 − Q + hu (h))2βλ2 × ((−11907000(3 − 3Q
2448460224000000h10 (1 + λ1)
+ 2hu (h)) + A3 h6 (−144084(−1 + Q ) + 125069hu (h))) h′ + 5h2 (2381400
− 3803A3 h6) u′(h))],

1
B10 (x ) = [A9 Br (1 − Q + hu (h))2 × βλ2 ((1029(−1 + Q )
90091008000000h6 (1 + λ1)
− 841hu (h)) h′ + 188h2u′(h))],

1
B11 (x ) = − [A9 Br (1 − Q + hu (h))2 × βλ2 ((−4 + 4Q − 3hu (h)) h′
3129477120000h8 (1 + λ1)
+ h2u′(h))],

1
B12 (x ) = [A9 Br (1 − Q + hu (h))2 × βλ2 ((−3 + 3Q − 2hu (h)) h′
47112855552000h10 (1 + λ1)
+ h2u′(h))].